Download or read book Chemical Properties of Organic Amendments Influence Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Soils written by Anaïs Charles and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Prediction of organic amendment's (OA) potential to emit soil nitrous oxide (POA-N2O) is difficult because of the variable composition of OAs and of complex interactions with soil properties and environmental conditions. The objectives of this thesis were (1) to conduct a meta-analysis of in-field N2O emissions following OA application to agricultural soils to assess the global emission factor (EF) for all organic sources (EForg) and its modulation by environmental and management-related factors; (2) to determine how experimental conditions affect the POA-N2O and select optimal conditions for laboratory-based assessment; (3) to measure the immediate (P1), short- (P2) and medium-term (P3) POA-N2O with the selected laboratory-based incubation method and then, relate P1, P2, and P3 to the physico-chemical characteristics of more than 131 OAs. The meta-analysis conducted on 256 EFs from 43 sites in 12 countries yielded an EForg equal to 0.57 ± 0.30%, which is lower than the IPCC default EF of 1% for synthetic fertilizer (SF). Three groups of OAs with similar EFs were identified: the high-risk group including animal manures, waste waters and biosolids (1.09 ± 0.17%); the medium-risk group including composts with fertilizers and crop residues with fertilizers (0.46 ± 0.22%); and the low-risk group including composts, crop residues, paper mill sludge and pellets (0.25 ± 0.20%). The EF was modulated by the C/N ratio of the OA, soil properties and precipitation. The EFs were on average 2.8 times greater in fine-textured soils than coarse-textured soils. The comparative incubation study showed that O2-limited conditions in headspace of a sealed-jar system increased the magnitude of N2O fluxes by 1.1 to 2.3-fold compared to open-jar systems. Intermittent aerations of a sealed-jar system relying on repeated measurement periods was then selected to assess P1 (48h), P2 (2nd wk), and P3 (3rd wk). In O2-limited conditions created in a Kamouraska clay soil, maximum P1 was reached for crop residues (CR) with C/N ratio

Download or read book Evaluating the Effects of Organic Amendment Applications on Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Salt affected Soils written by Namratha Pulla Reddy Gari and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil salinization and greenhouse gas emissions are major global environmental concerns. The extent of salinization and associated negative effects on soils and crop yields make the reclamation of these soils an international priority. With increasing interest in the use of organic amendments for remediating salt-affected soils, it is important to investigate their interactive effects on soil biogeochemical processes including greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O). The objectives of this dissertation are to: 1) evaluate the effects of soil salinity, temperature, and carbon availability from organic amendments on CO2 , N 2 O, and N2 emissions; 2) determine the effect of changes in salinity and temperature on soil mineral N concentration from salt-affected soils following organic amendment applications; and 3) determine whether CO 2 and N2 O emissions under field conditions were comparable qualitatively to those observed in the laboratory incubation studies. Organic amendments used in this research included: active greenwaste (AGW), cured greenwaste compost (CGW), active dairy manure (ADM), and cured dairy manure compost (CDM). The methods used in this research included monitoring CO 2 and N2 O emissions, estimating N2 emissions using acetylene block technique, and analysis of soil mineral N concentrations in the laboratory and field studies. Results from laboratory incubations showed that increases in soil salinity enhanced cumulative N2 O-N losses but decreased cumulative CO2 -C and N2 emissions and N2 to N2 O-N ratios. Increases in soil temperatures greatly enhanced cumulative CO2 -C, N2 O-N, and N 2 emissions and ratios of N2 to N2 O-N from all treatments. In the field, results validated the laboratory findings that active organic materials, particularly AGW, reduced N2 O emissions compared to cured amendments. In general, dairy manure amendments produced higher N2 O emissions relative to the greenwaste treatments. In both laboratory and field studies, soils amended with greenwaste materials had lower soil nitrate concentrations compared to those treated with dairy manure amendments. Overall, this work showed that soil salinization resulted in greater N 2 O emissions following organic amendment applications. Nitrous oxide emissions are dependent on climatic conditions (e.g., precipitation and temperature), soil properties (e.g., electrical conductivity, microbial respiration, and nitrate concentration), organic amendment properties (e.g., feedstock and processing stage), and their interactions.

Download or read book Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties, Volume 35 presents current and emerging soil science research around the areas of soil processes and climate change, also evaluating future research needs. The book combines the five areas of soil science (microbiology, physics, fertility, pedology, and chemistry) to give a comprehensive assessment. This integration of topics is rarely done in a single publication due to the disciplinary nature of the soil science areas, so users will find it to be a comprehensive resource on the topic. Provides an analysis of all areas of soil science in the context of climate change impact on soil processes and ecosystem properties Presents information that is displayed in an accessible form for practitioners and disciplines outside of soil science Contains a concluding section in each chapter which assesses key areas Includes a discussion on future research and direction

Download or read book Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation written by David Ussiri and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-13 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrous oxide gas is a long-lived relatively active greenhouse gas (GHG) with an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 120 years, and heat trapping effects about 310 times more powerful than carbon dioxide per molecule basis. It contributes about 6% of observed global warming. Nitrous oxide is not only a potent GHG, but it also plays a significant role in the depletion of stratospheric ozone. This book describes the anthropogenic sources of N2O with major emphasis on agricultural activities. It summarizes an overview of global cycling of N and the role of nitrous oxide on global warming and ozone depletion, and then focus on major source, soil borne nitrous oxide emissions. The spatial-temporal variation of soil nitrous oxide fluxes and underlying biogeochemical processes are described, as well as approaches to quantify fluxes of N2O from soils. Mitigation strategies to reduce the emissions, especially from agricultural soils, and fertilizer nitrogen sources are described in detail in the latter part of the book.

Download or read book Biochar from Biomass and Waste written by Yong Sik Ok and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochar from Biomass and Waste: Fundamentals and Applications provides the fundamentals of biochar, such as its basic concepts, production technology and characterization methods, also including comprehensive examples for readers. This book includes information on state-of-art biochar application technologies in the fields of agriculture, energy and environmental sciences with step-by-step case studies. Biochar has received worldwide interests in the past decade because it encompasses high priority research areas, including bioenergy production, global warming mitigation and sustainable agriculture. Offers comprehensive coverage of biochar production, characterization and modification methods Provides global case studies covering a wide range of application fields, including environmental, agricultural, syngas and bio-oil Covers the sustainability and future of biochar

Download or read book Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Soil Receiving Manure in a Changing Climate written by Chih-Yu Hung and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission varies in magnitude and occurs sporadically during the spring freeze-thaw period in cold humid temperate regions. Fluctuations in soil N2O emissions are related to soil biophysical properties, which are influenced by agricultural practices like fall application of manure and fall-sown cover crops, as well as rainfall and other weather events. The objectives of this thesis were to (1) quantify N2O emissions in the spring period from agricultural soils that received manure and were planted with a cover crop in the previous fall, (2) estimate the influence of fall-applied manure and cover crops on the spring soil N2O emissions in changing climate, (3) determine the biophysical factors that control soil N¬2O emissions after a rain-induced thawing event, and (4) propose a monitoring method to estimate N2O emissions in agricultural soils. First, I quantified the soil N2O emissions with a two-year field experiment. Soil N2O emission in the spring freeze-thaw period (c.a. 30 d) was -2.35 to 13.57 g N ha-1 and not affected by dairy manure application (solid or liquid) or cover crops (ryegrass and ryegrass/hairy vetch), possibly due to the low manure N application rate and N loss over winter. Second, I evaluated soil N2O emissions in the spring freeze-thaw period under three climate scenarios (baseline, from 1981–2010; Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 and 8.5 from 2071–2100) with the Decomposition-Denitrification model. The model predicted that more reactive N will be retained by cover crops under future climate scenarios, but the soil N2O emissions will not increase. However, applying solid manure without a cover crop led to more soil N2O emissions than other treatments tested under three climate scenarios (9.90 to 61.50 g N ha-1, P

Download or read book Nitrous Oxide Production in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Soils of Wisconsin written by Lewis L. Goodroad and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Soil Physical Properties and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Agricultural Soils written by Natalya P. Buchkina and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil Physical Properties and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Agricultural Soils.

Download or read book The Chemical Nature of the Organic Nitrogen in the Soil Second Part written by Arthur Wayland Dox and published by . This book was released on 1911 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Management on Selected Soil Properties and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes in Dairy Cropping Systems written by Emily Paige Ball and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis investigates selected soil properties and management decisions and their effect on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils. Nitrate, an inorganic form of N, is extremely mobile in soils, making it susceptible to loss through processes like denitrification. Denitrification is an anaerobic microbial process that reduces nitrate to N2 or incompletely to N2O, a potent greenhouse gas. The experimental site for this research was the Sustainable Dairy Cropping System (SDCS) located at Penn States Agronomy Farm. Chapter one is a review of the literature on nitrogen (N) cycling in agriculture, N loss pathways and the management and environmental factors affecting denitrification. This process is driven by soil properties, nitrate availability, and other factors. A prior study in this experiment in 2015 and 2016 found that the driving factors for N2O emissions in some of the same treatments were explained by days after manure application, growing degree days (GDD), and manure rate.Research on the effects of prior crop and management on N2O emissions in a typical PA dairy cropping system is described in chapter two. Labile carbon, total carbon, inorganic N species, and other environmental data were measured to determine their impact on measured N2O fluxes in 2017 and 2018. However, the measured soil and environmental properties in this experiment were not able to explain the observed patterns in N2O emissions through a regression analysis. The highest N2O fluxes were measured in 2018 in Corn after two years of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) + Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata). Cumulative emissions were more than six times higher than those measured in treatments without a winter cover in the same year.Based on findings in 2017, chapter three investigates the impact of termination timing of Alfalfa+Orchardgrass on spring N2O fluxes and soil properties in 2018. This management decision is becoming more popular in the Northeast as spring conditions become wetter, making the proper timing of spring management events difficult. The findings from this experiment are promising for farmers interested in adopting this management practice as yields did not significantly differ from the subsequent corn crop and although they did not significantly differ, spring cumulative emissions from the spring terminated treatment were more than three times those from the fall terminated treatment. Because N2O emissions were not measured in the fall, however, the comparison of the two treatments in this study was not comprehensive.Chapter four described an investigative study on redox potentials in unsaturated agricultural soils. Equipment constraints and spatial variability made understanding and interpreting these results difficult. There were diurnal trends exhibited in some treatments, reflecting diurnal changes in soil moisture but not others. There also seemed to be stratification in depth, although this trend also differed across treatments. Overall, there is evidence that different crops can facilitate different redox environments and in turn, different microbial processes. However, more research and equipment advances need to take place before redox potential could be considered a useful indicator of microbial processes in unsaturated soils.Finally, the conclusions summarized the major findings of each of these experiments and discussed the impact of sustainable management practices on improving soil resiliency. Implementing sustainable practices like cover cropping and no-till can improve soil, although trade-offs of higher N2O emissions may result. Further research on these practices and their impact on soil properties is necessary as the effects of climate change are becoming more apparent.

Download or read book Nitrogen in Agriculture written by Takuji Ohyama and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2021-09-29 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen is the most important nutrient in agricultural practice because the availability of nitrogen from the soil is generally not enough to support crop yields. To maintain soil fertility, the application of organic matters and crop rotation have been practiced. Farmers can use convenient chemical nitrogen fertilizers to obtain high crop yields. However, the inappropriate use of nitrogen fertilizers causes environmental problems such as nitrate leaching, contamination in groundwater, and the emission of N2O gas. This book is divided into the following four sections: “Ecology and Environmental Aspects of Nitrogen in Agriculture”, “Nitrogen Fertilizers and Nitrogen Management in Agriculture”, “N Utilization and Metabolism in Crops”, “Plant-Microbe Interactions”.

Download or read book The Effect of Various Organic Amendments on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Several Soils and Clay Minerals written by John Arthur Archibald and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mitigation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions During Nitrification and Denitrification Processes in Agricultural Soils Using Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers written by Yoshitaka Uchida and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through the increasing use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers due to an increasing food demand, the agricultural sector is the main contributor of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, mainly through microbial processes called nitrification and denitrification. One option to mitigate N2O, a major greenhouse gas, is to use enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs). There are different types of EEFs like nitrification inhibitors or controlled-release fertilizers that aim to match the N release from fertilizers with N demands from plants. Parts of the chapter are also dedicated to organic amendments and their effects on N2O emissions. Overall, EEFs can improve the N-use efficiency of plants, which has two positive effects. First, farmers can increase their yields, and second, environmental pollution through excessive fertilizer N can be minimized. However, the effectiveness of EEFs strongly depends on numerous factors like land use type, application method, and climate. More studies are needed to establish individual fertilizer plans that are optimized for the prevalent conditions. In conclusion, N2O mitigation using EEFs is only advisable when ,Äúinitial,Äù N2O emissions from conventional fertilizers are critically contributing to annual N2O emissions. Thus, careful assessment is needed before EEFs are introduced to the system especially when economic and ecologic results are considered.

Download or read book Agricultural Management Intensity s Influence on Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi written by Jennifer Haskell and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen (N) fertilizer and management intensity have been shown to influence N2O emissions from agricultural systems, along with other intrinsic soil conditions. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas emitted by agricultural soils and represents about 37% of total anthropogenic N2O emissions. Few studies have examined the influence of management gradients to understand their contribution to N2O emissions. Additionally, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a key player in plant nutrient acquisition, were evaluated for their response to management intensity and for their potential role in affecting N2O emissions. Intact soil cores were collected from thirty field sites across Yolo County, California including grassland sites with little to zero management and tomato fields of differing management intensity. The soil cores (120) were planted with tomato variety (Solanum lycopersicum, "Micro Tom"). Over the course of a 12-week long greenhouse experiment the relationship between management intensity, AMF, and nitrous oxide was evaluated. Nitrous oxide emissions and colonization of tomato roots by AMF were measured and relationships between management systems, AMF, and nitrous oxide were analyzed. Extensive and Intensive systems' AMF colonization were not significantly different though Grasslands were slightly higher. Nitrous oxide emissions were not significantly different among systems but were highest on average in Extensive systems. Lastly, there was a positive correlation between Extensive system's nitrous oxide output and colonization by AMF.

Download or read book Vermiculture Technology written by Clive A. Edwards and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-12-20 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the dramatic growth and changes in the field of vermicomposting since 1988, this comprehensive review assesses the advancements made in government-funded projects in the U.S. and UK. It discusses outdoor and indoor windrows, container systems, wedge systems, and low labor-requirements. It also examines fully-automated continuous flow vermicomposting reactor systems that can process more than 1000 tons of organic wastes per reactor. The book highlights the science and biology behind the use and efficacy of vermicomposting and details the technology of the past, present, and future.

Download or read book Measured and Daycent Simulated Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soil Planted to Corn in Dairy Cropping Systems written by Maria Ponce De Leon Jara and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crop rotations, organic nutrient amendments, reduced tillage practices, and integration of cover crops are practices that have the potential to increase the sustainability of crop production, yet they also impact nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Agricultural soil management has been estimated to contribute 79% of the total N2O emissions in the U.S., and inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization is one of the main contributors. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that has a global warming potential which is approximately 298 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2) over a 100-year period and is currently the dominant ozone-depleting substance. Few studies have assessed the effects of organic N amendments on direct N2O within the context of a typical dairy forage cropping system. Most research has been limited to studying the effects of one or two sources of N inputs on N2O emissions; however, dairy forage cropping systems often apply manure and have more than two N sources that likely both contribute to N2O emissions. This study investigated how different dairy cropping practices that include differences in crop residues, N inputs (dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer), timing of N amendment applications and environmental conditions influenced N2O emissions from no-till soil planted to corn (Zea mays L.). A two-year field study was carried out as part of the Pennsylvania State Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems Experiment, where corn was planted following annual grain crops, perennial forages, and a green manure legume crop; all were amended with dairy manure. In the corn-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation, N sources (dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer) and two methods of manure application (broadcasted and injected) were also compared.Chapter 1 reviews the scientific literature; describing the biotic and abiotic processes of N2O production in soils, summarizing current research on N2O emissions in agricultural systems, and emphasizing the main management and environmental drivers contributing to the emissions. This chapter reviews methods for matching N supply with crop demand, coupling N flow cycles, using advanced fertilizer techniques, and optimizing tillage management. Also, the applicability and limitations of current research to effectively reduce N2O emissions in a variety of regions are discussed.Chapter 2 analyzes the effect of corn production management practices and environmental conditions contributing to N2O in the Pennsylvania State Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems Experiment. Significantly higher N2O emissions were observed 15-42 days after manure injection and 1-4 days after mid-season UAN application. Manure injection had 2-3 times greater potential for N2O emissions compared to broadcast manure during this time period. Integration of legumes and grasses in the cropping system reduced inorganic fertilizer use compared to soybean with manure or UAN, however, direct N2O emissions were not reduced. The Random Forest method was used to identify and rank the predictor variables for N2O emissions. The most important variables driving N2O emissions were: time after manure application, time after previous crop termination, soil nitrate, and moisture. These field research results support earlier recommendations for reducing N losses including timing N inputs close to crop uptake, and avoiding N applications when there is a high chance of precipitation to reduce nitrate accumulation in the soil and potential N losses from denitrification.Chapter 3 reports the comparison of N2O fluxes predicted with the biogeochemical model DAYCENT compared to measured data from the two-year dairy cropping systems study. Daily N2O emissions simulated by DAYCENT had between 41% and 76% agreement with measured daily N2O emissions in 2015 and 2016. DAYCENT overestimated the residual inorganic N fertilizer impact on N2O emissions in the corn following soybean with inorganic fertilizer and broadcast manure. Comparisons between DAYCENT simulated and measured N2O fluxes indicate that DAYCENT did not represent well organic N amendments from crop residues of perennials and legume cover crops, or manure application in no-till dairy systems. DAYCENT was generally able to reproduce temporal patterns of soil temperature, but volumetric soil water contents (VSWC) predicted by DAYCENT were generally lower than measured values. After precipitation events, DAYCENT predicted that VSWC tended to rapidly decrease and drain to deeper layers. Both the simulated and measured soil inorganic N increased with N fertilizer addition; however, the model tended to underestimate soil inorganic N concentration in the 0-5 cm layer. Our results suggest that DAYCENT overestimated the residual N impact of inorganic fertilizer on N2O emissions and mineralization of organic residues and nitrification happened faster than DAYCENT predicted. Chapter 4 highlights the impact of manure injection and the importance of timing organic N amendments from manures and/or crop residue with crop N uptake to mitigate N2O emissions. More research is needed to better understand the tradeoffs of these strategies in no till dairy cropping systems to help farmers in their operational management decisions. Improving the parametrization of DAYCENT for dairy cropping systems in no-till systems with high surface legume crop residues from perennials and cover crops, will make the model a more useful tool for testing different mitigation scenarios for farmers and policy-designer decision making.

Download or read book Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 52 written by Eric Lichtfouse and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-02 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents advanced knowledge and techniques to improve food quality, such as organic farming, fertilization using waste, reducing arsenic in food, soil restoration, forage production in arid regions and weed control. Agriculture is actually facing two major challenges, feeding an ever-growing population and providing safe food in the context of pollution, climate change and the future circular economy.