Download or read book Chapter Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs as Emerging Environmental Pollutants Advances in Sample Preparation and Detection Techniques written by Japheth M. Nzangya and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental pollution has been a challenging phenomenon in most developing countries, due to the weak enforcement of environmental regulations. As a result, humans and animals are exposed to different environmental pollutants, which threaten their very existence. Some of the emerging pollutants of great concern are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) since they are categorized as probable human carcinogens and are also known to bioaccumulate in fatty tissues of animals and humans, reaching toxic levels upon continued exposure. Monitoring of these pollutants is therefore paramount as it contributes to addressing the problem of human exposure and environmental pollution. Their monitoring involves sample preparation methods followed by quantification with various detection techniques. Sample preparation methods that aim at reducing matrix interferences, enriching analytes and transfer of analytes to a desirable solvent, have evolved from conventional methods to advanced methods that facilitate the detection of these chemicals at very low concentrations. Likewise, detection techniques have advanced from chromatographic detection techniques to miniaturized systems that involve sensors. This chapter discusses PBDEs as emerging pollutants, their sources, and toxicological implications on humans, as well as advances in sample preparation methods and detection techniques in the determination of PBDEs.
Download or read book Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs as Emerging Environmental Pollutants written by Elizabeth Ndunda and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental pollution has been a challenging phenomenon in most developing countries, due to the weak enforcement of environmental regulations. As a result, humans and animals are exposed to different environmental pollutants, which threaten their very existence. Some of the emerging pollutants of great concern are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) since they are categorized as probable human carcinogens and are also known to bioaccumulate in fatty tissues of animals and humans, reaching toxic levels upon continued exposure. Monitoring of these pollutants is therefore paramount as it contributes to addressing the problem of human exposure and environmental pollution. Their monitoring involves sample preparation methods followed by quantification with various detection techniques. Sample preparation methods that aim at reducing matrix interferences, enriching analytes and transfer of analytes to a desirable solvent, have evolved from conventional methods to advanced methods that facilitate the detection of these chemicals at very low concentrations. Likewise, detection techniques have advanced from chromatographic detection techniques to miniaturized systems that involve sensors. This chapter discusses PBDEs as emerging pollutants, their sources, and toxicological implications on humans, as well as advances in sample preparation methods and detection techniques in the determination of PBDEs.
Download or read book Emerging Contaminants written by Aurel Nuro and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2021-05-27 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Contaminants presents the reader with information on classification, recent studies, and adverse effects on the environment and human health of the main classes of contaminants. Emerging contaminants are synthetic or natural compounds and microorganisms produced and used by humans that cause adverse ecological and human health effects when they reach the environment. This book is organized into four sections that cover the classification of contaminants and the instrumental techniques used to quantify them, recent studies on pesticides, antibiotics as an important group of emerging contaminants, and studies of different classes of emerging contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), microplastics, and others.
Download or read book An Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs in Sediments and Bivalves of the U S Coastal Zone written by K. L. Kimbrough and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report represents the first national assessment of PBDEs in the U.S. coastal zone. Results suggest that they are widely distributed nationally. Several regions, including the northern Mid-Atlantic, central Gulf of Mexico, Southern California, Pacific Northwest and the Great lakes have elevated PBDE concentrations compared with other coastal regions. Furthermore, PBDE concentrations are positively correlated with human population density along the U.S. coastline. The national and regional perspectives provided herein are intended to support research, local monitoring, and to assist resource managers and policy makers tasked with making regulatory decisions about these contaminants.
Download or read book Emerging Contaminant written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An "emerging contaminant" is a chemical or material that is characterized by a perceived, potential, or real threat to human health or the environment or a lack of published health standards. A contaminant may also be "emerging" because a new source or a new pathway to humans has been discovered or a new detection method or treatment technology has been developed. These fact sheets, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides brief summaries for emerging contaminants.
Download or read book Pentabromodiphenyl Ether as a Global POP written by Johanna Peltola and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2001 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs in Sediment and Biota written by L. Webster and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers written by Gwendolyn L. Welsh and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDES) are emerging contaminants commonly used as fire retardants. Their use in a wide variety of products has made them ubiquitous in the environment. PBDEs similarity to other pollutants suggests they will persist in the environment. Little research has been done on actual mechanisms affecting PBDE presence in the environment. Sorption of PBDEs in aging soil systems was studied. Soil composition was not a determinant of sorption. Sorption to soils was reversed by biotic effects of microorganisms and plants. Biodegradation of PBDEs was also examined using sewage bacteria. Rapid degradation of PBDEs was seen in some organisms. While biotic potential for mobilization and degradation of PBDEs exists, their presence in the environment is still increasing. Sorption to soil appears to be the dominant process controlling the fate in the environment.
Download or read book Sensory Polymers written by José Miguel García and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-08-01 with total page 878 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sensory Polymers: From their Design to Practical Applications discusses recent developments in the field of sensory polymers and showcases the potential applications of these materials in food control and security, civil security, the biomedical field, environmental control and remediation, industrial control of chemicals, and more. Written by worldwide experts in the field, chapters provide in-depth knowledge on several different polymer sensors and their response to different stimuli, which makes this book a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students in polymer science, materials science, and chemistry, as well as those interested on sensing applications and chemical sensory systems, including industry R&D. - Discusses the foundation of sensory polymers, from material design to development and production - Explores state-of-the-art applications in environmental control, biomedicine, sensing, the chemical industry, and food science - Provides perspectives and future applications of polymer chemosensors
Download or read book Detection of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Ambient Air at a Wastewater Treatment Facility in Tampa Florida written by Brenda L. White and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this study was to quantify the ambient air concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from three locations within the Howard Curren Wastewater Treatment Facility located in Tampa, Florida. PBDEs have been linked to endocrine disruption, cancer, developmental concerns in children, as well as other toxic effects; however their precise roles concerning these deleterious effects remains to be determined. The present study was motivated by these potential health concerns posed by inhalational exposure to PBDEs. Ambient air was monitored with a Tisch Environmental PUF high volume sampler for 48 hours with collection on three types of media-quarts filter, PUF (polyurethane foam) and XAD-2 resin. The samples were then analyzed with GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) for eight PBDEs that are routinely detected. The results showed elevated levels of PBDEs at the 2nd and 3rd sampling locations indicating a possible increased presence in the ambient air at the facility. Levels of PBDE 47 ranked highest amongst the detected congeners. PBDE 209 was not detected at any site. The present results indicate that PBDEs may lead to an inhalational exposure, thus future experimentation is needed to fully evaluate the health complications associated with inhalational exposure route to PBDEs.
Download or read book Long Range Transport of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs and Their Natural Analogues Determined Through Size resolved Aerosols and Levels in Atlantic Ocean Fish from Newfoundland Coasts written by Joseph J. Bautista and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional flame retardants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are harmful endocrine disrupters that may endure in the environment and experience long range transport (LRT) to areas far from their sources. Despite a gradual phasing out of PBDEs as flame retardants by the Stockholm Convention and other legislation, humans and the environment are still exposed. Recently, natural methoxy and hydroxyl analogues of PBDEs, MeO-BDEs and OH-BDEs, have been discovered in marine environments and are seasonally associated with phytoplankton primary production that may determine how they contribute to the general persistent organic pollutant (POP) abundance as environmental toxicants. Aerosol mechanisms may link these marine pools to the atmosphere and to the global biosphere by LRT on aerosols. Consumption of biota contaminated with PBDEs and their natural analogues may act as a pathway for human exposure. The optimization of PBDE and MeO-BDE extraction and analysis is essential to obtain accurate and precise results and improve method efficiency. Approaches to optimize several aspects of PBDE analysis are described here, along with new techniques for aerosol sampling. The efficacy of several novel internal standards for PBDE and MeO-BDE analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with electron capture negative ionization (GC-ECNI-MS) is assessed. This is achieved through evaluation of standard reference material household dust and Atlantic cod liver with standard addition, internal calibration, and external calibration. A Micro Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (MOUDI) instrument collected aerodynamic aerosol samples in the marine boundary layer. We observe MeO-BDEs in atmospheric aerosols for the first time. We present their atmospheric levels and assessed their sources and potential for LRT based on their aerosol size distribution. We also examine PBDE and MeO-BDE levels in fish livers from Atlantic cod (Gadus Morhua) and Greenland halibut/turbot (Scophthalmus maximusfish). These are traditional Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) fishery stocks and are also known to harbor POPs. These fish samples were used to monitor PBDE and MeO-BDE distribution coastal regions of NL.
Download or read book Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PDBEs and Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCBs in the Serum of Domestic Canines sentinels for Evaluating Environmental Pollutant Exposure written by Grace Christina Lau and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are human-made chemicals that are environmentally persistent and ubiquitous in nature due to their resistance to degradation and lipophilic nature. Since household dogs share the human environment, they may serve as biosentinels of human exposure to these contaminants. Serum samples were collected from client-owned dogs visiting the University of California Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during 2012 to 2016 for routine appointments. The relationship between the concentrations of 14 PBDEs and 23 PCBs in serum of domestic canines diagnosed with hypothyroidism was investigated. Of the 51 dogs enrolled in this study, 15 dogs were diagnosed with hypothyroidism. The median concentrations of total PBDE and PCB in the hypothyroid group were 660 and 1371 ng/g lipid, respectively, which were higher than concentrations detected in the control group. However, logistic regression analysis determined that current concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in canines were not associated with hypothyroidism diagnosis. BDE 183 was the only congener showing near significance (p = 0.068). PBDE and PCB congeners were detected in all canine samples confirming ongoing exposure to these pollutants. Because of the high metabolic capabilities of dogs, metabolism of PBDEs and PCBs via hydroxylation and dehalogenation may have resulted in formation of metabolites interfering with thyroid function. Since household dogs share the human environment, they may serve as biosentinels of human exposure to these contaminants.
Download or read book Validation of an Analytical Method for Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs in Environmental Samples written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Experimental Determinations of Henry s Law Constants of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs to Evaluate Exposure to Aquatic Biota written by M. Judith Charles and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Fluorescence based Method for Rapid and Direct Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Water written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new method was developed for rapid and direct measurement of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aqueous samples using fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence spectra of tri- to deca-BDE (BDE 28, 47, 99, 153, 190, and 209) commonly found in environment were measured at variable emission and excitation wavelengths. The results revealed that the PBDEs have distinct fluorescence spectral profiles and peak positions that can be exploited to identify these species and determine their concentrations in aqueous solutions. The detection limits as determined in deionized water spiked with PBDEs are 1.71-5.82 ng/L for BDE 28, BDE 47, BDE 190, and BDE 209 and 45.55-69.95 ng/L for BDE 99 and BDE 153. The effects of environmental variables including pH, humic substance, and groundwater chemical composition on PBDEs measurements were also investigated. These environmental variables affected fluorescence intensity, but their effect can be corrected through linear additivity and separation of spectral signal contribution. Compared with conventional GC-based analytical methods, the fluorescence spectroscopy method is more efficient as it only uses a small amount of samples (2-4 mL), avoids lengthy complicated concentration and extraction steps, and has a low detection limit of a few ng/L.
Download or read book Optimization and Standardization of GC ECD Method for the Low Level Determination of Seven Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs Found in Serum Sample written by Rohan Kaushal and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study reports an efficient method for the determination of seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using GC-℗æECD in serum matrices. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) belong to the category of brominated flame retardants commonly used in electronics, furniture and clothing. The increase in the levels of PBDEs in humans and their toxic effects in animal models attracted the attention of scientists across the globe and encouraged them to design techniques for their analysis. The need to develop an analytical method for the quantitative determination of PBDEs was important because these compounds have a high spanning concentration range (0-450 ng/ml) and predominant and widely disseminated in environmental matrix. Three different solvents [hexane, hexane/dichloro methane (60:40 v/v) and hexane/acetone (60:40 v/v)] using Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were compared and present standard operating procedure (SOP) for the analysis of PCBs was modified, so that its applicability can also be extended for the quantitative determination of PBDEs. There is a significant difference in the % mean recovery between all the three different solvents when paired two sample t-test for means was performed. The consistency in terms of % mean recovery, steady and smooth chromatograms and error bars also indicates that hexane is more efficient than the other two systems. The modified method was practical with respect to linearity (r2=0.99) and had a wide range of linearity (0.06-30 ng/ml), good precision (less than 8%) and accuracy (less than 11%). The MDL and MQL calculated for this method was
