Download or read book Channel conveyance capacity channel change and sediment transport in the lower Puyallup White and Carbon Rivers western Washington written by Jonathan A. Czuba and published by U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. This book was released on 2010-12-01 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Draining the volcanic, glaciated terrain of Mount Rainier, Washington, the Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers convey copious volumes of water and sediment down to Commencement Bay in Puget Sound. Recent flooding in the lowland river system has renewed interest in understanding sediment transport and its effects on flow conveyance throughout the lower drainage basin. Bathymetric and topographic data for 156 cross sections were surveyed in the lower Puyallup River system by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and were compared with similar datasets collected in 1984. Regions of significant aggradation were measured along the Puyallup and White Rivers. Between 1984 and 2009, aggradation totals as measured by changes in average channel elevation were as much as 7.5, 6.5, and 2 feet on the Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers, respectively. These aggrading river sections correlated with decreasing slopes in riverbeds where the rivers exit relatively confined sections in the upper drainage and enter the relatively unconstricted valleys of the low-gradient Puget Lowland. Measured grain-size distributions from each riverbed showed a progressive fining downstream. Analysis of stage-discharge relations at streamflow-gaging stations along rivers draining Mount Rainier demonstrated the dynamic nature of channel morphology on river courses influenced by glaciated, volcanic terrain. The greatest rates of aggradation since the 1980s were in the Nisqually River near National (5.0 inches per year) and the White River near Auburn (1.8 inches per year). Less pronounced aggradation was measured on the Puyallup River and the White River just downstream of Mud Mountain Dam. The largest measured rate of incision was measured in the Cowlitz River at Packwood (5.0 inches per year). Channel-conveyance capacity estimated using a one-dimensional hydraulic model decreased in some river reaches since 1984. The reach exhibiting the largest decrease (about 20–50 percent) in channel-conveyance capacity was the White River between R Street Bridge and the Lake Tapps return, a reach affected by recent flooding. Conveyance capacity also decreased in sections of the Puyallup River. Conveyance capacity was mostly unchanged along other study reaches. Bedload transport was simulated throughout the entire river network and consistent with other observations and analyses, the hydraulic model showed that the upper Puyallup and White Rivers tended to accumulate sediment. Accuracy of the bedload-transport modeling, however, was limited due to a scarcity of sediment-transport data sets from the Puyallup system, mantling of sand over cobbles in the lower Puyallup and White Rivers, and overall uncertainty in modeling sediment transport in gravel-bedded rivers. Consequently, the output results from the model were treated as more qualitative in value, useful in comparing geomorphic trends within different river reaches, but not accurate in producing precise predictions of mass of sediment moved or deposited. The hydraulic model and the bedload-transport component were useful for analyzing proposed river-management options, if surveyed cross sections adequately represented the river-management site and proposed management options. The hydraulic model showed that setback levees would provide greater flood protection than gravel-bar scalping after the initial project construction and for some time thereafter, although the model was not accurate enough to quantify the length of time of the flood protection. The greatest hydraulic benefit from setback levees would be a substantial increase in the effective channel-conveyance area. By widening the distance between levees, the new floodplain would accommodate larger increases in discharge with relatively small incremental increases in stage. Model simulation results indicate that the hydraulic benefit from a setback levee also would be long-lived and would effectively compensate for increased deposition within the setback reach from increased channel-conveyance capacity. In contrast, the benefit from gravel-bar scalping would be limited by the volume of material that could be removed and the underlying hydraulics in the river section that would be mostly unaffected by scalping. Finally, the study formulated an explanation of the flooding that affected Pacific, Washington, in January 2009. Reduction in channel-conveyance capacity of about 25 percent at the White River near Auburn streamflow-gaging station between November 2008 and January 2009 was caused by rapid accumulation of coarse-grained sediment just downstream of the gage, continuing an ongoing trend of aggradation that has been documented repeatedly.
Download or read book Channel conveyance Capacity Channel Change and Sediment Transport in the Lower Puyallup White and Carbon Rivers Western Washington written by William G. Sikonia and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Changes in sediment volume in Alder Lake Nisqually River Basin Washington 1945 2011 written by Jonathan A. Czuba and published by U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. This book was released on 2012-04-24 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nisqually River drains the southwest slopes of Mount Rainier, a glaciated stratovolcano in the Cascade Range of western Washington. The Nisqually River was impounded behind Alder Dam when the dam was completed in 1945 and formed Alder Lake. This report quantifies the volume of sediment deposited by the Nisqually and Little Nisqually Rivers in their respective deltas in Alder Lake since 1945. Four digital elevation surfaces were generated from historical contour maps from 1945, 1956, and 1985, and a bathymetric survey from 2011. These surfaces were used to compute changes in sediment volume since 1945. Estimates of the volume of sediment deposited in Alder Lake between 1945 and 2011 were focused in three areas: (1) the Nisqually River delta, (2) the main body of Alder Lake, along a 40-meter wide corridor of the pre-dam Nisqually River, and (3) the Little Nisqually River delta. In each of these areas the net deposition over the 66-year period was 42,000,000 ± 4,000,000 cubic meters (m3), 2,000,000 ± 600,000 m3, and 310,000 ± 110,000 m3, respectively. These volumes correspond to annual rates of accumulation of 630,000 ± 60,000 m3/yr, 33,000 ± 9,000 m3/yr, and 4,700 ± 1,600 m3/yr, respectively. The annual sediment yield of the Nisqually (1,100 ± 100 cubic meters per year per square kilometer [(m3/yr)/km2]) and Little Nisqually River basins [70 ± 24 (m3/yr)/km2] provides insight into the yield of two basins with different land cover and geomorphic processes. These estimates suggest that a basin draining a glaciated stratovolcano yields approximately 15 times more sediment than a basin draining forested uplands in the Cascade Range. Given the cumulative net change in sediment volume in the Nisqually River delta in Alder Lake, the total capacity of Alder Lake since 1945 decreased about 3 percent by 1956, 8 percent by 1985, and 15 percent by 2011.
Download or read book Geomorphic analysis of the river response to sedimentation downstream of Mount Rainier Washington written by Jonathan A. Czuba and published by U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. This book was released on 2012-12-07 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the geomorphology of rivers draining Mount Rainier, Washington, was completed to identify sources of sediment to the river network; to identify important processes in the sediment delivery system; to assess current sediment loads in rivers draining Mount Rainier; to evaluate if there were trends in streamflow or sediment load since the early 20th century; and to assess how rates of sedimentation might continue into the future using published climate-change scenarios. Rivers draining Mount Rainier carry heavy sediment loads sourced primarily from the volcano that cause acute aggradation in deposition reaches as far away as the Puget Lowland. Calculated yields ranged from 2,000 tonnes per square kilometer per year [(tonnes/km2)/yr] on the upper Nisqually River to 350 (tonnes/km2)/yr on the lower Puyallup River, notably larger than sediment yields of 50–200 (tonnes/km2)/yr typical for other Cascade Range rivers. These rivers can be assumed to be in a general state of sediment surplus. As a result, future aggradation rates will be largely influenced by the underlying hydrology carrying sediment downstream. The active-channel width of rivers directly draining Mount Rainier in 2009, used as a proxy for sediment released from Mount Rainier, changed little between 1965 and 1994 reflecting a climatic period that was relatively quiet hydrogeomorphically. From 1994 to 2009, a marked increase in geomorphic disturbance caused the active channels in many river reaches to widen. Comparing active-channel widths of glacier-draining rivers in 2009 to the distance of glacier retreat between 1913 and 1994 showed no correlation, suggesting that geomorphic disturbance in river reaches directly downstream of glaciers is not strongly governed by the degree of glacial retreat. In contrast, there was a correlation between active-channel width and the percentage of superglacier debris mantling the glacier, as measured in 1971. A conceptual model of sediment delivery processes from the mountain indicates that rockfalls, glaciers, debris flows, and main-stem flooding act sequentially to deliver sediment from Mount Rainier to river reaches in the Puget Lowland over decadal time scales. Greater-than-normal runoff was associated with cool phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Streamflow-gaging station data from four unregulated rivers directly draining Mount Rainier indicated no statistically significant trends of increasing peak flows over the course of the 20th century. The total sediment load of the upper Nisqually River from 1945 to 2011 was determined to be 1,200,000±180,000 tonnes/yr. The suspended-sediment load in the lower Puyallup River at Puyallup, Washington, was 860,000±300,000 tonnes/yr between 1978 and 1994, but the long-term load for the Puyallup River likely is about 1,000,000±400,000 tonnes/yr. Using a coarse-resolution bedload transport relation, the long-term average bedload was estimated to be about 30,000 tonnes/yr in the lower White River near Auburn, Washington, which was four times greater than bedload in the Puyallup River and an order of magnitude greater than bedload in the Carbon River. Analyses indicate a general increase in the sediment loads in Mount Rainier rivers in the 1990s and 2000s relative to the time period from the 1960s to 1980s. Data are insufficient, however, to determine definitively if post-1990 increases in sediment production and transport from Mount Rainier represent a statistically significant increase relative to sediment-load values typical from Mount Rainier during the entire 20th century. One-dimensional river-hydraulic and sediment-transport models simulated the entrainment, transport, attrition, and deposition of bed material. Simulations showed that bed-material loads were largest for the Nisqually River and smallest for the Carbon River. The models were used to simulate how increases in sediment supply to rivers transport through the river systems and affect lowland reaches. For each simulation, the input sediment pulse evolved through a combination of translation, dispersion, and attrition as it moved downstream. The characteristic transport times for the median sediment-size pulse to arrive downstream for the Nisqually, Carbon, Puyallup, and White Rivers were approximately 70, 300, 80, and 60 years, respectively.
Download or read book Park Science written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Assessment of Changes in Channel Morphology and Bed Elevation in Mad River California 1971 2000 written by Kevin Knuuti and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers currently regulates gravel-mining activities in Humboldt County, CA, under the authority described in Sec. 404 of the Clean Water Act. In order to better understand the effects gravel mining has had on the Mad River, the U.S. Army Engineer District, San Francisco, initiated this study to examine changes in channel morphology and bed elevation between 1971 and 2000. This study focused on existing cross section data and historic aerial photography from a variety of sources, and river sediment (bed-load and bed-material) data collected by the USGS. It also used new cross-section data collected in 2000 and gravel extraction records. This information was used to quantify geomorphic changes in the river, to establish a sediment budget, and to determine a sustainable yield for gravel extraction based on maintaining the river in an equilibrium condition.
Download or read book River Channel Changes written by Kenneth John Gregory and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1977 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Study of Navigation Channel Feasibility Willapa Bay Washington written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quantifying Channel Change Following Post fire Debris Flows in a Steep Coastal Stream Big Sur California written by Telemak Olsen and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Debris flows commonly occur following wildfire in steep landscapes, introducing large volumes of sediment to downstream fluvial systems. Fire-related sediment supply perturbations impact channel morphology, and importantly, fragile aquatic and riparian ecosystems downstream of disturbance. The Big Creek watershed drains 57 km2 of steep chaparral and coast redwood forest along California's Central Coast. Streams in the Big Creek watershed typically exhibit step-pool/cascade morphology and serve as vital spawning habitat for anadromous Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In 2020, 97% of the Big Creek watershed burned in the Dolan Wildfire. In January 2021, an atmospheric river event triggered a series of post-fire debris flows and floods in Big Creek which drastically altered channel morphology. Here, I characterize morphologic change following post-fire disturbance in Big Creek using pre- and post-fire structure from motion (SfM) and airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) datasets. I use topographic differencing to quantify post-fire topographic change within channels in the Big Creek watershed. I quantify grain size change using pre- and post-fire SfM datasets and couple these data with hydraulic and hydrologic modeling to estimate changes in sediment transport capacity and channel stability following post-fire disturbance in Big Creek. I also perform these analyses for Devil's Creek: a tributary of Big Creek which burned but did not experience post-fire debris flows within the main channel. Post-fire debris flows initiated in Cathedral Creek and Brunette Creek, two steep tributaries of Big Creek, which delivered roughly 30,000 m3 of material to Upper Big Creek. By October 2022, approximately 72% of debris flow material exported from Cathedral and Brunette Creek had been evacuated from the channel. Over 90% of the material remaining in Big Creek by 2022 was stored upstream of a valley-spanning log jam emplaced near the confluence of Upper Big Creek and Brunette Creek during post-fire debris flows. Upper Big Creek's initial response to post-fire disturbance is characterized by substantial fining of the D16 and D50, followed by re-coarsening 2-years post-fire. Conversely, Devil's Creek exhibits marginal fining 1-year post-fire, followed by little change 2-years post-fire. Changes in grain size distribution are responsible for considerable change in sediment transport capacity and channel stability. In Big Creek, sediment transport capacity increased 1-year post-fire, while channel stability decreased; 2-years post-fire, both sediment transport capacity and channel stability exhibit signs of recovery towards pre-fire conditions. In Devil's Creek, sediment transport capacity exhibited a substantial increase 1-year post-fire, followed by little change 2-years post-fire; changes in channel stability mirror trends in sediment transport capacity. My findings indicate that post-fire geomorphic recovery occurs remarkably quickly in Upper Big Creek. Topographic differencing, sediment transport capacity, and channel stability analyses suggest that debris flows play an integral role in reconfiguring the vertical structure of steep, step-pool channels. Post-fire morphologic change has several potential implications for aquatic habitat; the quantitative data presented in this thesis may be valuable for biologists monitoring fish population dynamics in the Big Creek watershed.
Download or read book River Regime Based on Sediment Transport Concepts written by Dr. W. R. White and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Channel Processes written by Asher P. Schick and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Design and Operation of Alluvial Channels from the Principles of Sediment Transport written by Mohammad NaimetUllah Cheema and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Channel change and sediment transport in regulated U K rivers written by P A. Carling and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sediment Impact Assessment for Navigation Channel Maintenance Alabama River Alabama and Apalachicola River Florida written by Dinah N. McComas and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book River Meandering written by Charles Morelle Elliott and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 1062 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection contains 91 papers on river behavior presented at Rivers '83, held in New Orleans, Louisiana, October 24-26, 1983.
Download or read book Modeling Sediment Transport Channel Morphology and Gravel Mining in River Bends written by Ilgi Nam and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A technique is developed and tested to analyze the interaction of flowing water, bed topography, and bedload sediment transport in meandering channels where gravel bars are removed. The method relates the local velocity distribution, bed shear stress and sediment transport conditions to the local bed configuration in river bends before and after gravel bar removal. Specific attention is given to pool-depth changes as an immediate result of gravel removal, the residual effects of boundary shear stress changes, and the potential long-term consequences from subsequent runoff events with brief periods of increased streamflow and sediment transport. The most significant new aspect of this work is the ability to predict whether or not periodic gravel "mining" by means of bar scalping has a residual or cumulative effect on channel morphology and pool depth, particularly in bends. This application is tested against field data collected for the Chetco River and South Santiam River in Oregon, the East Fork River in Wyoming, and the upper Rhone River in France. Some of these sites have been partially subjected to gravel mining; others offer contrasting circumstances to allow comparisons of effects. The study suggests that the maximum velocity distribution shifts inward toward the convex bank of a channel bend at high water levels after gravel removal from a point bar, assuming that sediment transport rates and resupply from upstream are the same as before bar scalping. The inward shift of the maximum velocity distribution causes changes of boundary shear stress distribution in pool zones. Weaker boundary shear stresses are expected in pool zones after bar scalping. This will result in fewer incipient motion events in pool zones over each runoff season. As a result, the pool will experience net sediment deposition as a long-term effect of sediment transport events separated by periods of bed stability.
Download or read book Incised River Channels written by Andrew Simon and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
