Download or read book Carbonyl Sulfide Exchange in Soils for Better Estimates of Ecosystem Carbon Uptake written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Carbonyl Sulfide Exchange Between Soils and the Atmosphere Observations and Modeling written by Wu Sun and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a trace gas participating in key processes of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Despite its low mixing ratio in the troposphere (400-550 pmol mol-1), the amplitude of seasonal variability of COS greatly exceeds that of CO2 and is in phase with the gross photosynthesis of the terrestrial biosphere. Over the recent decade, COS has emerged as a promising tracer for quantifying terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) independently from respiration across the ecosystem to the global scales, because of the parallel uptake of COS and CO2 through leaf stomata. While leaf uptake of COS dominates surface COS flux on land in the absence of industrial and biomass burning emissions, soil COS flux is another smaller but significant component. Neglecting the soil component in ecosystem COS budget may bias GPP estimates derived from COS measurements. Soil may also vary from a sink to a source of COS depending on temperature and microbial sulfur metabolism. Due to the presence of potential interference from soil COS activities, using COS as a photosynthetic tracer requires soil COS flux to be separated from the net ecosystem COS exchange. This dissertation is dedicated to the mechanistic understanding of the soil-atmosphere exchange of COS using process-oriented modeling and field observations. A reactive transport model for soil COS processes is constructed to simulate soil-atmosphere COS flux from environmental variables. This model takes into account the dual-phase diffusive transport and the microbial sources and sinks of COS in the soil column. COS uptake and production rates are parameterized with enzyme kinetics and thermodynamics, consistent with lab incubation data. Leaf litter layer is explicitly resolved to account for litter COS uptake, whenever a litter layer is present. The model is evaluated against published field data of COS flux and demonstrates good skill in predicting both soil uptake and emission of COS. Model simulations further confirm that COS flux dependence on soil moisture is a result of two rivaling controls--the diffusive limitation on COS supply and the water limitation on microbial activity. Field observations on soil COS exchange have been conducted at an oak woodland in southern California and a boreal pine forest in southern Finland using automated soil chambers and mid-infrared quantum cascade laser spectrometer. Soils at both sites show consistent uptake behavior related to soil moisture and respiration. At the semi-arid oak woodland in California, microbial COS uptake is strongly limited by water availability in the dry season. The intact leaf litter layer contributes a significant portion to the overall soil COS uptake. Litter COS uptake increases with moisture content and shows a strong pulse immediately after the rain event, indicating a rapid reactivation of litter microbial activity following alleviated water stress. In the Finnish pine forest, soil COS uptake is limited by the diffusional supply of COS to soil microbes, according to the negative correlation with soil moisture. The contrasting responses of soil COS uptake to moisture in semi-arid and humid ecosystems reflect the coupling of diffusion and microbial uptake controls on COS flux. At both sites, soil COS uptake correlates well with respiration and the COS : CO2 flux ratio varies with temperature. The temperature dependence of COS : CO2 flux ratio may be a common feature of soils and indicate underlying shifts in active microbial groups. This dissertation advances knowledge of the physical and biological drivers of soil-atmosphere exchange of COS. Anticipated applications of the findings will be to better constrain global soil COS flux and derive COS-based estimates of GPP, which will be useful in understanding the responses of photosynthesis to climate variability.

Download or read book Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil written by Rattan Lal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-08-08 with total page 811 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the importance of soil processes in the global carbon cycle.Agricultural activities considered responsible for an increase in CO2 levels in our atmosphere include: deforestation, biomass burning, tillage and intensive cultivation, and drainage of wetlands.However, agriculture can also be a solution to the problem in which carbon can be removed from the atmosphere and permanently sequestered into the soil. Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil highlights the importance of world soils as a sink for atmospheric carbon and discusses the impact of tillage, conservation reserve programs (CRP), management of grasslands and woodlands, and other soil and crop management and land use practices that lead to carbon sequestration.

Download or read book Carbon Sequestration in Soils written by Norman J. Rosenberg and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere as the result of fossil fuel emissions and land use change (especially tropical deforestation) threatens to cause global warming and climatic change. One means of reducing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide is through its capture by photosynthesis and storage (sequestration) in soil. The quantities of carbon that can be sequestered during the next century are enough to offset two or three decades' worth of carbon emissions at the current rate. The book deals with four issues that must be addressed before soil carbon sequestration programs can be implemented on a large scale: new science, monitoring and verification, the soil carbon sequestration/desertification linkage, and policy and implementation issues. Contents include - Science Needs and New Technology for Soil Carbon Sequestration - Monitoring and Verifying Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration - Desertification Control to Sequester C and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect - Soil Carbon: Policy and Economics - Science Needs and New Technologies - Monitoring and Verifying - Desertification

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences written by Gerald R. North and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-09-14 with total page 2874 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Second Edition, Six Volume Set is an authoritative resource covering all aspects of atmospheric sciences, including both theory and applications. With more than 320 articles and 1,600 figures and photographs, this revised version of the award-winning first edition offers comprehensive coverage of this important field. The six volumes in this set contain broad-ranging articles on topics such as atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, boundary layers, clouds, general circulation, global change, mesoscale meteorology, ozone, radar, satellite remote sensing, and weather prediction. The Encyclopedia is an ideal resource for academia, government, and industry in the fields of atmospheric, ocean, and environmental sciences. It is written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with the latest information in the field. Covers all aspects of atmospheric sciences—including both theory and applications Presents more than 320 articles and more than 1,600 figures and photographs Broad-ranging articles include topics such as atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, boundary layers, clouds, general circulation, global change, mesoscale meteorology, ozone, radar, satellite remote sensing, and weather prediction An ideal resource for academia, government, and industry in the fields of atmospheric, ocean, and environmental sciences

Download or read book Carbonyl Sulfide for Tracing Carbon Fluxes Field Campaign Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The April-June 2012 campaign was located at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility Southern Great Plains (SGP) site Central Facility and had three purposes. One goal was to demonstrate the ability of current instrumentation to correctly measure fluxes of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS). The approach has been describe previously as a critical approach to advancing carbon cycle science1,2, but requires further investigation at the canopy scale to resolve ecosystem processes. Previous canopy-scale efforts were limited to data rates of 1Hz. While 1 Hz measurements may work in a few ecosystems, it is widely accepted that data rates of 10 to 20 Hz are needed to fully capture the exchange of traces gases between the atmosphere and vegetative canopy. A second goal of this campaign was to determine if canopy observations could provide information to help interpret the seasonal double peak in airborne observations at SGP of CO2 and COS mixing ratios. A third goal was to detect potential sources and sinks of COS that must be resolved before using COS as a tracer of gross primary productivity (GPP).

Download or read book 2009 Joint Assembly Abstracts 24 27 May 2009 Toronto Ontario Canada written by American Geophysical Union. Joint Assembly and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Treatise on Geochemistry written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-10-19 with total page 14787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively updated new edition of the widely acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry has increased its coverage beyond the wide range of geochemical subject areas in the first edition, with five new volumes which include: the history of the atmosphere, geochemistry of mineral deposits, archaeology and anthropology, organic geochemistry and analytical geochemistry. In addition, the original Volume 1 on "Meteorites, Comets, and Planets" was expanded into two separate volumes dealing with meteorites and planets, respectively. These additions increased the number of volumes in the Treatise from 9 to 15 with the index/appendices volume remaining as the last volume (Volume 16). Each of the original volumes was scrutinized by the appropriate volume editors, with respect to necessary revisions as well as additions and deletions. As a result, 27% were republished without major changes, 66% were revised and 126 new chapters were added. In a many-faceted field such as Geochemistry, explaining and understanding how one sub-field relates to another is key. Instructors will find the complete overviews with extensive cross-referencing useful additions to their course packs and students will benefit from the contextual organization of the subject matter Six new volumes added and 66% updated from 1st edition. The Editors of this work have taken every measure to include the many suggestions received from readers and ensure comprehensiveness of coverage and added value in this 2nd edition The esteemed Board of Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief worked cohesively to ensure a uniform and consistent approach to the content, which is an amazing accomplishment for a 15-volume work (16 volumes including index volume)!

Download or read book Issues in Extreme Conditions Technology Research and Application 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Extreme Conditions Technology Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Extreme Conditions Technology Research and Application. The editors have built Issues in Extreme Conditions Technology Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Extreme Conditions Technology Research and Application in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Extreme Conditions Technology Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Download or read book Biogeochemistry written by W.H. Schlesinger and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biogeochemistry—winner of a 2014 Textbook Excellence Award (Texty) from the Text and Academic Authors Association—considers how the basic chemical conditions of the Earth, from atmosphere to soil to seawater, have been and are being affected by the existence of life. Human activities in particular, from the rapid consumption of resources to the destruction of the rainforests and the expansion of smog-covered cities, are leading to rapid changes in the basic chemistry of the Earth. This expansive text pulls together the numerous fields of study encompassed by biogeochemistry to analyze the increasing demands of the growing human population on limited resources and the resulting changes in the planet's chemical makeup. The book helps students extrapolate small-scale examples to the global level, and also discusses the instrumentation being used by NASA and its role in studies of global change. With extensive cross-referencing of chapters, figures and tables, and an interdisciplinary coverage of the topic at hand, this updated edition provides an excellent framework for courses examining global change and environmental chemistry, and is also a useful self-study guide. - Winner of a 2014 Texty Award from the Text and Academic Authors Association - Calculates and compares the effects of industrial emissions, land clearing, agriculture, and rising population on Earth's chemistry - Synthesizes the global cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur, and suggests the best current budgets for atmospheric gases such as ammonia, nitrous oxide, dimethyl sulfide, and carbonyl sulfide - Includes an extensive review and up-to-date synthesis of the current literature on the Earth's biogeochemistry

Download or read book Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems written by B. Mohan Kumar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-08-05 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tree based production systems abound especially in the tropics. Despite the pervasiveness of such multipurpose “trees-outside-forest” resources, they have not attracted adequate attention in the development paradigms of many nation states. These multispecies production systems impact the ecosystem processes favourably. Yet, our understanding of the diversity attributes and carbon dynamics under agroforestry is not adequate. This book focuses on the role of multispecies production systems involving tree and crop species as a means for carbon sequestration and thereby reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Sixteen chapters organized into three broad sections titled: Measurement and Estimation, Agrobiodiversity and Tree Management, and Policy and Socioeconomic Aspects represent a cross section of the opportunities and challenges in current research and emerging issues in harnessing carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems.

Download or read book Methods in Ecosystem Science written by Osvaldo E. Sala and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecology at the ecosystem level has both necessitated and benefited from new methods and technologies as well as those adapted from other disciplines. With the ascendancy of ecosystem science and management, the need has arisen for a comprehensive treatment of techniques used in this rapidly-growing field. Methods in Ecosystem Science answers that need by synthesizing the advantages, disadvantages and tradeoffs associated with the most commonly used techniques in both aquatic and terrestrial research. The book is divided into sections addressing carbon and energy dynamics, nutrient and water dynamics, manipulative ecosystem experiements and tools to synthesize our understanding of ecosystems. Detailed information about various methods will help researchers choose the most appropriate methods for their particular studies. Prominent scientists discuss how tools from a variety of disciplines can be used in ecosystem science at different scales.

Download or read book Biogeochemistry of Wetlands written by K. Ramesh Reddy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-10 with total page 926 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The globally important nature of wetland ecosystems has led to their increased protection and restoration as well as their use in engineered systems. Underpinning the beneficial functions of wetlands are a unique suite of physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate elemental cycling in soils and the water column. This book provides an in-depth coverage of these wetland biogeochemical processes related to the cycling of macroelements including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, secondary and trace elements, and toxic organic compounds. In this synthesis, the authors combine more than 100 years of experience studying wetlands and biogeochemistry to look inside the black box of elemental transformations in wetland ecosystems. This new edition is updated throughout to include more topics and provide an integrated view of the coupled nature of biogeochemical cycles in wetland systems. The influence of the elemental cycles is discussed at a range of scales in the context of environmental change including climate, sea level rise, and water quality. Frequent examples of key methods and major case studies are also included to help the reader extend the basic theories for application in their own system. Some of the major topics discussed are: Flooded soil and sediment characteristics Aerobic-anaerobic interfaces Redox chemistry in flooded soil and sediment systems Anaerobic microbial metabolism Plant adaptations to reducing conditions Regulators of organic matter decomposition and accretion Major nutrient sources and sinks Greenhouse gas production and emission Elemental flux processes Remediation of contaminated soils and sediments Coupled C-N-P-S processes Consequences of environmental change in wetlands# The book provides the foundation for a basic understanding of key biogeochemical processes and its applications to solve real world problems. It is detailed, but also assists the reader with box inserts, artfully designed diagrams, and summary tables all supported by numerous current references. This book is an excellent resource for senior undergraduates and graduate students studying ecosystem biogeochemistry with a focus in wetlands and aquatic systems.

Download or read book Biological Soil Crusts Structure Function and Management written by Jayne Belnap and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In arid lands, where vegetation is sparse or absent, the open ground is not bare but generally covered by a community of small, highly specialized organisms. Cyanobacteria, algae, microfungi, lichens, and bryophytes aggregate soil particles to form a coherent skin - the biological soil crust. It stabilizes and protects the soil surface from erosion by wind and water, influences water runoff and infiltration, and contributes nitrogen and carbon to desert soils. Soil surface disturbance, such as heavy livestock grazing, human trampling or off-road vehicles, breaks up the fragile soil crust, thus compromising its stability, structure, and productivity. This book is the first synthesis of the biology of soil crusts and their importance as an ecosystem component. Composition and functioning of different soil-crust types are discussed, and case studies are used to show the impact of crusts on landscape hydrology, soil stability, nutrient cycles, and land management.

Download or read book Approaches to Scaling of Trace Gas Fluxes in Ecosystems written by A.F. Bouwman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-02-23 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This excellent book covers techniques used for extrapolating measurements of trace gas fluxes and factors regulating the production, consumption and exchange of trace gases in terrestrial and aquatic environments.It provides a comprehensive summary of all aspects of scaling, from flux measurement techniques, geographic data, modelling, use of tracers and isotopes, inverse modelling and satellite-borne atmospheric observations. An interesting feature of the book is the fact that both fluxes from terrestrial and aquatic (marine) sources are discussed, along with the uncertainties in estimates of trace gas fluxes at different scales, including point, field, landscape, regional and global scale.As well as reviewing the state of the art in the field of scaling of fluxes of greenhouse gases, ozone and aerosol and their precursors, and acidifying compounds, the emphasis of this volume is on identification of gaps in knowledge, finding solutions, and determination of future research directions.

Download or read book Coastal Wetlands written by Gerardo M.E. Perillo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-01-18 with total page 975 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coastal wetlands are under a great deal of pressure from the dual forces of rising sea level and the intervention of human populations both along the estuary and in the river catchment. Direct impacts include the destruction or degradation of wetlands from land reclamation and infrastructures. Indirect impacts derive from the discharge of pollutants, changes in river flows and sediment supplies, land clearing, and dam operations. As sea level rises, coastal wetlands in most areas of the world migrate landward to occupy former uplands. The competition of these lands from human development is intensifying, making the landward migration impossible in many cases. This book provides an understanding of the functioning of coastal ecosystems and the ecological services that they provide, and suggestions for their management. In this book a CD is included containing color figures of wetlands and estuaries in different parts of the world. - Includes a CD containing color figures of wetlands and estuaries in different parts of the world.

Download or read book From Fires to Oceans Dynamics of Fire Derived Organic Matter in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems written by Samuel Abiven and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-05-09 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fire-derived organic matter, also known as pyrogenic carbon (PyC), is ubiquitous on Earth. It can be found in soils, sediments, water and air. In this wide range of environments, fire-derived organic matter, represents a key component of the organic matter pool, and, in many cases, the largest identifiable group of organic compounds. PyC is also one of the most persistent organic matter fractions in the ecosystems, and its study is, therefore, particularly relevant for the global carbon cycle. From its production during vegetation fires to its transfer into soils, sediments and waters, PyC goes through different transformations, both abiotic and biotic. Contrary to early assumptions, PyC is not inert and interacts strongly with the environment: evidence of microbial decomposition, oxidation patterns and interactions with minerals have been described in different matrices. PyC travels across these different environments and it is modified chemically and physically, but remains persistent. This Research Topic explores important questions in our understanding of fire-derived organic matter, from the characterization and quantification of PyC components, to the transformation and mobilization processes taking place on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The studies compiled here provide novel and, often, unexpected results. They all answer some of the questions posed and, more importantly, provide scope for many more.