Download or read book Carbon Cycling in Hawaiian Soils written by Katherine Elizabeth Grant and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volcanic soils can effectively store organic carbon (OC) for time scales of 10^2 to 10^4 of years. Previous work suggests that carbon-mineral interactions play a key role in the long term persistence of OC. This dissertation examines a transect on Kohala Mountain (Island of Hawai`i), where soils have formed on a 400 ka basaltic substrate. Along the transect, trade winds drive a precipitation gradient leading to systematic changes in soil moisture, pH, and mineralogy. To examine the persistence of the SOC as soil conditions change, I utilized a series of inorganic and organic geochemical techniques, including metal analysis, carbon analysis, and pyrolysis-oxidation experiments. I used high resolution radiocarbon measurements on bulk soils, thermal fractions collected from ramped pyrolysis/oxidation (RPO), and compound-specific lipid biomarkers to measure the complex differences in the age from bulk to compound scale. This approach allowed for the interpretation of incremental changes in soil carbon energetics and age along the climate gradient. Soil organic horizons show modern radiocarbon values across the gradient, while deeper mineral soils yield variable but generally significantly older radiocarbon ages. In the wetter part of the climate gradient the soils are significantly depleted in iron oxides. The Fe-poor mineral subsoils have much younger 14C ages than in equivalent soils that retain Fe. Activation energy distributions p(0,E) from RPO data are calculated in each sample. I found that while the age gradient of the thermal fractions was relatively flat in all samples, the activation energies between organic horizons and mineral horizons differed. Mineral interactions dominate the activation energy signal resulting in a shift to a lower activation energies in subsoils verse organic horizons. This indicates two distinct mechanisms of contributing to the OC persistence across the climate gradient. The increase in activation energy in the organic horizons indicates an increased temperature sensitivity of this younger material, while mineral surface interaction decreases the OC`s vulnerability to degradation. Lipid biomarkers were used to constrain the end members of SOC at these sites. Long-chain n-alkanoic acids were older than both RPO fractions and bulk 14C values. This effect was site-specific, so irrespective of actual age, plant waxes are much younger in soils where Fe is no longer abundant indicating Fe plays an important function in OC stabilization in volcanic soils across scales, from single compounds to bulk OC. Over all I find that mineral weathering has a strong effect on the persistence of soil OC. The presence of Fe minerals in subsurface mineral horizons is associated with carbon that is stabilized for > 10,000 years. The data are consistent with a major role for mineral stabilization of old organic carbon in these volcanic soils. The role of oxidized iron minerals appears to be particularly important. Because the stability of Fe-oxides is climate dependent, the storage of large amounts of old carbon in deep soil mineral horizons is potentially vulnerable to climate change.

Download or read book The Effect of Water on Carbon Cycling and Soil Carbon Storage in Mesic to Wet Hawaiian Montane Forests written by Edward Arthur George Schuur and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Carbon nitrogen Ratios in Hawaiian Soils written by Norman Eugene Blomberg and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Potential of U S Forest Soils to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect written by John M. Kimble and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-09-25 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much attention has been given to above ground biomass and its potential as a carbon sink, but in a mature forest ecosystem 40 to 60 percent of the stored carbon is below ground. As increasing numbers of forests are managed in a wide diversity of climates and soils, the importance of forest soils as a potential carbon sink grows. The Potenti

Download or read book Nutrient Cycling and Limitation written by Peter M. Vitousek and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The availability or lack of nutrients shapes ecosystems in fundamental ways. From forest productivity to soil fertility, from the diversity of animals to the composition of microbial communities, nutrient cycling and limitation are the basic mechanisms underlying ecosystem ecology. In this book, Peter Vitousek builds on over twenty years of research in Hawai'i to evaluate the controls and consequences of variation in nutrient availability and limitation. Integrating research from geochemistry, pedology, atmospheric chemistry, ecophysiology, and ecology, Vitousek addresses fundamental questions: How do the cycles of different elements interact? How do biological processes operating in minutes or hours interact with geochemical processes operating over millions of years? How does biological diversity interact with nutrient cycling and limitation in ecosystems? The Hawaiian Islands provide the author with an excellent model system for answering these questions as he integrates across levels of biological organization. He evaluates the connections between plant nutrient use efficiency, nutrient cycling and limitation within ecosystems, and nutrient input-output budgets of ecosystems. This book makes use of the Hawaiian ecosystems to explore the mechanisms that shape productivity and diversity in ecosystems throughout the world. It will be essential reading for all ecologists and environmental scientists.

Download or read book The Carbon nitrogen Ratios in Some Hawaiian Soils written by Norman Eugene Blomberg and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biogeochemistry of the Critical Zone written by Adam S. Wymore and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-16 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights recent advances in the discipline of biogeochemistry that have directly resulted from the development of critical zone (CZ) science. The earth's critical zone (CZ) is defined from the weathering front and lowest extent of freely circulating groundwater up through the regolith and to the top of the vegetative canopy. The structure and function of the CZ is shaped through tectonic, lithologic, hydrologic, climatic, and biological processes and is the result of processes occurring at multiple time scales from eons to seconds. The CZ is an open system in which energy and matter are both transported and transformed. Critical zone science provides a novel and unifying framework to consider those coupled interactions that control biogeochemical cycles and fluxes of energy and matter that are critical to sustaining a habitable planet. Biogeochemical processes are at the heart of energy and matter fluxes through ecosystems and watersheds. They control the quantity and quality of carbon and nutrients available for living organisms, control the retention and export of nutrients affecting water quality and soil fertility, and influence the ability for ecosystems to sequester carbon. As the term implies, biogeochemical cycles, and the rates at which they occur, result from the interaction of biological, chemical, and physical processes. However, finding a unifying framework by which to study these interactions is challenging, and the different components of bio-geo-chemistry are often studied in isolation. The authors provide both reviews and original research contributions with the requirement that the chapters incorporate a CZ framework to test biogeochemical theory and/or develop new and robust predictive models regarding elemental cycles. The book demonstrates how the CZ framework provides novel insights into biogeochemistry.

Download or read book Carbon Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Forest Soils written by Robert G. Qualls and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-06-21 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of carbon stored in the soils of the world is stored in forests. The refractory nature of some portions of forest soil organic matter also provides the slow, gradual release of organic nitrogen and phosphorus to sustain long term forest productivity. Contemporary and future disturbances, such as climatic warming, deforestation, short rotation sylviculture, the invasion of exotic species, and fire, all place strains on the integrity of this homeostatic system of C, N, and P cycling. On the other hand, the CO2 fertilization effect may partially offset losses of soil organic matter, but many have questioned the ability of N and P stocks to sustain the CO2 fertilization effect. Despite many advances in the understanding of C, N, and P cycling in forest soils, many questions remain. For example, no complete inventory of the myriad structural formulae of soil organic N and P has ever been made. The factors that cause the resistance of soil organic matter to mineralization are still hotly debated. Is it possible to “engineer” forest soil organic matter so that it sequesters even more C? The role of microbial species diversity in forest C, N, and P cycling is poorly understood. The difficulty in measuring the contribution of roots to soil organic C, N, and P makes its contribution uncertain. Finally, global differences in climate, soils, and species make the extrapolation of any one important study difficult to extrapolate to forest soils worldwide.

Download or read book Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle written by Rattan Lal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1997-11-25 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World soils contain about 1500 gigatons of organic carbon. This large carbon reserve can increase atmospheric concentrations of CO2 by soil misuse or mismanagement, or it can reverse the 'greenhouse' effect by judicious land use and proper soil management. Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle describes soil processes and their effects on the global carbon cycle while relating soil properties to soil quality and potential and actual carbon reserves in the soil. In addition, this book deals with modeling the carbon cycle in soil, and with methods of soil carbon determinations.

Download or read book Differential Effect of Carbon Sources on Nitrogen Transformation in Hawaiian Soils written by Anand Swaroop Agarwal and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle written by Robert A. Berner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2004-08-19 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term "carbon cycle" is normally thought to mean those processes that govern the present-day transfer of carbon between life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. This book describes another carbon cycle, one which operates over millions of years and involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the combination of life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. The weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks and ancient sedimentary organic matter (including recent, large-scale human-induced burning of fossil fuels), the burial of organic matter and carbonate minerals in sediments, and volcanic degassing of carbon dioxide contribute to this cycle. In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle, Robert Berner shows how carbon cycle models can be used to calculate levels of atmospheric CO[2 and O[2 over Phanerozoic time, the past 550 million years, and how results compare with independent methods. His analysis has implications for such disparate subjects as the evolution of land plants, the presence of giant ancient insects, the role of tectonics in paleoclimate, and the current debate over global warming and greenhouse gases

Download or read book Water Rock Interaction Two Volume Set written by Richard B. Wanty and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-09-02 with total page 1711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interaction of the lithosphere and hydrosphere sets the boundary conditions for life, as water and the nutrients extracted from rocks are essential to all known life-forms. Water-rock interaction also affects the fate and transport of pollutants, mediates the long-term cycling of fluids and metals in the earth's crust, impacts the migration and

Download or read book A I D Research and Development Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 1136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ecosystem Biogeochemistry written by Christopher S. Cronan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-05 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook presents a comprehensive process-oriented approach to biogeochemistry that is intended to appeal to readers who want to go beyond a general exposure to topics in biogeochemistry, and instead are seeking a holistic understanding of the interplay of biotic and environmental drivers in the cycling of elements in forested watersheds. The book is organized around a core set of ecosystem processes and attributes that collectively help to generate the whole-system structure and function of a terrestrial ecosystem. In the first nine chapters, a conceptual framework is developed based on distinct soil, microbial, plant, atmospheric, hydrologic, and geochemical processes that are integrated in the element cycling behavior of watershed ecosystems. With that conceptual foundation in place, students then proceed to the final three chapters where they are challenged to think critically about integrated element cycling patterns; roles for biogeochemical models; the likely impacts of disturbance, stress, and management on watershed biogeochemistry; and linkages among patterns and processes in watersheds experiencing novel environmental changes. Included with the text are figures, tables of comparative data, extensive literature citations, a glossary of terms, an index, and a set of 24 biogeochemical problems with answers. The problems are intended to support chapter concepts and to demonstrate how critical thinking skills, simple algebra, and thoughtful human logic can be used to solve applied problems in biogeochemistry that might be encountered by a research scientist or a resource manager. Using this book as an introduction to biogeochemistry, students will achieve a level of subject mastery and disciplinary perspective that will permit them to see and to interpret the individual components, interactions, and synergies that are represented in the dynamic element cycling patterns of watershed ecosystems.

Download or read book Soil Carbon Stabilization to Mitigate Climate Change written by Rahul Datta and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon stabilization involves to capturing carbon from the atmosphere and fix it in the forms soil organic carbon stock for a long period of time, it will be present to escape as a greenhouse gas in the form of carbon dioxide. Soil carbon storage is an important ecosystem service, resulting from interactions of several ecological processes. This process is primarily mediated by plants through photosynthesis, with carbon stored in the form of soil organic carbon. Soil carbon levels have reduced over decades of conversion of pristine ecosystems into agriculture landscape, which now offers the opportunity to store carbon from air into the soil. Carbon stabilization into the agricultural soils is a novel approach of research and offers promising reduction in the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This book brings together all aspects of soil carbon sequestration and stabilization, with a special focus on diversity of microorganisms and management practices of soil in agricultural systems. It discusses the role of ecosystem functioning, recent and future prospects, soil microbial ecological studies, rhizosphere microflora, and organic matter in soil carbon stabilization. It also explores carbon transformation in soil, biological management and its genetics, microbial transformation of soil carbon, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), and their role in sustainable agriculture. The book offers a spectrum of ideas of new technological inventions and fundamentals of soil sustainability. It will be suitable for teachers, researchers, and policymakers, undergraduate and graduate students of soil science, soil microbiology, agronomy, ecology, and environmental sciences

Download or read book Soil Nitrogen Cycle written by Water Resources Scientific Information Center and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Rainfall on Carbon and Nitrogen Contents and Carbon nitrogen Ratios of Hawaiian Soils written by Lyman Arnold Dean and published by . This book was released on 1937 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: