Download or read book Reading Comprehension Strategies written by Danielle S. McNamara and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2007. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Download or read book Bridging Inferences written by Matthias Irmer and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents work on bridging inferences in discourse interpretation. It develops a formalization that permits integrating indirect anaphora in the construction of a structured discourse representation. From a broader perspective, it provides a suitable dynamic-logic framework which can account for underspecifications in cohesion and coherence of discourses by either inferentially resolving or contextually constraining them. Special attention is given to the resolution of bridging anaphora by means of integrating encyclopedic knowledge encoded in FrameNet into a formal theory of discourse structure as provided by Segmented Discourse Representation Theory. A second focus lies on the discourse effects of Clitic Left Dislocation in Spanish. In addition, the book provides a synopsis of the problems, methods, approaches, and desiderata of research on text, context, and discourse interpretation from formal, computational, cognitive, and psychological points of view. Central topics include pragmatic inferences and defeasible reasoning, the Common Ground, cohesion and anaphora resolution, coherence and discourse structure, and discourse interpretation. The volume may thus also serve as a reference book on text meaning and context.

Download or read book Inferences during Reading written by Edward J. O'Brien and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-16 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inferencing is defined as 'the act of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true', and it is one of the most important processes necessary for successful comprehension during reading. This volume features contributions by distinguished researchers in cognitive psychology, educational psychology, and neuroscience on topics central to our understanding of the inferential process during reading. The chapters cover aspects of inferencing that range from the fundamental bottom-up processes that form the basis for an inference to occur, to the more strategic processes that transpire when a reader is engaged in literary understanding of a text. Basic activation mechanisms, word-level inferencing, methodological considerations, inference validation, causal inferencing, emotion, development of inferences processes as a skill, embodiment, contributions from neuroscience, and applications to naturalistic text are all covered as well as expository text, online learning materials, and literary immersion.

Download or read book Principles of Cognitive Psychology written by Michael W. Eysenck and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thoroughly revised and updated, this work covers the fundamental topics in cognitive psychology such as perception, attention and pattern recognition, memory, language, problem solving and reasoning.

Download or read book The Processing of Predictive and Bridging Inferences with Reference to Age and Task Related Differences written by John Kinzie Gould and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Five experiments explored inferencing in young and elderly subjects. Experiments 1 and 2 used the contradiction reading paradigm, a frequently used paradigm to study the formation of elaborative inferences. Subjects read short passages followed by a continuation sentence that either contradicted or was neutral to the elaboration. In Experiment 1, 1-2 sentences separated the predicting context and the contradiction sentence. In Experiment 2, 5-6 sentences separated the predicting context and the contradiction sentence. Overall, elderly subjects were slower than young subjects. Both young and elderly subjects read the contradiction sentence more slowly than the neutral sentence in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2 the effect was seen on the sentence following the contradiction sentence. Experiments 3, 4 and 5 explored the possibility that the results in Experiment 1 and 2 arose not because subjects formed elaborative inferences on-line but only because bridging inferences were formed upon presentation of the contradiction sentence. Only young subjects were tested in these experiments. Experiments 3 and 4 were replications of experiments 1 and 2 with the use of a different paradigm--a probe-word naming paradigm. In this paradigm, a probe word that was either related to the elaborative inference or was neutral was presented either 1-2 sentences or 5-6 sentences after the predicting context. In this paradigm faster naming times for the related than the neutral word are expected if subjects form elaborative inferences (i.e., facilitation). Results in both experiments were unexpected and showed a marginally significant inhibition effect (i.e., longer naming times in the related compared to the neutral condition). These results raise questions about whether elaborative inferences are formed on-line. In Experiment 5, the stimuli from Experiment 3 were altered to include a sentence that would encourage the formation of bridging inferences. In this experiment, there was no significant difference between the related and neutral conditions. Overall, the results call into question the hypothesis that elaborative inferences are formed on-line.

Download or read book Drawing the Boundaries of Meaning written by Betty J. Birner and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most lively and contentious issues in contemporary linguistic theory concerns the elusive boundary between semantics and pragmatics, and Professor Laurence R. Horn of Yale University has been at the center of that debate ever since his groundbreaking 1972 UCLA dissertation. This festvolume in honor of Horn brings together the best of current work at the semantics/pragmatics boundary from a neo-Gricean perspective. Featuring the contributions of 22 leading researchers, it includes papers on implicature (Kent Bach), inference (Betty Birner), presupposition (Barbara Abbott), lexical semantics (Georgia Green, Sally McConnell-Ginet, Steve Kleinedler & Randall Eggert), negation (Pauline Jacobson, Frederick Newmeyer, Scott Schwenter), polarity (Donka Farkas, Anastasia Giannakidou, Michael Israel), implicit variables (Greg Carlson & Gianluca Storto), definiteness (Barbara Partee), reference (Ellen Prince, Andrew Kehler & Gregory Ward), and logic (Jerrold Sadock, Francis Jeffry Pelletier & Andrew Hartline). These original papers represent not only a fitting homage to Larry Horn, but also an important contribution to semantic and pragmatic theory.

Download or read book Bridging Inferences in Discourse Interpretation written by Matthias Irmer and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Proceedings of Eurocogsci 03 written by Franz Schmalhofer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-05-20 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the European Cognitive Science Conference is the presentation of empirical, theoretical, and analytic work from all areas of interest in cognitive science, such as artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology, and anthropology. The focus is on interdisciplinary work that is either of interest for more than one of the research areas mentioned or integrates research methods from different fields. With contributions by cognitive scientists from 20 different countries, the papers in this volume reflect the origins of this conference, as well as its international scope.

Download or read book Higher Level Language Processes in the Brain written by Franz Schmalhofer and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2007-03-05 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Higher Level Language Processes in the Brain is a groundbreaking book that explains how behavior research, computational models, and brain imaging results can be unified in the study of human comprehension. The volume illustrates the most comprehensive and newest findings on the topic. Each section of the book nurtures the theoretical and practical

Download or read book Encyclopedia of the Mind written by Harold Pashler and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2013-01-14 with total page 897 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It's hard to conceive of a topic of more broad and personal interest than the study of the mind. In addition to its traditional investigation by the disciplines of psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience, the mind has also been a focus of study in the fields of philosophy, economics, anthropology, linguistics, computer science, molecular biology, education, and literature. In all these approaches, there is an almost universal fascination with how the mind works and how it affects our lives and our behavior. Studies of the mind and brain have crossed many exciting thresholds in recent years, and the study of mind now represents a thoroughly cross-disciplinary effort. Researchers from a wide range of disciplines seek answers to such questions as: What is mind? How does it operate? What is consciousness? This encyclopedia brings together scholars from the entire range of mind-related academic disciplines from across the arts and humanities, social sciences, life sciences, and computer science and engineering to explore the multidimensional nature of the human mind.

Download or read book Psychology written by Michael W. Eysenck and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2004 with total page 984 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike typical American texts, this book provides an international approach to introductory psychology, providing comprehensive and lively coverage of current research from a global perspective, including the UK, Germany, Scandinavia, Holland, Australia and Canada, as well as the USA.

Download or read book Reading Comprehension Difficulties written by Cesare Cornoldi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-03 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recognizing the characteristics of children with learning disabilities and deciding how to help them is a problem faced by schools all over the world. Although some disorders are fairly easily recognizable (e.g., mental retardation) or very specific to single components of performance and quite rare (e.g., developmental dyscalculia), schools must consider much larger populations of children with learning difficulties who cannot always be readily classified. These children present high-level learning difficulties that affect their performance on a variety of school tasks, but the underlying problem is often their difficulty in understanding written text. In many instances, despite good intellectual abilities and a superficial ability to cope with written texts and to use language appropriately, some children do not seem to grasp the most important elements, or cannot find the pieces of information they are looking for. Sometimes these difficulties are not immediately detected by the teacher in the early school years. They may be hidden because the most obvious early indicators of reading progress in the teacher's eyes do not involve comprehension of written texts or because the first texts a child encounters are quite simple and reflect only the difficulty level of the oral messages (sentences, short stories, etc.) with which the child is already familiar. However, as years go by and texts get more complex, comprehension difficulties will become increasingly apparent and increasingly detrimental to effective school learning. In turn, studying, assimilating new information, and many other situations requiring text comprehension -- from problem solving to reasoning with linguistic contents -- could be affected. Problems with decoding, dyslexia, and language disorders have attracted more interest from researchers than have specific comprehension problems and have occupied more room in specialized journals. Normal reading comprehension has also been a favorite with researchers. However, scarce interest has been paid to subjects who have comprehension difficulties. This book is an attempt to remedy this situation. In so doing, this volume answers the following questions: * Does a reading comprehension problem exist in schools? * How important and widespread is the problem? * Is the problem specific? * How can a reading comprehension difficulty be defined and identified? * Does the "syndrome" have a single pattern or can different subtypes be identified? * What are the main characteristics associated with a reading comprehension difficulty? * When can other well-identified problems add to our understanding of reading comprehension difficulties? * Which educational strategies are effective in preventing and treating reading comprehension difficulties? * What supplementary information can we get from an international perspective?

Download or read book Psycholinguistics PLE Psycholinguistics written by Alan Garnham and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-10-23 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1985, this title was an important new teaching text at the time. Alan Garnham focuses on current theories about the central cognitive aspects of language understanding, and attempts to reflect the emergence of cognitive science, an inter-disciplinary approach to the study of language and other cognitive processes. As well as describing psychological studies, the text includes ideas from linguistics, artificial intelligence, the philosophy of language and formal logic. Some introductory remarks on the study of language understanding precede a discussion of word recognition and the computation of the syntactic structure of sentences. The central part of the book is concerned with questions about meaning, the mental representation of word meanings, and text comprehension. The final two chapters address questions of how the parts of the language processing system operate together, and how language production is related to comprehension. Rather than attempting an exhaustive discussion of empirical research on his chosen topics, the author gives the reader the flavour of linguistic arguments. In particular, Psycholinguistics attempts to indicate the problems and also the possibilities of relating experimental data to theories of language processing. Psycholinguistics will still be useful reading on courses in psycholinguistics, language and thought, and cognitive psychology.

Download or read book Introduction to Pragmatics written by Betty J. Birner and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-06-21 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Pragmatics guides students through traditional and new approaches in the field, focusing particularly on phenomena at the elusive semantics/pragmatics boundary to explore the role of context in linguistic communication. Offers students an accessible introduction and an up-to-date survey of the field, encompassing both established and new approaches to pragmatics Addresses the traditional range of topics – such as implicature, reference, presupposition, and speech acts – as well as newer areas of research, including neo-Gricean theories, Relevance Theory, information structure, inference, and dynamic approaches to meaning Explores the relationship and boundaries between semantics and pragmatics Ideal for students coming to pragmatics for the first time

Download or read book Perspectives on Dialogue in the New Millennium written by Peter Kühnlein and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2003 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formal treatment of the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue became possible through a series of breakthroughs in foundational methodology. There is broad consensus on a couple of issues, like the fact that some variety of dynamic theory is necessary to capture certain characteristics of dialogue. Other matters still are disputed. This volume contains papers both of foundational and applied orientation. It is the result of one of a series of specialized Workshops on Formal Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue that took place in 2001. One can therefore truly say that it mirrors both the state of the art at the end of the past millennium and research strategies that are pursued at the beginning of the new millennium. The collected papers cover the range from philosophy of language to computer science, from the analysis of presupposition to investigations into corpora, and touches upon topics like the role of speech acts in dialogue or language specific phenomena. This broad coverage will make the volume valuable for students of dialogue from all fields of expertise.

Download or read book Literary Studies in Action written by Alan Durant and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-05-19 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: `This is a textbook for the times, which addresses itself brilliantly to the twin phenomena of expanding horizons and diminishing resources of English studies.' - David Lodge

Download or read book Executive Control Processes in Reading written by B. K. Britton and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-28 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1987. The first thing the reader of this volume needs to know is: What is executive control in reading, exactly? Executive control processes coordinate the functioning of the human cognitive system. This book seeks to examine how mature, skilled readers use information about the difficulty and importance of text, and of their comprehension tasks in allocating their reading time and effort.