Download or read book Bridges from Classical to Nonmonotonic Logic written by David Makinson and published by College Publications. This book was released on 2005 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Imagine a robot trying to size up a difficult situation, to find a way of responding. Its sensors receive streams of information from which it tries to reach judgements. If it relies on deduction alone, it will not get far, no matter how fast its inference engines; for even the most massive information is still typically incomplete: there are relevant issues that it does not resolve one way or the other. The robot, or human agent for that matter, needs to go beyond these limits. It needs to `go supraclassical', inferring more than is authorised by classical logic alone. But such inferences are inherently uncertain. They are also nonmonotonic, in the sense that the acquisition of further information, even when consistent with the existing stock, may lead us to abondon as well as add conclusions. Nonmonotonic logic is the study of such reasoning and has been the subject of intensive research for more than two decades. But for the newcomer it is still a disconcerting affair, lacking unity with many systems going in different directions. The purpose of this book is to take the mystery out of the subject, giving a clear overall picture of what is going on. It makes the essential ideas and main approaches to nonmonotonic logic accessible, and meaningful, to anyone with a few basic tools of discrete mathematics and a minimal background in classical propositional logic. It is written as a textbook, with detailed explanations, examples, comments, exercises and answers. Students and instructors alike will find it an invaluable guide.
Download or read book David Makinson on Classical Methods for Non Classical Problems written by Sven Ove Hansson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-20 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume analyses and develops David Makinson’s efforts to make classical logic useful outside its most obvious application areas. The book contains chapters that analyse, appraise, or reshape Makinson’s work and chapters that develop themes emerging from his contributions. These are grouped into major areas to which Makinsons has made highly influential contributions and the volume in its entirety is divided into four sections, each devoted to a particular area of logic: belief change, uncertain reasoning, normative systems and the resources of classical logic. Among the contributions included in the volume, one chapter focuses on the “inferential preferential method”, i.e. the combined use of classical logic and mechanisms of preference and choice and provides examples from Makinson’s work in non-monotonic and defeasible reasoning and belief revision. One chapter offers a short autobiography by Makinson which details his discovery of modern logic, his travels across continents and reveals his intellectual encounters and inspirations. The chapter also contains an unusually explicit statement on his views on the (limited but important) role of logic in philosophy.
Download or read book Handbook of Philosophical Logic written by D.M. Gabbay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-15 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of the Handbook of Philosophical Logic (four volumes) was published in the period 1983-1989 and has proven to be an invaluable reference work to both students and researchers in formal philosophy, language and logic. The second edition of the Handbook is intended to comprise some 18 volumes and will provide a very up-to-date authoritative, in-depth coverage of all major topics in philosophical logic and its applications in many cutting-edge fields relating to computer science, language, argumentation, etc. The volumes will no longer be as topic-oriented as with the first edition because of the way the subject has evolved over the last 15 years or so. However the volumes will follow some natural groupings of chapters. Audience: Students and researchers whose work or interests involve philosophical logic and its applications
Download or read book Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty written by Alessandro Antonucci and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-03 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, ECSQARU 2017, held in Lugano, Switzerland, in July 2017. The 44 revised full papers presented together with 5 abstracts of invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 63 submissions and cover topics on analogical reasoning; argumentation; Bayesian networks; belief functions; conditionals; credal sets, credal networks; decision theory, decision making and reasoning under uncertainty; fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic; logics; orthopairs; possibilistic networks; and probabilistic logics, probabilistic reasoning.
Download or read book Deontic Logic and Normative Systems written by Fabrizio Cariani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-30 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Deontic Logic and Normative Systems, DEON 2014, held in Ghent, Belgium, in July 2014. The 17 revised papers and the 2 invited papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 31 submissions. Topics covered include challenges from natural language for deontic logic; the relationship between deontic and other types of modality: epistemic modality, imperatives, supererogatory, etc.; the deontic paradoxes; the modeling of normative concepts other than obligation and permission, e.g., values; the game-theoretical aspects of deontic reasoning; the emergence of norms; norms from a conversational and pragmatic point of view; and norms and argumentation.
Download or read book Special Sciences and the Unity of Science written by Olga Pombo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science is a dynamic process in which the assimilation of new phenomena, perspectives, and hypotheses into the scientific corpus takes place slowly. The apparent disunity of the sciences is the unavoidable consequence of this gradual integration process. Some thinkers label this dynamical circumstance a ‘crisis’. However, a retrospective view of the practical results of the scientific enterprise and of science itself, grants us a clear view of the unity of the human knowledge seeking enterprise. This book provides many arguments, case studies and examples in favor of the unity of science. These contributions touch upon various scientific perspectives and disciplines such as: Physics, Computer Science, Biology, Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology, and Economics.
Download or read book The Tapestry of Reason written by Amalia Amaya and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2015-04-30 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years coherence theories of law and adjudication have been extremely influential in legal scholarship. These theories significantly advance the case for coherentism in law. Nonetheless, there remain a number of problems in the coherence theory in law. This ambitious new work makes the first concerted attempt to develop a coherence-based theory of legal reasoning, and in so doing addresses, or at least mitigates these problems. The book is organized in three parts. The first part provides a critical analysis of the main coherentist approaches to both normative and factual reasoning in law. The second part investigates the coherence theory in a number of fields that are relevant to law: coherence theories of epistemic justification, coherentist approaches to belief revision and theory-choice in science, coherence theories of practical and moral reasoning and coherence-based approaches to discourse interpretation. Taking this interdisciplinary analysis as a starting point, the third part develops a coherence-based model of legal reasoning. While this model builds upon the standard theory of legal reasoning, it also leads to rethinking some of the basic assumptions that characterize this theory, and suggests some lines along which it may be further developed. Thus, ultimately, the book not only improves upon the current state of coherence theory in law, but also contributes to the larger debate about how to articulate a theory of legal reasoning that results in better decision-making.
Download or read book Logic in the Theory and Practice of Lawmaking written by Michał Araszkiewicz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-05 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the current state of the art regarding the application of logical tools to the problems of theory and practice of lawmaking. It shows how contemporary logic may be useful in the analysis of legislation, legislative drafting and legal reasoning concerning different contexts of law making. Elaborations of the process of law making have variously emphasised its political, social or economic aspects. Yet despite strong interest in logical analyses of law, questions remains about the role of logical tools in law making. This volume attempts to bridge that gap, or at least to narrow it, drawing together some important research problems—and some possible solutions—as seen through the work of leading contemporary academics. The volume encompasses 20 chapters written by authors from 16 countries and it presents diversified views on the understanding of logic (from strict mathematical approaches to the informal, argumentative ones) and differentiated choices concerning the aspects of law making taken into account. The book presents a broad set of perspectives, insights and results into the emerging field of research devoted to the logical analysis of the area of creation of law. How does logic inform lawmaking? Are legal systems consistent and complete? How can legal rules be represented by means of formal calculi and visualization techniques? Does the structure of statutes or of legal systems resemble the structure of deductive systems? What are the logical relations between the basic concepts of jurisprudence that constitute the system of law? How are theories of legal interpretation relevant to the process of legislation? How might the statutory text be analysed by means of contemporary computer programs? These and other questions, ranging from the theoretical to the immediately practical, are addressed in this definitive collection.
Download or read book Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty written by Gabriele Kern-Isberner and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-04 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, ECSQARU 2019, held in Belgrade, Serbia, in September 2019. The 41 full papers presented together with 3 abstracts of invited talks inn this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 62 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections named: Argumentation; Belief Functions; Conditional, Default and Analogical Reasoning; Learning and Decision Making; Precise and Imprecise Probabilities; and Uncertain Reasoning for Applications.
Download or read book Paraconsistency Logic and Applications written by Koji Tanaka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-26 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A logic is called 'paraconsistent' if it rejects the rule called 'ex contradictione quodlibet', according to which any conclusion follows from inconsistent premises. While logicians have proposed many technically developed paraconsistent logical systems and contemporary philosophers like Graham Priest have advanced the view that some contradictions can be true, and advocated a paraconsistent logic to deal with them, until recent times these systems have been little understood by philosophers. This book presents a comprehensive overview on paraconsistent logical systems to change this situation. The book includes almost every major author currently working in the field. The papers are on the cutting edge of the literature some of which discuss current debates and others present important new ideas. The editors have avoided papers about technical details of paraconsistent logic, but instead concentrated upon works that discuss more "big picture" ideas. Different treatments of paradoxes takes centre stage in many of the papers, but also there are several papers on how to interpret paraconistent logic and some on how it can be applied to philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, and metaphysics.
Download or read book Adaptive Logics for Defeasible Reasoning written by Christian Straßer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-29 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents adaptive logics as an intuitive and powerful framework for modeling defeasible reasoning. It examines various contexts in which defeasible reasoning is useful and offers a compact introduction into adaptive logics. The author first familiarizes readers with defeasible reasoning, the adaptive logics framework, combinations of adaptive logics, and a range of useful meta-theoretic properties. He then offers a systematic study of adaptive logics based on various applications. The book presents formal models for defeasible reasoning stemming from different contexts, such as default reasoning, argumentation, and normative reasoning. It highlights various meta-theoretic advantages of adaptive logics over other logics or logical frameworks that model defeasible reasoning. In this way the book substantiates the status of adaptive logics as a generic formal framework for defeasible reasoning.
Download or read book Deontic Logic in Computer Science written by Guido Governatori and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-30 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Deontic Logic in Computer Science, DEON 2010, held in Fiesole, Italy, in July 2010. The 18 revised papers included in the volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 34 submissions. Topics covered include connections preferences, deontic logic and contrary-to-duties, the use of input/output logic, the study of norm dynamics, models of agents and institutions, argumentation, compliance, and various alternative analyses of deontic notions.
Download or read book Robert Brandom s Normative Inferentialism written by Giacomo Turbanti and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2017-09-21 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The philosophy of language of Robert Brandom is based on a theoretical structure composed of three main elements: the normative analysis of linguistic practices, the inferential characterization of conceptual contents and the expressive articulation of the relations between the former two. Normative pragmatics aims to explain how linguistic practices are sufficient to confer contentful states in those who engage in them. Inferential semantics provides a theory of such pragmatic significances in terms of the inferential relations that articulate conceptual contents. Rational expressivism is the thesis that concept application is essentially a process of turning something that can only be done into something that can also be said. Such a threefold structure is the core of normative inferentialism. This book is a concise, self-contained and comprehensive presentation of this philosophical enterprise. It guides the reader through the analysis of Brandom's imposing theoretical apparatus, the discovery of the roots of his approach in American pragmatism and German idealism, till the exploration of some of its most interesting and recent outcomes in pragmatics and semantics. It is a valuable resource for both those who approach Brandom's work for the first time and those who are interested in the potential of normative inferentialism.
Download or read book Dynamics Uncertainty and Reasoning written by Beishui Liao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-23 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume collects selected papers presented at the Second Chinese Conference on Logic and Argumentation in 2018 held in Hangzhou, China. The papers presented reflect recent advances in logic and argumentation, as well as the connections between the two, and also include invited papers contributed by leading experts in these fields. The book covers a wide variety of topics related to dynamics, uncertainty and reasoning. It continues discussions on the interplay between logic and argumentation which has a long history from Aristotle’s ancient logic to very recent formal argumentation in AI.
Download or read book Consequence Relations written by Alex Citkin and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication of Rasiowa and Sikorski's The Mathematics of Metamathematics (1970), Rasiowa's An Algebraic Approach to Non-Classical Logics (1974), and Wójcicki's Theory of Logical Calculi (1988) created a niche in the field of mathematical and philosophical logic. This in-depth study of the concept of a consequence relation, culminating in the concept of a Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra, fills this niche. Citkin and Muravitsky consider the problem of obtaining confirmation that a statement is a consequence of a set of statements as prerequisites, on the one hand, and the problem of demonstrating that such confirmation does not exist in the structure under consideration, on the other hand. For the second part of this problem, the concept of the Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra plays a key role, which becomes even more important when the considered consequence relation is placed in the context of decidability. This role is traced in the book for various formal objective languages. The work also includes helpful exercises to aid the reader's assimilation of the book's material. Intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics and philosophy, this book can be used to teach special courses in logic with an emphasis on algebraic methods, for self-study, and also as a reference work.
Download or read book Tools for Teaching Logic written by Patrick Blackburn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-05-23 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the proceedings of the Third International Congress on Tools for Teaching Logic, TICTTL 2011, held in Salamanca, Spain, in June 2011. The 30 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 62 submissions. The congress focusses on a variety of topics including: logic teaching software, teaching formal methods, logic in the humanities, dissemination of logic courseware and logic textbooks, methods for teaching logic at different levels of instruction, presentation of postgraduate programs in logic, e-learning, logic games, teaching argumentation theory and informal logic, and pedagogy of logic.
Download or read book Philosophical Perceptions on Logic and Order written by Horne, Jeremy and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2017-05-19 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strong reasoning skills are an important aspect to cultivate in life, as they directly impact decision making on a daily basis. By examining the different ways the world views logic and order, new methods and techniques can be employed to help expand on this skill further in the future. Philosophical Perceptions on Logic and Order is a pivotal scholarly resource that discusses the evolution of logical reasoning and future applications for these types of processes. Highlighting relevant topics including logic patterns, deductive logic, and inductive logic, this publication is an ideal reference source for academicians, students, and researchers that would like to expand their understanding of how society currently employs the use of logical reasoning techniques.
