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Book Blackstones  Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts

Download or read book Blackstones Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts written by Gareth Branston and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-08-07 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a valuable companion for all those working, not only with adults, but also with children and young people in the criminal courts, to help them deal with all the issues arising in the specialist Youth Court and in the Crown Court jurisdiction.

Book Blackstone s Magistrates  Court Handbook and Blackstone s Youths in the Criminal Courts Pack

Download or read book Blackstone s Magistrates Court Handbook and Blackstone s Youths in the Criminal Courts Pack written by Anthony Edwards and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2018-12-13 with total page 1376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This pack contains both Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook and Blackstone's Youths in the Criminal Courts. It is the ideal companion for all those working not only with adults but also with children and young people in the criminal courts, to help them deal with all the issues arising in the specialist Youth Court and in the Crown Court jurisdiction. The new edition of the bestselling Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides a complete practical guide for the busy practitioner. Incorporating essential extracts from the Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines, it offers all you need in one trustworthy source. Covering all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice, the book focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice requiring an instant response from the advocate, as well as on those offences most frequently experienced at court, such as public order, dishonesty, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. Blackstone's Youths in the Criminal Courts has been thoroughly updated to take account of the raft of significant changes since the previous edition - most notably the 2017 definitive guideline on sentencing children and young people and the new offence-specific guidelines. The book covers the entire range of issues specific to the treatment of young people in criminal courts, the principles and practice of the Youth Justice System, the issues of jurisdiction, effective participation and fair trial, the use of special measures, and the complications of sentencing procedure and practice. It also deals in detail with the ways in which youths are sent to the Crown Court and the powers of that court in dealing with them; changing age during the course of proceedings and attaining 18 as well as issues relating to parents and guardians. There is a new section on civil injunctions in the Youth Courts, incorporating the law on civil injunctions under the Anti Social Behaviour Crime and Policing Act 2014. Both volumes' easy-to-use pocket-sized format facilitates quick reading and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2019 provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary.

Book Blackstone s Magistrates  Court Handbook 2023 and Blackstone s Youths in the Criminal Courts  October 2018 Edition  Pack

Download or read book Blackstone s Magistrates Court Handbook 2023 and Blackstone s Youths in the Criminal Courts October 2018 Edition Pack written by Anthony Edwards and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2023-03-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This pack contains both Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook 2023 and the latest edition of Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts which published in 2018. The set is the ideal companion for all those working not only with adults but also with children and young people in the criminal courts, to help them deal with all the issues arising in the specialist Youth Court and in the Crown Court jurisdiction. A new appendix in Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook 2023 provides key updates to Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts, bringing it up to date to November 2022. The new edition of the bestselling Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides a complete practical guide for the busy practitioner. Incorporating full references to the Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines, it offers all you need in one trustworthy source. Covering all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice, the book focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice requiring an instant response from the advocate, as well as on those offences most frequently experienced at court, such as assault, public order, dishonesty, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook's easy-to-use pocket-sized format facilitates quick reading and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2023 provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary, whilst an appendix once again updates the latest edition of Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts (included; published in 2018) to reflect major developments in the law and practice relating to youths in the criminal justice system. Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts has been thoroughly updated to take account of the raft of significant changes since the previous edition - most notably the 2017 definitive guideline on sentencing children and young people and the new offence-specific guidelines. The book covers the entire range of issues specific to the treatment of young people in criminal courts, the principles and practice of the Youth Justice System, the issues of jurisdiction, effective participation and fair trial, the use of special measures, and the complications of sentencing procedure and practice. It also deals in detail with the ways in which youths are sent to the Crown Court and the powers of that court in dealing with them; changing age during the course of proceedings and attaining 18 as well as issues relating to parents and guardians. There is a new section on civil injunctions in the Youth Courts, incorporating the law on civil injunctions under the Anti Social Behaviour Crime and Policing Act 2014. Both volumes' easy-to-use pocket-sized format facilitates quick reading and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary.

Book Blackstone s Magistrates  Court Handbook 2021

Download or read book Blackstone s Magistrates Court Handbook 2021 written by Anthony Edwards and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of the bestselling Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides a complete practical guide for the busy practitioner, incorporating essential extracts from the 2020 Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines. It delivers all you need in one trustworthy source. Covering all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice, the book focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice requiring an instant response from the advocate, as well as on those offences most frequently experienced at court, such as public order, dishonesty, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides the perfect balance of portability and detail, facilitating quick navigation and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2021 provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary, whilst an appendix once again updates the latest edition of Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts (published in 2018) to reflect major developments in the law and practice relating to youths in the criminal justice system.

Book Blackstone s Magistrates  Court Handbook 2021 and Blackstone s Youths in the Criminal Courts  October 2018 Edition  Pack

Download or read book Blackstone s Magistrates Court Handbook 2021 and Blackstone s Youths in the Criminal Courts October 2018 Edition Pack written by Solicitor Anthony Edwards and published by . This book was released on 2021-06-04 with total page 1312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This pack contains both Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook 2021 and the latest edition of Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts which published in 2018. The set is the ideal companion for all those working not only with adults but also with children and young people in the criminal courts, to help them deal with all the issues arising in the specialist Youth Court and in the Crown Court jurisdiction. A new appendix in Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook 2021 provides key updates to Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts, bringing it up to date to November 2020. The new edition of the bestselling Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides a complete practical guide for the busy practitioner, incorporating essential extracts from the 2020 Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines. It delivers all you need in one trustworthy source. Covering all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice, the book focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice requiring an instant response from the advocate, as well as on those offences most frequently experienced at court, such as public order, dishonesty, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides the perfect balance of portability and detail, facilitating quick navigation and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2021 provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary, whilst an appendix once again updates the latest edition of Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts (included; published in 2018) to reflect major developments in the law and practice relating to youths in the criminal justice system. Blackstone's Youths in the Criminal Courts has been thoroughly updated to take account of the raft of significant changes since the previous edition - most notably the 2017 definitive guideline on sentencing children and young people and the new offence-specific guidelines. The book covers the entire range of issues specific to the treatment of young people in criminal courts, the principles and practice of the Youth Justice System, the issues of jurisdiction, effective participation and fair trial, the use of special measures, and the complications of sentencing procedure and practice. It also deals in detail with the ways in which youths are sent to the Crown Court and the powers of that court in dealing with them; changing age during the course of proceedings and attaining 18 as well as issues relating to parents and guardians. There is a new section on civil injunctions in the Youth Courts, incorporating the law on civil injunctions under the Anti Social Behaviour Crime and Policing Act 2014. Both volumes' easy-to-use pocket-sized format facilitates quick reading and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary.

Book Blackstone s Magistrates  Court Handbook 2023

Download or read book Blackstone s Magistrates Court Handbook 2023 written by Dalton and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-03-16 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of the bestselling Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides a complete practical guide for the busy practitioner. Incorporating full references to the Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines, it offers all you need in one trustworthy source. Covering all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice, the book focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice requiring an instant response from the advocate, as well as on those offences most frequently experienced at court, such as assault, public order, dishonesty, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook's easy-to-use pocket-sized format facilitates quick reading and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2023 provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary.

Book Blackstone s Magistrates  Court Handbook 2024

Download or read book Blackstone s Magistrates Court Handbook 2024 written by Bartholomew Dalton and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-07-23 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of the bestselling Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides a complete, trustworthy practical guide for the busy practitioner. Covering all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice, the book focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice requiring an instant response from the advocate, as well as on those offences most frequently experienced at court, such as assault, public order, dishonesty, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook's easy-to-use pocket-sized format facilitates quick reading and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Users are signposted to the relevant sentencing guidelines for each offence, allowing for prompt access to the up-to-date guideline online. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2024 provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary.

Book Blackstone s Magistrates  Court Handbook 2020 and Blackstone s Youths in the Criminal Courts  October 2018 Edition  Pack

Download or read book Blackstone s Magistrates Court Handbook 2020 and Blackstone s Youths in the Criminal Courts October 2018 Edition Pack written by Anthony Edwards and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020-02-05 with total page 1232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This pack contains both Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook 2020 and the edition of Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts which published in 2018. The set is the ideal companion for all those working not only with adults but also with children and young people in the criminal courts, to help them deal with all the issues arising in the specialist Youth Court and in the Crown Court jurisdiction. A new appendix in Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook 2020 provides key updates to Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts, bringing it up to date to July 2019. The new edition of the bestselling Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides a complete practical guide for the busy practitioner, incorporating essential extracts from the Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines. It delivers all you need in one trustworthy source. Covering all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice, the book focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice requiring an instant response from the advocate, as well as on those offences most frequently experienced at court, such as public order, dishonesty, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. With a new, more streamlined format for the 2020 edition, Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides the perfect balance of portability and detail, facilitating quick navigation and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2020 provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary, whilst a new appendix updates the latest edition of Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts (published in 2018) to reflect major developments in the law and practice relating to youths in the criminal justice system. Please note that the bundled edition of Blackstone's Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts is the 2018 edition. Blackstone's Youths in the Criminal Courts has been thoroughly updated to take account of the raft of significant changes since the previous edition - most notably the 2017 definitive guideline on sentencing children and young people and the new offence-specific guidelines. The book covers the entire range of issues specific to the treatment of young people in criminal courts, the principles and practice of the Youth Justice System, the issues of jurisdiction, effective participation and fair trial, the use of special measures, and the complications of sentencing procedure and practice. It also deals in detail with the ways in which youths are sent to the Crown Court and the powers of that court in dealing with them; changing age during the course of proceedings and attaining 18 as well as issues relating to parents and guardians. There is a new section on civil injunctions in the Youth Courts, incorporating the law on civil injunctions under the Anti Social Behaviour Crime and Policing Act 2014. Both volumes' easy-to-use pocket-sized format facilitates quick reading and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary.

Book Blackstone s Magistrates  Court Handbook 2011

Download or read book Blackstone s Magistrates Court Handbook 2011 written by Andrew Keogh and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2010 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides an indispensable, complete, and practical guide for the busy court advocate, offering extensive coverage of offenses, sentencing, procedure, and evidential issues. Covering all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice, the book places strong emphasis on the areas most likely to arise at short notice requiring an instant response from the advocate, as well as on those offenses most frequently experienced at court by a legal aid lawyer, such as public order, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offenses. Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook is presented in an easy-to-use format, facilitating quick reading and instant decision-making. The text is broken down with frequent headings and bullet points, and there are a number of tables and flow-charts, particularly on complex sentencing topics, as well as a clear system of icons to aid comprehension and speedy navigation.

Book Blackstone s Handbook for Policing Students 2013

Download or read book Blackstone s Handbook for Policing Students 2013 written by Sofia Graça and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-09-06 with total page 1000 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Blackstone's Handbook for Policing Students 2013 has been developed from the best-selling Blackstone's Student Police Officer Handbook to reflect the multitude of avenues into the police force now open to future police officers, from pre-entry courses to PCSOs and Specials. Designed specifically to meet the new requirements of police training, this book is a must-have for those embarking on a career in the police. Parts of initial police training common to all new entrants are easily identified and there are specific chapters on qualification structures and training and assessment, meeting the needs of students whether you are entering policing through pre-entry schemes or through an alternative qualification route. This new structure means it is possible for students to omit certain Parts of the Handbook whilst still meeting the mandatory requirements of the revised IPLDP Diploma in Policing. Divided into six parts, representing key stages in your progression from pre-entry programmes (where appropriate) in Parts 1 and 2, to initial training and then confirmation, the Handbook leads you through the topics, covering theory, discussion and practice while developing skills of analysis, problem solving and forms of reasoning. Coupled with a comprehensive and accessible style, the book ensures you have the knowledge and understanding necessary to undertake independent patrol in a professional and competent manner. Key topics covered include Stop, Search, and Entry; Alcohol and Drug Offences; Sexual Offences; Interviewing; and Intelligence. Blackstone's Handbook for Policing Students 2013 is essential reading whether you are taking a pre-entry course or the IPLDP Diploma in Policing, looking to move on from your role as a PCSO or Special, or are involved within the security and law enforcement sector.

Book Blackstone s Magistrates  Court Handbook 2013

Download or read book Blackstone s Magistrates Court Handbook 2013 written by Andrew Keogh and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-09-06 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of the bestselling Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides a complete practical guide for the busy magistrates' court advocate. Incorporating essential extracts from the Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines, Andrew Keogh offers all you need in one trustworthy source. Covering all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice, the book focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice requiring an instant response from the advocate, as well as on those offences most frequently experienced at court, such as public order, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook 's easy-to-use pocket-sized format facilitates quick reading and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2013 provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary.

Book Youth Court Guide

    Book Details:
  • Author : Pakeeza Rahman
  • Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
  • Release : 2017-06-30
  • ISBN : 1784516961
  • Pages : 615 pages

Download or read book Youth Court Guide written by Pakeeza Rahman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2017-06-30 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Youth Court Guide is the definitive legal handbook for practitioners involved in the youth court. It provides an in-depth knowledge of the youth court system, as well as the fundamental principles and day-to-day practice that pertain to it, with direction on every stage of youth justice. This new edition brings the work fully up to date ensuring it remains a first port of call text providing guidance on practice and procedure with ease and clarity. It takes account of developments that have impacted on practice and procedure since the fifth edition and revisions include updates to sections covering: Cautions, restorative justice; Separation from adult courts; Youth gang injunctions; Youth behaviour order changes; DVPOs (domestic violence protection notices); Criminal procedure rule changes and development of case management practice - new form, disclosure review, special measures, ground rules; Remands; Sentencing council allocation guidelines where youth charged with adult; Breach of YROs (youth rehabilitation orders); Fines, victim surcharge criminal courts charge; Committal for sentence; Referral orders; More in depth guidance on sex notification requirements (sex assault on other youth); Re organisation of youth offending services also mental health services; Case update including sentencing cases. Chapters follow the sequence of criminal proceedings from the use of diversions, cautions and arrests through to trial, sentences and appeals. Personal insight is provided through explanations from the 'hands on' experience of both authors. The work contains central sections on venue, remand and sentencing for daily reference and focuses on practical solutions rather than academic debate. It also includes a separate chapter looking at difficult areas and legal issues and contains simple flow diagrams to help understand and follow remand powers and venue provisions. A quick guide to sentencing orders is also included.

Book Blackstone s Magistrates  Court Handbook 2023

Download or read book Blackstone s Magistrates Court Handbook 2023 written by Bartholomew Dalton and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-03-25 with total page 796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of the bestselling Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook provides a complete practical guide for the busy practitioner. Incorporating full references to the Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines, it offers all you need in one trustworthy source. Covering all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice, the book focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice requiring an instant response from the advocate, as well as on those offences most frequently experienced at court, such as assault, public order, dishonesty, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook's easy-to-use pocket-sized format facilitates quick reading and instant decision-making. Tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2023 provides you with easy access to in-depth commentary.

Book American Juvenile Justice

Download or read book American Juvenile Justice written by Franklin E. Zimring and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-12-21 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: American Juvenile Justice is a definitive volume for courses on the criminology and policy analysis of adolescence. The focus is on the principles and policy of a separate and distinct system of juvenile justice. The book opens with an introduction of the creation of adolescence, presenting a justification for the category of the juvenile or a period of partial responsibility before full adulthood. Subsequent sections include empirical investigations of the nature of youth criminality and legal policy toward youth crime. At the heart of the book is an argument for a penal policy that recognizes diminished responsibility and a youth policy that emphasizes the benefits of letting the maturing process continue with minimal interruption. In this updated and expanded second edition, Zimring has included four new chapters with examinations on important topics including, US Supreme Court decisions of life sentences for minors, the elected use of juvenile courts over criminal court, punitive sex offender registration for juveniles, and appropriate tactics for juvenile justice reform.

Book The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice written by Barry C. Feld and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2012-01-12 with total page 955 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State-of-the-art critical reviews of recent scholarship on the causes of juvenile delinquency, juvenile justice system responses, and public policies to prevent and reduce youth crime are brought together in a single volume authored by leading scholars and researchers in neuropsychology, developmental and social psychology, sociology, history, criminology/criminal justice, and law.

Book The Evolution of the Juvenile Court

Download or read book The Evolution of the Juvenile Court written by Barry C. Feld and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2019-06-01 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner, 2020 ACJS Outstanding Book Award, given by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences A major statement on the juvenile justice system by one of America’s leading experts The juvenile court lies at the intersection of youth policy and crime policy. Its institutional practices reflect our changing ideas about children and crime control. The Evolution of the Juvenile Court provides a sweeping overview of the American juvenile justice system’s development and change over the past century. Noted law professor and criminologist Barry C. Feld places special emphasis on changes over the last 25 years—the ascendance of get tough crime policies and the more recent Supreme Court recognition that “children are different.” Feld’s comprehensive historical analyses trace juvenile courts’ evolution though four periods—the original Progressive Era, the Due Process Revolution in the 1960s, the Get Tough Era of the 1980s and 1990s, and today’s Kids Are Different era. In each period, changes in the economy, cities, families, race and ethnicity, and politics have shaped juvenile courts’ policies and practices. Changes in juvenile courts’ ends and means—substance and procedure—reflect shifting notions of children’s culpability and competence. The Evolution of the Juvenile Court examines how conservative politicians used coded racial appeals to advocate get tough policies that equated children with adults and more recent Supreme Court decisions that draw on developmental psychology and neuroscience research to bolster its conclusions about youths’ reduced criminal responsibility and diminished competence. Feld draws on lessons from the past to envision a new, developmentally appropriate justice system for children. Ultimately, providing justice for children requires structural changes to reduce social and economic inequality—concentrated poverty in segregated urban areas—that disproportionately expose children of color to juvenile courts’ punitive policies. Historical, prescriptive, and analytical, The Evolution of the Juvenile Court evaluates the author’s past recommendations to abolish juvenile courts in light of this new evidence, and concludes that separate, but reformed, juvenile courts are necessary to protect children who commit crimes and facilitate their successful transition to adulthood.