Download or read book Biomechanical Effects of Initial Occupant Seated Posture During Rear End Impact Injury written by Vivek Palepu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whiplash injuries remain the most common consequence of motor vehicle accidents and account for a significant annual cost to society. In United States alone, whiplash injuries occur in more than one million people every year. It has been reported that the annual cost for whiplash injuries in the USA is $2.7 billion and £2.5 billion in the UK. Whiplash injury can reduce victim's quality of life for a significant amount of time, ranging from weeks to few months and sometimes, symptoms may persist for years. Whiplash is a soft tissue injury and the spectrum of injury may include damage to intervertebral ligaments, discs, facet joints and surrounding soft tissues. Whiplash is the most common injury sustained in the rear-end motor vehicle collisions accounting for more than one-thirds to half of the total reported whiplash cases. As an automobile occupant is hit from behind, the forces from the seat back compress the kyphosis of the thoracic spine, which provides an axial load on spine together with shear force which makes it easier for soft tissue injuries to occur. An out of occupant seating posture can change this complex loading compared to the normal posture. Based on the clinical and epidemiological evidence, the axial rotation of the head or inclined head and the body forward postures prior to impact had an increasing whiplash injury risk following automotive rear impacts. There is very less understanding of the injury patterns when the vehicle occupant seating posture is out of position (non-typical posture) and is subjected to a rear end collision. A detailed 3D osseoligamentous human head-pelvis FE model has been developed. The model consists of a skull, vertebrae, viscoelastic discs, frictionless facet joints, nonlinear ligaments, ribcage and pelvis. All of the material properties were derived from literature. The bony structures were modeled as linear elastic material models and the discs and ligaments were modeled as non-linear models. The main aim of this thesis was to develop a head-pelvis FE model to study the influence of different out of occupant seated postures on the injury pattern due to rear end impact loading. The initial goal was to validate the model under static and dynamic loading conditions. Static validation was done in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation by comparing the results with cadaveric experimental data. Dynamic validation was performed by providing an input sled acceleration to the FE model and comparing the global as well as intervertebral motion responses with the experimental corridors. FE model was first tested in the normal seating posture in the standard seat with headrest due to the rear end impact of 4g. The headrest and the seat were modeled as a hyperfoam material model in ABAQUS. The normal seating posture was then modified to create different out of occupant seating postures: body forward (BF-body leaned forward by certain angle measured in degrees with respect to the vertical); head turned (HT-head rotated to the right by certain angle measured in degrees), combination of the body forward and head turned posture (BF-HT) and head flexed (HF-head flexed by 20 degrees) that were derived from the literature. The first part of the experiment was to study the effect of progressively increasing body forward seating postures (BF-15, BF-20 & BF-25) on the injury pattern due to the same rear end impact. The next test was to investigate the effect of progressively increasing head turned (HT) seating postures (HT-15, HT-30 & HT-45) on the whiplash injury outcome. Furthermore, head turned, body forward, head flexed and BF-HT postures were compared with the normal seating posture to identify high risk out of occupant postures. The final test investigated the effect of increased impact severity of 10g on the identified high risk out of occupant postures. The risk of whiplash injury was quantified by measuring intra-discal pressures, facet stresses and ligament strains. Results showed a non-linear increase in the range of motion, intervertebral disc pressures, facet stresses and ligament strains with the progressive increase in body forward and the head turned postures. Intervertebral discs had increased pressures with all the out of occupant seating postures when compared to the physiological values indicating high risk of disc injury. Results indicated that body forward posture increased the risk of capsular ligament injury and head turned posture increased the risk of capsular and alar ligament injury which agrees with the clinical literature. Body forward head turned posture (BF-HT) had increased risk of both alar as well as capsular ligament injuries.
Download or read book Lumbar Injury Biomechanics written by Jeffrey A Pike and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2013-08-01 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The amount of load that can be borne by the different components of the lumbar region is fairly well understood, as are resulting injuries from overloading. Less severe lumbar injuries involve a wide range of factors, including: heredity, obesity, age, occupation, sports, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression. Some of the most painful conditions that require high levels of care involve lumbar spine fracture or soft tissue injury from falls, contact sports, vehicle collisions, aircraft ejection, and underbody blasts from roadway explosions (military injuries). Each of these injury scenarios elicits a different kinematic response of the spine as a result of load direction, magnitude, and duration. Updated from a popular earlier volume, this new compendium includes landmark papers from 1994 through 2013 that focus exclusively on lumbar injuries. It also features an introductory chapter, “Blunt Lumbar Trauma” that provides an overview of the anatomy of the lumbar region, injury, and injury mechanisms, as well as an extensive literature update. This edition is the third in a series of biomechanics compendia edited by Mr. Pike. Earlier editions covered injuries of the neck and head. For this volume, Mr. Pike and the advisory panel selected 15 of the best papers from a variety of sources including SAE International, IRCOBI, Stapp, NHTSA, ESV, and the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The book will be helpful to those studying lumbar injury from a broad range of causes, including transportation, falls, sports, personal violence, and blast-related. Professionals from a variety of disciplines will find the book useful: biomechanics, accident reconstruction, medical and rehabilitation, insurance, legal, and law enforcement.
Download or read book Motor Vehicle Collision Injuries written by Larry S. Nordhoff and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2005 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete revision of the first edition, this book presents the most current concepts of chiropractic diagnostic workup, injury mechanisms, patient management, and prognosis of cervical and soft tissue injuries caused by automobile crashes. It is a comprehensive overview of all relevant issues facing clinicians in private practice. This edition includes five new chapters and includes real world examples that can be used in everyday practice. With an entire section devoted to automobile collision data, crash dynamics, and human tolerance and injury factors, it's extensively referenced from the clinical and automotive crash literature.The second edition contains 5 new chapters that cover:- Emerging concepts in treating chronic whiplash pain has been added to explore some of the newer forms of treating the chronic patient.- Crash speeds and injury risk. This chapter is unique in that it explores various international publications that evaluate the risk. Attempts to dispel myths about crash speeds and gives a forensic overview of the application of these studies.- Have split the original chapter on injury mechanisms into 4 chapters in the second edition. Chapter 15 focuses specifically into the arena of general applications of biomechanics relating to automobile crashes. Chapters 16-18 provide individual chapters on frontal, side, and rear crash biomechanics. These chapters explore the individual complexities of the varying types of crashes.- Human factors that influence injury and recovery has been added as a separate chapter to provide more detailed information to the clinician.In addition, the authors have focused on adding more information about the sensitivity and specificity of various orthopedic and neurological tests, and have further explored the types of conditions that chiropractors treat.To view the list of contributors to this edition, click on the additional information button below.Christopher J. Centeno, MDCo-Editor-The Journal of Whiplash and Related DisordersBoard Certified Physical Medicine and RehabilitationBoard Certified Anesthesia Pain ManagementMedical Director-The Spine Injury FoundationCharles Davis, DC, DAAPM, CCSTMichael D. Freeman, PhD, DC, MPHForensic Trauma EpidemiologistDepartment of Public Health & Preventive MedicineOregon Health & Science University School of MedicineJay A. Kaiser, MDMedical DirectorNational Orthopedic Imaging AssociatesGerald P. Keane, MDPhysiatry Medical Group/SOARVoluntary Clinical Assistant Professor Stanford University School of MedicineDaniel J. Murphy, DCFaculty Life Chiropractic College WestDiplomate American Board of Chiropractic OrthopedistsRichard Nolan, MDDamon C. Sacco, MDMedical DirectorNati
Download or read book Biomechanical Design Considerations for Improving Occupant Protection in Side Impact Motor Vehicle Collisions written by Laura Lynn Liptai and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Trauma Biomechanics written by Kai-Uwe Schmitt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-02 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This well-established book on injury biomechanics has been extensively revised and expanded for this new edition. It now includes a fundamental treatment of the mechanics at a cellular level, written by the new coauthor Prof. Barclay Morrison III from Columbia University. Furthermore, considerably more attention is paid to computer modeling, and in particular modeling the human body. The book addresses a wide range of topics in injury biomechanics, including anatomy, injury classification, injury mechanisms, and injury criteria. Further, it provides essential information on regional injury reference values, or injury criteria, that are either currently in use or proposed by both US and European communities. Although the book is intended as an introduction for doctors and engineers who are newcomers to the field of injury biomechanics, sufficient references are provided for those who wish to conduct further research, and even established researchers will find it useful as a reference guide to the biomechanical background of each proposed injury mechanism and injury criterion.
Download or read book Biomechanics in Ergonomics written by Shrawan Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-12-07 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Safety or comfort? Can you truly have one without the other? Is it feasible to have both? Although by no means the only factor, a deep understanding of biomechanics plays a leading role in the design of work and workplaces that are both pain and injury free. Standing firmly on the foundation built by the previous edition, the second edition of Biom
Download or read book Accidental Injury written by Narayan Yoganandan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-17 with total page 855 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a state-of-the-art look at the applied biomechanics of accidental injury and prevention. The editors, Drs. Narayan Yoganandan, Alan M. Nahum and John W. Melvin are recognized international leaders and researchers in injury biomechanics, prevention and trauma medicine. They have assembled renowned researchers as authors for 29 chapters to cover individual aspects of human injury assessment and prevention. This third edition is thoroughly revised and expanded with new chapters in different fields. Topics covered address automotive, aviation, military and other environments. Field data collection; injury coding/scaling; injury epidemiology; mechanisms of injury; human tolerance to injury; simulations using experimental, complex computational models (finite element modeling) and statistical processes; anthropomorphic test device design, development and validation for crashworthiness applications in topics cited above; and current regulations are covered. Risk functions and injury criteria for various body regions are included. Adult and pediatric populations are addressed. The exhaustive list of references in many areas along with the latest developments is valuable to all those involved or intend to pursue this important topic on human injury biomechanics and prevention. The expanded edition will interest a variety of scholars and professionals including physicians, biomedical researchers in many disciplines, basic scientists, attorneys and jurists involved in accidental injury cases and governmental bodies. It is hoped that this book will foster multidisciplinary collaborations by medical and engineering researchers and academicians and practicing physicians for injury assessment and prevention and stimulate more applied research, education and training in the field of accidental-injury causation and prevention.
Download or read book Role of the Seat in Rear Crash Safety written by David C Viano and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2002-10-25 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Role of the Seat in Rear Crash Safety addresses the historic debate over seatback stiffness, energy absorbing yielding, occupant retention and whiplash prevention; and it provides a scientific foundation for the direction GM pursued in the development and validation of future seat designs. It also describes the multi-year research study into the role of the seat in rear crash safety - first by addressing the need for occupant retention in the more severe rear crashes; and then by addressing the needs for an adequately positioned head restraint and changes in the compliance of the seatback to lower the risks of the whiplash in low-speed crashes.
Download or read book Frontiers in Whiplash Trauma written by Narayan Yoganandan and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the goals for the proposed book is to bring together leading experts in the world working in multidisciplinary areas including epidemiology, biomechanics, experimental and analytical research, physical modeling, and clinical aspects of whiplash injury. The contributing authors have submitted chapters in their area of expertise. 39 Chapters are included that cover the above aspects.Contributions by the federal government, industry, health care professionals, academic researchers, and various experts from the United States and abroad are included.
Download or read book Lumbar Injury Biomechanics written by Jeffrey A Pike and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2013-08-01 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The amount of load that can be borne by the different components of the lumbar region is fairly well understood, as are resulting injuries from overloading. Less severe lumbar injuries involve a wide range of factors, including: heredity, obesity, age, occupation, sports, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression. Some of the most painful conditions that require high levels of care involve lumbar spine fracture or soft tissue injury from falls, contact sports, vehicle collisions, aircraft ejection, and underbody blasts from roadway explosions (military injuries). Each of these injury scenarios elicits a different kinematic response of the spine as a result of load direction, magnitude, and duration. Updated from a popular earlier volume, this new compendium includes landmark papers from 1994 through 2013 that focus exclusively on lumbar injuries. It also features an introductory chapter, “Blunt Lumbar Trauma” that provides an overview of the anatomy of the lumbar region, injury, and injury mechanisms, as well as an extensive literature update. This edition is the third in a series of biomechanics compendia edited by Mr. Pike. Earlier editions covered injuries of the neck and head. For this volume, Mr. Pike and the advisory panel selected 15 of the best papers from a variety of sources including SAE International, IRCOBI, Stapp, NHTSA, ESV, and the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The book will be helpful to those studying lumbar injury from a broad range of causes, including transportation, falls, sports, personal violence, and blast-related. Professionals from a variety of disciplines will find the book useful: biomechanics, accident reconstruction, medical and rehabilitation, insurance, legal, and law enforcement.
Download or read book International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Sixteenth Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proceedings written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Whiplash written by Michele Sterling and published by Elsevier Australia. This book was released on 2011 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whiplash is one of the most debated and controversial musculoskeletal conditions. This is, in part, due to the often compensable nature of the injury and the fact that a precise pathoanatomical diagnosis is not usually achievable. Whiplash: Evidence base for clinical practice presents the evidence underpinning the complexity of whiplash associated disorders (WADs), from the specifics of current physiological and psychological manifestations of the condition to broader issues such as compensation and litigation. This new text will be essential reading for physiotherapy, chiropractic, osteopathy
Download or read book Vehicle Crash Mechanics written by Matthew Huang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-06-19 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governed by strict regulations and the intricate balance of complex interactions among variables, the application of mechanics to vehicle crashworthiness is not a simple task. It demands a solid understanding of the fundamentals, careful analysis, and practical knowledge of the tools and techniques of that analysis. Vehicle Crash Mechanics s
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-28 with total page 2253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forensic science includes all aspects of investigating a crime, including: chemistry, biology and physics, and also incorporates countless other specialties. Today, the service offered under the guise of "forensic science’ includes specialties from virtually all aspects of modern science, medicine, engineering, mathematics and technology. The Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Second Edition, Four Volume Set is a reference source that will inform both the crime scene worker and the laboratory worker of each other’s protocols, procedures and limitations. Written by leading scientists in each area, every article is peer reviewed to establish clarity, accuracy, and comprehensiveness. As reflected in the specialties of its Editorial Board, the contents covers the core theories, methods and techniques employed by forensic scientists – and applications of these that are used in forensic analysis. This 4-volume set represents a 30% growth in articles from the first edition, with a particular increase in coverage of DNA and digital forensics Includes an international collection of contributors The second edition features a new 21-member editorial board, half of which are internationally based Includes over 300 articles, approximately 10pp on average Each article features a) suggested readings which point readers to additional sources for more information, b) a list of related Web sites, c) a 5-10 word glossary and definition paragraph, and d) cross-references to related articles in the encyclopedia Available online via SciVerse ScienceDirect. Please visit www.info.sciencedirect.com for more information This new edition continues the reputation of the first edition, which was awarded an Honorable Mention in the prestigious Dartmouth Medal competition for 2001. This award honors the creation of reference works of outstanding quality and significance, and is sponsored by the RUSA Committee of the American Library Association
Download or read book Crashworthiness Occupant Protection and Biomechanics in Transportation Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Highway Safety Literature written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
