Download or read book Renewable Energy Technologies for Energy Efficient Sustainable Development written by Arindam Sinharoy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-03 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and concerns for environmental degradation due to the fossil fuel burning have led the scientific community to look for alternative renewable energy sources. Among the available renewable energy sources, bioenergy derived from biomass and waste resources have great potential to not only prevent environmental pollution but also be a carbon neutral energy source. In addition, adaptation of this technology could streamline new green products, alternative energy sources into real-world applications and promote a circular economy towards zero-waste approach. This book tries to bridge the existing knowledge gap in the area of bioenergy resources. The first two chapters provide introduction to the anaerobic digestion (AD) technologies and direct interspecies electron transfer in AD. The next three chapters are on biomass pretreatment technologies for process improvement. The sixth to eighth chapter discuses biogas and other by-product production from specific wastes such from dairy, food and agricultural solid waste. The following two chapters focuses on the downstream processing of anaerobic digestate and on biochar production. Integration of AD in biorefineries using bioelectrochemical systems, syngas fermentation and electricity production are discussed in the next three chapters. The final two chapters elaborates on life cycle assessment of AD based technologies.
Download or read book Biofuel Production Using Anaerobic Digestion written by Kaliappan Sudalyandi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-08-29 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides lucid and instructive information about waste biomass, its potential, and the methods employed in energy generation. Topics covered include the basic principles, applications, recent advances, and the technical and economic considerations of waste-to-energy (WTE) technology. It highlights and elucidates essential concepts, mechanisms, applications, and useful outcomes of WTE technologies. In addition, it also provides a few example problems with design data for energy generation from waste biomass which will help the readers to understand the basics of WTE technologies. The book is structured with an overview at the start of each chapter presenting an outline of its content and a list of relevant discussions targeted toward readers. To illustrate the types of waste biomass, principles, and process of various thermal and biochemical process technologies, over 90 illustrations including graphs, diagrams, and photographs are provided. To help the readers improve their knowledge of the subject and to increase the utility of this book, the characteristics of waste biomass, operation conditions of different processes, and global status of WTE technologies are provided in tabular format. For that purpose, over 50 tables are provided. Selected references are also provided for this book. This book is primarily intended for researchers and professionals working in the area of bioenergy. It can also be used as a primary or secondary text for graduate courses and professional training programs.
Download or read book Bioenergy Production by Anaerobic Digestion written by Nicholas Korres and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-08-29 with total page 627 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in anaerobic digestion (AD), the process of energy production through the production of biogas, has increased rapidly in recent years. Agricultural and other organic waste are important substrates that can be treated by AD. This book is one of the first to provide a broad introduction to anaerobic digestion and its potential to turn agricultural crops or crop residues, animal and other organic waste, into biomethane. The substrates used can include any non-woody materials, including grass and maize silage, seaweeds, municipal and industrial wastes. These are all systematically reviewed in terms of their suitability from a biological, technical and economic perspective. In the past the technical competence and high capital investment required for industrial-scale anaerobic digesters has limited their uptake, but the authors show that recent advances have made smaller-scale systems more viable through a greater understanding of optimising bacterial metabolism and productivity. Broader issues such as life cycle assessment and energy policies to promote AD are also discussed.
Download or read book Handbook of Biofuels written by Sanjay Sahay and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-10-31 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Biofuels looks at the many new developments in various type of bioenergy, along with the significant constraints in their production and/or applications. Beyond introducing current approaches and possible future directions of research, this title covers sources and processing of raw materials to downstream processing, constraints involved and research approaches to address and overcome these needs. Different combinations of products from the biorefinery are included, along with the material to answer questions surrounding the optimum process conditions for conversion of different feedstocks to bioenergy, the basis for choosing conversion technology, and what bioenergy products make economic sense. With chapters on the techno-economic analysis of biofuel production and concepts and step-by-step approaches in bioenergy processing, the objective of this book is to present a comprehensive and all-encompassing reference about bioenergy to students, teachers, researchers and professionals. Reviews all existing and emerging technologies surrounding the production of advanced biofuels, including biodiesel and bioethanol Includes biofuel applications with compatible global application case studies Offers new pathways for converting biomass
Download or read book Energy and Sustainable Futures written by Iosif Mporas and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-29 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book presents papers displayed in the 2nd International Conference on Energy and Sustainable Futures (ICESF 2020), co-organised by the University of Hertfordshire and the University Alliance DTA in Energy. The research included in this book covers a wide range of topics in the areas of energy and sustainability including: • ICT and control of energy;• conventional energy sources;• energy governance;• materials in energy research;• renewable energy; and• energy storage. The book offers a holistic view of topics related to energy and sustainability, making it of interest to experts in the field, from industry and academia.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Biofuel Production Processes written by Debabrata Das and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-04-16 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on fundamentals of biofuel production from renewable energy sources and biohydrogen production, this book offers a complete understanding of the bioconversion processes. Each chapter begins with a fundamental explanation for general readers and ends with in-depth scientific details suitable for expert readers. It discusses different types of production technologies covering basic concepts, production strategies, commercial usage, and advances.
Download or read book Biogas Production written by Nagamani Balagurusamy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-11 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on biogas production by anaerobic digestion, which is the most popular bioenergy technology of today. Using anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas is a sustainable approach that simultaneously also allows the treatment of organic waste. The energy contained in the substrate is released in the form of biogas, which can be employed as a renewable fuel in diverse industrial sectors. Although biogas generation is considered an established process, it continues to evolve, e.g. by incorporating modifications and improvements to increase its efficiency and its downstream applications. The chapters of this book review the progress made related to feedstock, system configuration and operational conditions. It also addresses microbial pathways utilized, as well as storage, transportation and usage of biogas. This book is an up-to-date resource for scientists and students working on improving biogas production.
Download or read book Biofuels from Agricultural Wastes and Byproducts written by Hans P. Blaschek and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-06-14 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional agriculture and emerging biofuels technology produce a number of wastes and by-products, ranging from corn fiber and glycerin to animal manure, that have the potential to serve as the basis for additional sources of bioenergy that includes both liquid biofuels and biogas. Biofuels from Agricultural Wastes and Byproducts is the first book to focus solely on the production of biofuels primarily from agricultural waste and by-products. The book is divided roughly into two sections. The first section looks at liquid biofuel production from agricultural byproducts, densification of agricultural residues, and the delivery from farm to processing plant of waste and byproducts for use in biofuel production. The second section focuses on anaerobic digestion of food and animal wastes, microbial diversity, molecular and biochemical aspects of methanogensis. Together these sections solidify Biofuels from Agricultural Wastes and Byproducts as a definitive source of information on the use of agricultural waste and by-products in biofuel production.
Download or read book Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production written by Samir Kumar Khanal and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-11-18 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anaerobic biotechnology is a cost-effective and sustainable means of treating waste and wastewaters that couples treatment processes with the reclamation of useful by-products and renewable biofuels. This means of treating municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes allows waste products to be converted to value-added products such as biofuels, biofertilizers, and other chemicals. Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production: Principles and Applications provides the reader with basic principles of anaerobic processes alongside practical uses of anaerobic biotechnology options. This book will be a valuable reference to any professional currently considering or working with anaerobic biotechnology options.
Download or read book Biofuels written by Alan H. Scragg and published by CABI. This book was released on 2009 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the production of biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels, focusing on the technological issues. This textbook considers each type of biofuel in production, covering the benefits and problems with production and use and the potential for biological material to provide sufficient energy for the world's population.
Download or read book Advances in Eco Fuels for a Sustainable Environment written by Abul Kalam Azad and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2018-11-30 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Eco-fuels for Sustainable Environment presents the most recent developments in the field of environmentally friendly eco-fuels. Dr. Kalad Azad and his team of contributors analyze the latest bio-energy technologies and emission control strategies, while also considering other important factors, such as environmental sustainability and energy efficiency improvement. Coverage includes biofuel extraction and conversion technologies, the implementation of biotechnologies and system improvement methods in the process industries. This book will help readers develop a deeper understanding of the relevant concepts and solutions to global sustainability issues with the goal of achieving cleaner, more efficient energy. Energy industry practitioners, energy policymakers and government organizations, renewables researchers and academics will find this book extremely useful. - Focuses on recent developments in the field of eco-fuels, applying concepts to various medium-large scale industries - Considers the societal and environmental benefits, along with an analysis of technologies and research - Includes contributions from industry experts and global case studies to demonstrate the application of the research and technologies discussed
Download or read book Anaerobic Digestion of Biofuel Production Residues written by Zhuoli Tian and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: The production of renewable fuels is expanding globally as the supply of petroleum reserves diminish and concerns regarding environmental impacts rise. Fuels produced from biomass have the potential to reduce reliance on petroleum resources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Commercially produced liquid biofuels are biodiesel and ethanol. Obtaining from coproduced residues remains one of the major challenges in full scale operations. This study investigated the potential of using anaerobic digestion to convert three waste residues generated from biodiesel production and cellulosic and non-cellulosic ethanol production. The wastes were glycerol byproduct from biodiesel production, distillery wastewater (stillage) from sugarcane bagasse and hardwood-based cellulosic ethanol production and tailings from sugarbeet-based noncelluloisc ethanol production. Anaerobic digestion is an engineered biochemical process that converts organic matter to biogas (a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide) by the concerted action of syntrophic microbial populations under oxygen free conditions. Biogas can be used as a fuel at the biorefinery displacing fossil fuel use.
Download or read book Biofuel s Engineering Process Technology written by Marco Aurelio Dos Santos Bernardes and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-08-01 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aspires to be a comprehensive summary of current biofuels issues and thereby contribute to the understanding of this important topic. Readers will find themes including biofuels development efforts, their implications for the food industry, current and future biofuels crops, the successful Brazilian ethanol program, insights of the first, second, third and fourth biofuel generations, advanced biofuel production techniques, related waste treatment, emissions and environmental impacts, water consumption, produced allergens and toxins. Additionally, the biofuel policy discussion is expected to be continuing in the foreseeable future and the reading of the biofuels features dealt with in this book, are recommended for anyone interested in understanding this diverse and developing theme.
Download or read book Biofuels Production written by Vikash Babu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-09-09 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The search for alternative sources of energy to offset diminishing resources of easy and cost-effective fossil fuels has become a global initiative, and fuel generated from biomass is a leading competitor in this arena. Large-scale introduction of biofuels into the energy mix could contribute to environmentally and economicaly sustainable development on a global scale. The processes and methodologies presented in this volume will offer a cutting-edge and comprehensive approach to the production of biofuels, for engineers, researchers, and students.
Download or read book Microbial Technologies in Advanced Biofuels Production written by Patrick C. Hallenbeck and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-12-16 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concerns over dwindling fossil fuel reserves and impending climate changes have focused attention worldwide on the need to discover alternative, sustainable energy sources and fuels. Biofuels, already produced on a massive industrial scale, are seen as one answer to these problems. However, very real concerns over the effects of biofuel production on food supplies, with some of ht recent increases in worldwide food costs attributable to biofuel production, have lead to the realization that new, non-food substrates for biofuel production must be bought online. This book is an authoritative, comprehensive, up-to-date review of the various options under development for the production of advanced biofuels as alternative energy sources. A general overview and introductory chapters for each section place the field in the context as well as provide essential basic notions for the more general reader. Accomplished, internationally recognized experts carrying out research on individual focus areas contribute specific technical chapters detailing present progress and future prospects.
Download or read book Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Ultrasound written by Zhen Fang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conversion of biomass into chemicals and biofuels is an active research and development area as trends move to replace traditional fossil fuels with renewable resources. By integrating processing methods with ultrasound and microwave irradiation into biorefineries, the time-scale of many operations can be greatly reduced while the efficiency of the reactions can be remarkably increased so that process intensification can be achieved. “Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Ultrasound” and “Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Microwave” are two independent volumes in the Biofuels and Biorefineries series that take different, but complementary approaches for the pretreatment and chemical transformation of biomass into chemicals and biofuels. The volume “Ultrasound” provides current research advances and prospects in mechanistic principles of acoustic cavitation in sonochemistry, physical and chemical mechanisms in biofuel synthesis, reactor design for transesterification and esterification reactions, lipid extraction from algal biomass, microalgae extraction, biodiesel and bioethanol synthesis, practical technologies and systems, pretreatment of biomass waste sources including lignocellulosic materials, manures and sludges for biogas production, vibration-assisted pelleting, combined chemical-mechanical methods, valorization of starch-based wastes and techno-economic methodology. Each of the 12 chapters has been peer-reviewed and edited to improve both the quality of the text and the scope and coverage of the topics. Both volumes “Ultrasound” and “Microwave” are references designed for students, researchers, academicians and industrialists in the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering and include introductory chapters to highlight present concepts of the fundamental technologies and their application. Dr. Zhen Fang is Professor in Bioenergy, Leader and founder of biomass group, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and is also adjunct Professor of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China. Dr. Richard L Smith, Jr. is Professor of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Japan. Dr. Xinhua Qi is Professor of Environmental Science, Nankai University, China.
Download or read book Bioenergy written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume I. Anaerobic digestion in the biorefinery market economy, W. Verstraete. Energy potential of anaerobic digestion of wastes produced in Russia via biogas and microbial fuel cell technologies, S. Kalyuzhnyi. Bio-hydrogen prodution from glycerol by a strain of enterobacter aerogenes, Marques, P.A.S.S., Bartolomeu, M.L. Tomé, M. M. and Rosa, M.F. The microbiology of conversion of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) to biogas Sousa, D.Z., Smidt, H., Stams, A.J.M. and Alves, M. M. Development of a novel reactor for high-rate anaerobic treatment of LCFA containing wastewater, M.A. Picavet, A.J. Cavaleiro, M.M. Alves. Screening of Jerusalem artichoke varieties for bioethanol production in Portugal, P.C. Passarinho, A.C. Oliveira and M.F. Rosa. Impact on agricultural land resources of biofuels production and use in the European Union, N. Scarlat, J.F Dallemand and F. Gallego Pinilla. Biofuel systems for transportation in Portugal: a "well-to-wheels" integrated multi-objective assessment, Freire, F., Malça, J., Serrano, J., Oliveira, N., Nunes, J., Carrion, S., Silva M. Biorefinery: the only way for sustainable biofuel production fromenergy crops; conversion of lignocellulose to bioethanol, biohydrogen and biomethane, Irini Angelidaki and Prawit Kongjan. Two approaches on the utilization of fruit waste as co-substract for pig manure anaerobic co-digeston: the effect of the cod:N:P balance, Ferreira, L.M., Duarte, E.A. Figueredo, D. Pilot-scale experiments on two-stage mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste, M. Altinbas, U. Balaban, K. Ericyel, A. Gulay, R.K. Dereli, M. E. Ersahin, O. Arikan, a.F., Aydin, I. Ozturk. Anaerobic treatment of sugar beet pulps for biogas production in a sugar beet factory, L. Brooks, V. Parravicini, K. Svardal1, H. Kroiss, L. Prendl, E. Gaschler. Potential of biomethane for energy supply in the transport sector in Portugal, C. Marques, R. Remígio, M. Alves. Anaerobic digestion of oily wastewater as a valuable source of bioenergy, Cavaleiro, A.J., Salvador, A.F. and Alves, M.M. Transport biofuels and available raw materials, Poitrat, E. Microalgae: a new alternative raw material for biodiesel production, Gouveia, L., Melo, A., Medeiros, R., Marques, A.. Oliveira, A.C., Rosa, F. Bioenergy potential of radiata pine plantations in Chile, E. Acuña, M. Espinosa, J. Cancino, R. Rubilar1 and F. Muñoz. Oilseed estraction and oil characterization for biodiesel production by ethanolysis reaction, Mascarenhas, T., Oliveira, A.C. Environmental life cycle assessement of biodiesel from rapessed for Portugal-comparison with fossil diessel, N.S. Oliveira, J. Malça and F. Freire. Ethanol production by continuous culture of flocculent yeast: physiology and productivity, J. Cardoso - Duarte, B. Ribeiro, M. Sá Agua, L. Baeta-hall and Lourenço. Anaerobic digestion as a tool towards more sustainability, Gatze Lettinga. Bio4gas: evaluation and analysis of wastewater treatment facilities in the scope of biogas production maximization and energy production optimization, Dias, S., Teixeira, E., Laia, C., Kroff, P., Nogueira R. and Brito, A.G. The edmonton waste management centre of excellence (EWMCE): integration of waste management activities between the public and private sectors - the case of biomass technologies of anaerobic digestion and gasification, Abboud, S.A., Leonard, J., Seehagel, D. and Schubert, J. Implementing biogas systems in Portugal: old barriers and future needs, Di Berardino S., Di Berardino M.A. Biogas in Portugal: attainable production from wastewaters and municipal solid wastes, P. Freitas and I. P. Marques. Agro-industrial byproducts: a critical assessment of their biotechnological valorization potential, Duarte, L. C.; Carvalheiro, F.; Esteves, M.P.; Gírio, F.M. Biofuel feedstock options and conversion platforms for today and tomorrow, Kevin B. Hicks. 4F crops future crops fpr food, feed, fibre and fuel, E. Alexopoulou, M. Christou and I. Eleftheriadis. Chemical composition and acid pretreatment of cytisus striatus and cistus ladanifer for bioethanol production, Gil, N., Domingues, F.C., Amaral, M.E., Duarte, A.P. Biokenaf network presentation of the final projects' achievements, e. Alexopoulou, S.L. Cosentino, N. Danalatos, G. Venturi, A.L. Fernando, J.L. Tenorio, G. Gosse, S. Lips, M. Veccheit, D. van Berg and R. Heaton, Rice husk gasifier stove, Puthikitakawiwong, T. Nakornriab, N., Saengprajak, A. and Saenyakun. S. Vegetation classification and quantification by satellite image processing. A case study in north Portugal, J. T. Aranha, H. F. Viana and R. Rodrigues. On the use of biomass reburning for nox reduction in a laboratory furnace, C. Casaca and M. Costa. Keynote lecture - Eropean and international perspectives on motor biofuels end-use, N-o. Nylund. The devellopment of the biofuel and the role of genetic modified organisms on the agricultural portuguese competitiveness, M. F. Oliveira and F. Avillez. Microalgae as a means for converting flue gas CO2 into biomass with a high content of starch, I. Douskova, J. Doucha, J. Machat, P. Novak, D. Umysova, M. Vitova and V. Zachleder. Sugarcane sugar and ethanol - technological information, Souza, M. I. F., Oliveira, D.R.M.S., Marin, F.R., Vian, C.E.F., Sollero, G.C., Andrioli, K.G., Santos, A.D., Hanashiro, M.M. Alcoholic fermentation of lactose by engineered flocculent saccharomyces cerevisiae, P.M.R. Guimarães, J. A. Teixeira and L. Domingues. Plenary Lecture IV how sustainable are biofuels for transportation?, Reinhardt, Guido, Rettenmaier, Nils and Köppen, Susanne. Evaluation os two energy crops (miscanthus and switchgrass) as solid biofuels: physico-chemical characteristics and thermal behavior during pyrolysis and combustion process, K. Tabet, K. Mati and B. Taupin. Assessing shrub biomass by means of field work a geostatistics processes. A case study on the north Portugal, J.T. Aranha, H.F. Viana. Regional distribution of agrobiomass potential in Europe, Ganko, E. Is kenaf na effective land-use alternative for the energy and industrial sectors in Portugal?, a. Fernando, J. Morais, B. Mendes and J.F.S. Oliveira. Biodiesel production from vegetable frying oil and ethanol using enzymatic catalysis, Ferreira, P.J., Sousa, H.S., Caetano, N.S. Production of biodiesel from sunflower oil: comparison between homogeneous alkali catalysts, J.M. Dias, M.C.M. Alvim-Ferraz and M.F. Almeida. Selected physical properties of different fame, Josef Rathbauer. The extended outreach concept of na integrated biorefinery as a pivoting instrument for the integration of environmental and market-driven economics, L. Matos. Uncertainty analysis applied to the life cycle of biodiesel, J. Malça and F. Freire. Environmental and socio-economic assessment of co-combustion of coal, biomass and non-hazardous wastes in a full sacale power plant, J. Morais, N. Lapa, R. Barbosa, A. Santos, B. Mendes and J. F. Santos Oliveira. The narrow production window for high quality reed canary grass pellets, S.H. Larsson, M. Thyrel, P. Geladi, T. A. Lestandes. Bioenergy orinating from biomass combustion in a fluidized bed, T. Crujeira, I. Gulyurtlu, H. Lopes, P. Abelha, and I. Cabrita. The performance of small scale pellet boilers under partial load, Ferreira, M.E.C., Teixeira, J.C. and Abreu, C.A. Analysis of the potentialities of gasification of diffetent species of biomass for energy production, André Rui Neto, Gulyurtlu I., Pinto Filomena, Lopes Helena, Dias Mário, Cabrita I. The role of bioenergy to create sustainable insdustrial environmental management, I.E. Alexiou. Investigation of bioethanol production processes from sugarcane and from sugarcane bagasse through computer simulation, dias, M.O.S., Maciel Filho, r., Rossel, C.E.V. and Wolf Maciel, M.R. Biorefinary concept: decreasing of recalcitrance of sugarcane bagasse cellulose by steam pre-treatment, Oliveira, L.R.M., Rocha G.J.M. and Golçalves, A.R. Biohydrogen: Molecular views and biotechnological applications, José J.G. Moura. Volume II. The influence of sulfate on methanogenic alfa-degrading microbial communities, Alves, J. I., Sousa, D. Z., Smidt, H., Stams, A.J.M. and Alves, M.M. Assessing forestry biomass by means of field work a geostatistics processes. A case study in north Portugal, J.T. Aranha, H. F. Viana, N. Pedro and R. Rodrigues. Development of a low cost equipment for small scale biodiesel production, T. Azevedo, P. Coelho, F. Guimarães, c. Vilarinho, and F. Castro. Investigation of several commercial enzymes for biodiesel production: optimization of operational conditions, M. Barreiro, M. L. Rúa, L. Pastrana, M.A. Sanromán and M.A. Longo. Extraction and composition of annona's seed oil and its potential use for the production of biodiesel, P.C. Branco, P.C. Castilho and J. Ferreira. Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide pretre.
