Download or read book Best Available Techniques BAT in Solid Biomass Fuel Processing Handling Storage and Production of Pellets from Biomass written by Jenny P. Lindberg and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2012-09-25 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the increasing use of biomass fuels the varieties of sources for biomass have expanded to almost all possible combustible matter with biological origin. The increasing scale in solid biomass fuel production and utilisation at the combustion plants of the wide variety of biomass fuels have contributed to littering, dust, odor and noise emissions of the production chain. The report aims to provide information for operators, environmental consultants and competent environmental authorities on what is considered BAT, as defined in the IPPC directive (2008/1/EC), in biomass processing and handling as well as the production of pellets from biomass. The project gives a brief description of commonly used solid biomass fuels and the processes, handling and storage of these biomasses in the Nordic countries covering processes from production site to the point of use. Environmental emissions, sources of waste and other relevant environmental aspects from commonly used processes, included raw material and energy use, chemical use and emissions to soil are also included in the report.

Download or read book Best Available Techniques BAT in Solid Biomass Fuel Processing Handling Storage and Production of Pellets from Biomass written by Jenny P. Lindberg and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: With the increasing use of biomass fuels the varieties of sources for biomass have expanded to almost all possible combustible matter with biological origin. The increasing scale in solid biomass fuel production and utilization at the combustion plants of the wide variety of biomass fuels have contributed to littering, dust, odor and noise emissions of the production chain. The report aims to provide information for operators, environmental consultants and competent environmental authorities on what is considered BAT, as defined in the IPPC directive (2008/1/EC), in biomass processing and handling as well as the production of pellets from biomass. The project gives a brief description of commonly used solid biomass fuels and the processes, handling and storage of these biomasses in the Nordic countries covering processes from production site to the point of use. Environmental emissions, sources of waste and other relevant environmental aspects from commonly used processes, included raw material and energy use, chemical use and emissions to soil are also included in the report

Download or read book Nigerian Journal of Engineering Management written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1004 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book PRODUCTION OF NEW BIOMASS written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CQ Inc. and its team members (ALSTOM Power Inc., Bliss Industries, McFadden Machine Company, and industry advisors from coal-burning utilities, equipment manufacturers, and the pellet fuels industry) addressed the objectives of the Department of Energy and industry to produce economical, new solid fuels from coal, biomass, and waste materials that reduce emissions from coal-fired boilers. This project builds on the team's commercial experience in composite fuels for energy production. The electric utility industry is interested in the use of biomass and wastes as fuel to reduce both emissions and fuel costs. In addition to these benefits, utilities also recognize the business advantage of consuming the waste byproducts of customers both to retain customers and to improve the public image of the industry. Unfortunately, biomass and waste byproducts can be troublesome fuels because of low bulk density, high moisture content, variable composition, handling and feeding problems, and inadequate information about combustion and emissions characteristics. Current methods of co-firing biomass and wastes either use a separate fuel receiving, storage, and boiler feed system, or mass burn the biomass by simply mixing it with coal on the storage pile. For biomass or biomass-containing composite fuels to be extensively used in the U.S., especially in the steam market, a lower cost method of producing these fuels must be developed that includes both moisture reduction and pelletization or agglomeration for necessary fuel density and ease of handling. Further, this method of fuel production must be applicable to a variety of combinations of biomass, wastes, and coal; economically competitive with current fuels; and provide environmental benefits compared with coal. Notable accomplishments from the work performed in Phase I of this project include the development of three standard fuel formulations from mixtures of coal fines, biomass, and waste materials that can be used in existing boilers, evaluation of these composite fuels to determine their applicability to the major combustor types, development of preliminary designs and economic projections for commercial facilities producing up to 200,000 tons per year of biomass/waste-containing fuels, and the development of dewatering technologies to reduce the moisture content of high-moisture biomass and waste materials during the pelletization process.

Download or read book Biomass Industry Profile Directory written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook of Bioenergy Crops written by N. El Bassam and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2010 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This completely revised second edition includes new information on biomass in relation to climate change, new coverage of vital issues including the "food versus fuel" debate, and essential new information on "second generation" fuels and advances in conversion techniques. The book begins with a guide to biomass accumulation, harvesting, transportation and storage, as well as conversion technologies for biofuels. This is followed by an examination of the environmental impact and economic and social dimensions, including prospects for renewable energy. The book then goes on to cover all the main potential energy crops.

Download or read book A Solid Biomass Fuel Ranking Tool written by Samuel Peter Arsenault and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are both strongly committed to expanding the role of biomass as an energy source. In particular, they support biomass fuels and products as a way to reduce the need for oil and gas imports; to support the growth of agriculture, forestry, and rural economies; and to foster major new domestic industries-- biorefineries--making a variety of fuels, chemicals, and other products. As part of this effort, the Biomass R AND D Technical Advisory Committee, a panel established by the Congress to guide the future direction of federally funded biomass R AND D, envisioned a 30 percent replacement of the current U.S. petroleum consumption with biofuels by 2030. Biomass--all plant and plant-derived materials including animal manure, not just starch, sugar, oil crops already used for food and energy--has great potential to provide renewable energy for America s future. Biomass recently surpassed hydropower as the largest domestic source of renewable energy and currently provides over 3 percent of the total energy consumption in the United States. In addition to the many benefits common to renewable energy, biomass is particularly attractive because it is the only current renewable source of liquid transportation fuel. This, of course, makes it invaluable in reducing oil imports--one of our most pressing energy needs. A key question, however, is how large a role could biomass play in responding to the nation's energy demands. Assuming that economic and financial policies and advances in conversion technologies make biomass fuels and products more economically viable, could the biorefinery industry be large enough to have a significant impact on energy supply and oil imports? Any and all contributions are certainly needed, but would the biomass potential be sufficiently large to justify the necessary capital replacements in the fuels and automobile sectors?

Download or read book Drying of Biomass Biosolids and Coal written by Shusheng Pang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-03-14 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drying of Biomass, Biosolids, and Coal: For Efficient Energy Supply and Environmental Benefits provides insight into advanced technologies and knowledge of the drying of biomass, biosolids, and coal in terms of improved efficiency, economics, and environmental impact. It comprehensively covers all the important aspects of drying for a variety of biomass, biosolids and coal resources. This book covers the drying of biomass, bio-solids and coal while also providing integration of the drying process with the energy system. Important issues in the commercial drying operations are tackled, including energy and exergy efficiencies, environmental impact, and potential safety concerns. It also assesses the performance of energy production plants in integration with biomass/coal drying to provide information for plant optimization. It offers in-depth analysis and data for process understanding and design, and analyzes the drying process’s effect on economics and the environment. This book is aimed at drying professionals and researchers, chemical engineers, industrial engineers, and manufacturing engineers. It will also be of use to anyone who is interested in the utilization of biomass, organic solid wastes, algae and low-rank coals for energy.

Download or read book Handbook of Biofuels Production written by Rafael Luque and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-05-19 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Biofuels Production, Second Edition, discusses advanced chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical biofuels production routes that are fast being developed to address the global increase in energy usage. Research and development in this field is aimed at improving the quality and environmental impact of biofuels production, as well as the overall efficiency and output of biofuels production plants. The book provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on the range of biomass conversion processes and technology. Key changes for this second edition include increased coverage of emerging feedstocks, including microalgae, more emphasis on by-product valorization for biofuels’ production, additional chapters on emerging biofuel production methods, and discussion of the emissions associated with biofuel use in engines. The editorial team is strengthened by the addition of two extra members, and a number of new contributors have been invited to work with authors from the first edition to revise existing chapters, thus offering fresh perspectives. Provides systematic and detailed coverage of the processes and technologies being used for biofuel production Discusses advanced chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical biofuels production routes that are fast being developed to address the global increase in energy usage Reviews the production of both first and second generation biofuels Addresses integrated biofuel production in biorefineries and the use of waste materials as feedstocks

Download or read book Systems Analysis of Integrated Biomass Torrefaction and Densification Technology written by Maryam Manouchehrinejad and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass is a promising renewable energy source for providing a significant contribution to an ever-increasing global energy demand, reducing the GHG emissions, and improving the energy security. However, it is necessary to overcome challenges related to using biomass as a solid biofuel. Torrefaction is a thermal treatment process, where the biomass constituents, mainly hemicellulose, are thermally decomposed under atmospheric pressure. This results in reducing the biomass heterogeneity, changing the fibrous biomass to a more brittle structure like coal, and removing volatiles including hydroxyl and carboxyl groups from the biomass structure. The remaining torrefied solid has higher energy content and hydrophobic nature. The densification process such as pelletization would further increase the energy density of the torrefied pellets, reducing the costs of handling, storage, and transportation. The final torrefied pellet is a potential feedstock for several processes but specifically suited for co-firing with coal in power generation plants. Since the conventional combined torrefaction and pelletization (TOP) plant has not fully developed yet, in this study, an integrated torrefaction and pelletization process with a new configuration of torrefaction after pelletization (TAP) was proposed and investigated. A comprehensive process simulation framework was modeled with detailed unit operations, incorporating thermochemical conversion kinetics to study different lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks. The model was validated with the experimental data from torrefaction of two types of commercial wood pellets at a temperature range of 200 to 300℗ʻC and process data from the literature. The developed model was used to explore the mass and energy balances, system efficiencies, design parameters for unit operations, and emissions to the environment at different industrial scales. The techno-economic analysis showed that for a 100,000 Mg yr-1 production capacity torrefied pellet plant, the total capital investment of a TAP configuration was around $29.6 million, which was 12% lower than the TOP approach. The production cost and minimum selling price were $166 Mg-1 ($6.9 GJ-1) and $197 Mg-1 ($8.1 GJ-1) respectively. If the price of torrefied pellets were equivalent to price of wood pellets ($185 Mg-1), the return on investment (ROI) was 15% for a torrefied pellet plant capacity of 200,000 Mg yr-1.

Download or read book Thermochemical Processing of Biomass written by A. V. Bridgwater and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 1984 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Processing Cost Analysis for Biomass Feedstocks written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The receiving, handling, storing, and processing of woody biomass feedstocks is an overlooked component of biopower systems. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to identify and characterize all the receiving, handling, storing, and processing steps required to make woody biomass feedstocks suitable for use in direct combustion and gasification applications, including small modular biopower (SMB) systems, and (2) to estimate the capital and operating costs at each step. Since biopower applications can be varied, a number of conversion systems and feedstocks required evaluation. In addition to limiting this study to woody biomass feedstocks, the boundaries of this study were from the power plant gate to the feedstock entry point into the conversion device. Although some power plants are sited at a source of wood waste fuel, it was assumed for this study that all wood waste would be brought to the power plant site. This study was also confined to the following three feedstocks (1) forest residues, (2) industrial mill residues, and (3) urban wood residues. Additionally, the study was confined to grate, suspension, and fluidized bed direct combustion systems; gasification systems; and SMB conversion systems. Since scale can play an important role in types of equipment, operational requirements, and capital and operational costs, this study examined these factors for the following direct combustion and gasification system size ranges: 50, 20, 5, and 1 MWe. The scope of the study also included: Specific operational issues associated with specific feedstocks (e.g., bark and problems with bridging); Opportunities for reducing handling, storage, and processing costs; How environmental restrictions can affect handling and processing costs (e.g., noise, commingling of treated wood or non-wood materials, emissions, and runoff); and Feedstock quality issues and/or requirements (e.g., moisture, particle size, presence of non-wood materials). The study found that over the years the industry has shown a good deal of ingenuity and, as a result, has developed several cost effective methods of processing and handling wood. SMB systems usually cannot afford to perform much onsite processing and therefore usually purchase fuels processed to specification. Owners of larger systems try to minimize onsite processing to minimize processing costs. Whole truck dumpers are expensive, but allow for faster and easier unloading, which reduces labor costs and charges by the haulers. Storage costs are a major factor in overall costs, thus the amount of fuel reserve is an important consideration. Silos and bins are relatively expensive compared to open piles used for larger facilities, but may be required depending on space available, wood characteristics, and amount of wood to be stored. For larger systems, a front-end loader has a lot of flexibility in use and is an essential piece of equipment for moving material. Few opportunities appear to exist for improving the cost effectiveness of these systems.

Download or read book Wood Pellet Use in Sweden written by Johan Vinterbäck and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Solar Energy Digest written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A LOW COST AND HIGH QUALITY SOLID FUEL FROM BIOMASS AND COAL FINES written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Use of biomass wastes as fuels in existing boilers would reduce greenhouse gas emissions, SO2 and NOx emissions, while beneficially utilizing wastes. However, the use of biomass has been limited by its low energy content and density, high moisture content, inconsistent configuration and decay characteristics. If biomass is upgraded by conventional methods, the cost of the fuel becomes prohibitive. Altex has identified a process, called the Altex Fuel Pellet (AFP) process, that utilizes a mixture of biomass wastes, including municipal biosolids, and some coal fines, to produce a strong, high energy content, good burning and weather resistant fuel pellet, that is lower in cost than coal. This cost benefit is primarily derived from fees that are collected for accepting municipal biosolids. Besides low cost, the process is also flexible and can incorporate several biomass materials of interest The work reported on herein showed the technical and economic feasibility of the AFP process. Low-cost sawdust wood waste and light fractions of municipal wastes were selected as key biomass wastes to be combined with biosolids and coal fines to produce AFP pellets. The process combines steps of dewatering, pellet extrusion, drying and weatherizing. Prior to pilot-scale tests, bench-scale test equipment was used to produce limited quantities of pellets for characterization. These tests showed which pellet formulations had a high potential. Pilot-scale tests then showed that extremely robust pellets could be produced that have high energy content, good density and adequate weatherability. It was concluded that these pellets could be handled, stored and transported using equipment similar to that used for coal. Tests showed that AFP pellets have a high combustion rate when burned in a stoker type systems. While NOx emissions under stoker type firing conditions was high, a simple air staging approach reduced emissions to below that for coal. In pulverized-fuel-fired tests it was found that the ground pellets could be used as an effective NOx control agent for pulverized-coal-fired systems. NOx emissions reductions up to 63% were recorded, when using AFP as a NOx control agent. In addition to performance benefits, economic analyses showed the good economic benefits of AFP fuel. Using equipment manufacturer inputs, and reasonable values for biomass, biosolids and coal fines costs, it was determined that an AFP plant would have good profitability. For cases where biosolids contents were in the range of 50%, the after tax Internal Rates of Return were in the range of 40% to 50%. These are very attractive returns. Besides the baseline analysis for the various AFP formulations tested at pilot scale, sensitivity analysis showed the impact of important parameters on return. From results, it was clear that returns are excellent for a range of parameters that could be expected in practice. Importantly, these good returns are achieved even without incentives related to the emissions control benefits of biomass.

Download or read book Tanning of Hides and Skins written by International Labour Office and published by Mitchell Beazley. This book was released on 1981 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides detailed technical and economic information on four different scales of production. Six alternative technologies are described, from fully mechanized 200-hides-per-day to a highly labour intensive two-hides per day project. Aimed at helping tanners in developing countries choose and operate tanning processes.