Download or read book Belowground Carbon Fluxes and Changing Climatic Conditions written by Danielle M. Berardi and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forests have an important role in the global carbon cycle, are a known regulator of climate, and are valued globally for the ecosystem services they provide to society. It is critical to improve our understanding about the exchange of carbon dioxide between forest ecosystems and Earth's atmosphere. Specifically, there is a need for improved mechanistic understanding of the component fluxes of soil respiration (Rs): autotrophic respiration (Ra; roots and associated mycorrhizae) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh; free-living soil microbes and soil fauna involved in decomposition). We examined the responses and relative contributions of these components to manipulated soil moisture. We found that heterotrophic respiration significantly responds to moisture additions regardless of season while autotrophic respiration did not. We also found that widely used and accepted methods for survey measurements (versus automated) were not sufficient to build relationships with abiotic factors for diurnal, monthly, and annual scaling, thus eliminating commonly used gap-filling procedures. Because survey measurements are often used to validate model results, it is critical that they be done over varying time periods (some diurnal) and be paired with automated measurements. When comparing our experimental data to modeled results, we found that DayCent, a daily time-step process-based biogeochemical model, underestimates annual heterotrophic respiration by several magnitudes compared to our temperate mixed conifer forest site. This is likely because DayCent, like most traditional ecosystem models, simulates decomposition through first order kinetics which inadequately represents microbial processes. Recent research has found that including microbial mechanisms explains 20 percent more spatial heterogeneity. We manipulated the DayCent heterotrophic respiration model to include a more mechanistic representation of microbial dynamics and compared the new model with our continuous and survey observations. By using a more representative and fully calibrated model of soil carbon dynamics, we are better able to predict feedbacks between climate and soil carbon pools to inform decisions and provide benefits to society through improvements to ecosystem modeling.

Download or read book Climate Change and Soil Interactions written by Majeti Narasimha Var Prasad and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-03-06 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change and Soil Interactions examines soil system interactions and conservation strategies regarding the effects of climate change. It presents cutting-edge research in soil carbonization, soil biodiversity, and vegetation. As a resource for strategies in maintaining various interactions for eco-sustainability, topical chapters address microbial response and soil health in relation to climate change, as well as soil improvement practices. Understanding soil systems, including their various physical, chemical, and biological interactions, is imperative for regaining the vitality of soil system under changing climatic conditions. This book will address the impact of changing climatic conditions on various beneficial interactions operational in soil systems and recommend suitable strategies for maintaining such interactions. Climate Change and Soil Interactions enables agricultural, ecological, and environmental researchers to obtain up-to-date, state-of-the-art, and authoritative information regarding the impact of changing climatic conditions on various soil interactions and presents information vital to understanding the growing fields of biodiversity, sustainability, and climate change. Addresses several sustainable development goals proposed by the UN as part of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development Presents a wide variety of relevant information in a unique style corroborated with factual cases, colour images, and case studies from across the globe Recommends suitable strategies for maintaining soil system interactions under changing climatic conditions

Download or read book Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-06-30 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human-induced climate change is an important environmental issue worldwide, as scientific studies increasingly demonstrate that human activities are changing the Earth's climate. Even if dramatic reductions in emissions were made today, some human-induced changes are likely to persist beyond the 21st century. The Kyoto Protocol calls for emissions reporting that separates out management-induced changes in greenhouse gases from those changes caused by indirect human effects (e.g., carbon dioxide fertilization, nitrogen deposition, or precipitation changes), natural effects, and past practices on forested agricultural lands. This book summarizes a September 2003 workshop where leaders from academia, government and industry came together to discuss the current state of scientific understanding on quantifying direct human-induced change in terrestrial carbon stocks and related changes in greenhouse gas emissions and distinguishing these changes from those caused by indirect and natural effects.

Download or read book Notes from the Underground written by Alexander Gershenson and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Carbon Storage and Accumulation in United States Forest Ecosystems written by Richard A. Birdsey and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Weather and Climate Extremes written by Thomas R. Karl and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are extreme weather events becoming more common? How do extreme weather events impact society? These are critical questions that must be examined as we confront the possibility that the world will experience a change in climate over the next century. Much of the research in climatology over the past decade has focused on potential changes in long- term averages of temperature, precipitation and other factors. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that changes in average values will be accompanied by changes in extreme events. Furthermore, extreme weather events will impact society to a greater extent as people around the world continue to locate in more hazard-prone areas such as coastal zones. This book represents a major step forwards in developing a comprehensive set of information about changes in extreme events by providing a review of the problems in data availability, quality and analysis that make deriving a clear picture of world-wide changes in extreme events so difficult. Audience: The book is intended for policy-makers, professionals, graduate students and others interested in learning how extreme weather events have changed, and how they impact society both now and in the future.

Download or read book Climate Change Air Pollution and Global Challenges written by Kurt S. Pregitzer and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-11-19 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Aspen free-air carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment (FACE) experiment tested how three developing forest communities responded to elevated concentrations of CO2 and/or tropospheric ozone (O3). Throughout the 11-year experiment, elevated CO2 increased aboveground productivity, whereas the initial negative effects of elevated O3 on aboveground productivity became insignificant over time. During the first 2 years, fine root biomass and soil respiration responded positively to elevated CO2 and negatively to elevated O3. However, after 5 years, O3 effects on fine root biomass were weakly negative or positive and effects on soil respiration were positive. Despite altering litter inputs, neither elevated O3 nor elevated CO2 affected overall soil C storage at the end of the experiment, consistent with observations that elevated CO2 increased and elevated O3 tended to decrease the activity of litter-degrading extracellular enzymes. Overall, our understanding of belowground processes is still insufficient to predict how ecosystems will respond to global change.

Download or read book Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect written by R. Lal and published by ASA-CSSA-SSSA. This book was released on 2009 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about the concept of the Greenhouse Effect is more than a century old, but today the observed and predicted climate changes. This second edition of Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect is essential reading for understandingthe processes, properties, and practices affecting the soil carbon pool and its dynamics.

Download or read book Belowground Responses to Rising Atmospheric CO2 Implications for Plants Soil Biota and Ecosystem Processes written by P. S. Curtis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As atmospheric CO2 increases there will almost certainly be alterations in soil carbon fluxes. It is likely that such alterations will be accompanied by changes in the partitioning of carbon between organic structures and to soil processes. These changes have the potential for further altering the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. While there has been increasing recognition of the importance of soil-mediated responses to global climate change, the nature and magnitude of these responses are not well understood. In an effort to expand our assessment of the significance of belowground responses to rising atmospheric CO2, a workshop has been organized that resulted in the peer-reviewed contributions that are contained in this volume.

Download or read book Soil Management and Climate Change written by Maria Angeles Munoz and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-10-16 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil Management and Climate Change: Effects on Organic Carbon, Nitrogen Dynamics, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions provides a state of the art overview of recent findings and future research challenges regarding physical, chemical and biological processes controlling soil carbon, nitrogen dynamic and greenhouse gas emissions from soils. This book is for students and academics in soil science and environmental science, land managers, public administrators and legislators, and will increase understanding of organic matter preservation in soil and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Given the central role soil plays on the global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and its impact on greenhouse gas emissions, there is an urgent need to increase our common understanding about sources, mechanisms and processes that regulate organic matter mineralization and stabilization, and to identify those management practices and processes which mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, helping increase organic matter stabilization with suitable supplies of available N. Provides the latest findings about soil organic matter stabilization and greenhouse gas emissions Covers the effect of practices and management on soil organic matter stabilization Includes information for readers to select the most suitable management practices to increase soil organic matter stabilization

Download or read book Soil Carbon Stabilization to Mitigate Climate Change written by Rahul Datta and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon stabilization involves to capturing carbon from the atmosphere and fix it in the forms soil organic carbon stock for a long period of time, it will be present to escape as a greenhouse gas in the form of carbon dioxide. Soil carbon storage is an important ecosystem service, resulting from interactions of several ecological processes. This process is primarily mediated by plants through photosynthesis, with carbon stored in the form of soil organic carbon. Soil carbon levels have reduced over decades of conversion of pristine ecosystems into agriculture landscape, which now offers the opportunity to store carbon from air into the soil. Carbon stabilization into the agricultural soils is a novel approach of research and offers promising reduction in the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This book brings together all aspects of soil carbon sequestration and stabilization, with a special focus on diversity of microorganisms and management practices of soil in agricultural systems. It discusses the role of ecosystem functioning, recent and future prospects, soil microbial ecological studies, rhizosphere microflora, and organic matter in soil carbon stabilization. It also explores carbon transformation in soil, biological management and its genetics, microbial transformation of soil carbon, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), and their role in sustainable agriculture. The book offers a spectrum of ideas of new technological inventions and fundamentals of soil sustainability. It will be suitable for teachers, researchers, and policymakers, undergraduate and graduate students of soil science, soil microbiology, agronomy, ecology, and environmental sciences

Download or read book Managing Forest Carbon in a Changing Climate written by Mark S. Ashton and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-07 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to provide an accessible overview for advanced students, resource professionals such as land managers, and policy makers to acquaint themselves with the established science, management practices and policies that facilitate sequestration and allow for the storage of carbon in forests. The book has value to the reader to better understand: a) carbon science and management of forests and wood products; b) the underlying social mechanisms of deforestation; and c) the policy options in order to formulate a cohesive strategy for implementing forest carbon projects and ultimately reducing emissions from forest land use.

Download or read book Climate Change Air Pollution and Global Challenges written by Jörg Kruse and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-11-19 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change will likely affect the carbon balance of terrestrial soils via shifts in photosynthetic carbon input relative to soil respiratory CO2 loss. This review is focused on the effects of enhanced temperature and altered precipitation on soil respiration—that is, the sum of autotrophic root and heterotrophic microbial respiration. We highlight key processes that determine the substrate supply for the microbial decomposer community. These processes include (i) root exudation of low-molecular carbon compounds, (ii) enzymatic degradation of labile and recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM) and (iii) physicochemical protection of SOM. The sensitivities of these processes to soil temperature and moisture differ, aggravating mechanistic interpretation of bulk soil respiration in response to global change. Variation in soil respiration can also result from acclimation of autotrophic root respiration, or shifts in microbial carbon use efficiency. On the basis of such key processes, we evaluate the apparent flexibility of instantaneous temperature responses of soil respiration.

Download or read book Soil Carbon Dynamics Along Gradients of Climate and Land use written by Alan Ronald Townsend and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Soil Carbon Dynamics written by Werner L. Kutsch and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on in-depth contributions from leading scientists, this book provides an integrated view of the current and emerging methods and concepts applied in soil carbon research. It contains a standardised protocol for measuring soil CO2 efflux, designed to improve future assessments of regional and global patterns of soil carbon dynamics.

Download or read book Wetland Carbon and Environmental Management written by Ken W. Krauss and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-11-23 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores how the management of wetlands can influence carbon storage and fluxes. Wetlands are vital natural assets, including their ability to take-up atmospheric carbon and restrict subsequent carbon loss to facilitate long-term storage. They can be deliberately managed to provide a natural solution to mitigate climate change, as well as to help offset direct losses of wetlands from various land-use changes and natural drivers. Wetland Carbon and Environmental Management presents a collection of wetland research studies from around the world to demonstrate how environmental management can improve carbon sequestration while enhancing wetland health and function. Volume highlights include: Overview of carbon storage in the landscape Introduction to wetland management practices Comparisons of natural, managed, and converted wetlands Impact of wetland management on carbon storage or loss Techniques for scientific assessment of wetland carbon processes Case studies covering tropical, coastal, inland, and northern wetlands Primer for carbon offset trading programs and how wetlands might contribute The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity.Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Download or read book Carbon Flux Across Scales in a Changing Climate written by Chao Song and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecological patterns are scale dependent. Understanding how and why ecological patterns vary across scales is a central problem in ecology. Stream metabolism and soil respiration, two important processes in the global carbon cycle, are particularly scale dependent. In this dissertation, I employed a dynamic modeling approach to address multiple aspects related to the issue of scale in stream metabolism and soil respiration. Specifically, in chapter 2, I used a dynamic model of dissolved oxygen to quantify the temperature sensitivity of whole-stream metabolism in streams from six biomes, ranging from the tropics to the Arctic. I found that warming leads to convergence in stream metabolic balance, realized as reduced inter-site variability of GPP/ER. The GPP/ER ratio in streams with higher temperature and higher current GPP/ER is predicted to decrease in response to warming, whereas in streams with lower temperature and lower current GPP/ER it is expected to increase, although by a smaller magnitude. In chapter 3, I compared reach-scale metabolism quantified using open channel method and habitat-scale metabolism quantified using chamber incubations. I found that the reach-to-habitat ratio of GPP and ER, standardized to the same light and temperature conditions, decreased with the variance of habitat-scale metabolism within a reach. By combining theoretical analyses and numeric simulations, I showed that the heterogeneity of habitat-scale metabolism within a reach, the negative correlations between light and GPP per light, and temperature used for habitat-scale incubations, could explain this pattern of mismatch between reach and habitat scale metabolism. In chapter 4, I demonstrated the importance of recognizing soil respiration as an aggregated process. I showed that aggregating over space influenced temperature sensitivity, but aggregation over time did no alter temperature sensitivity. I also demonstrated that recognizing soil respiration as the sum of contributions from distinct substrate pools could explain several often observed relationships between temperature sensitivity and temperature, and influenced interpretations of the mechanisms driving changes in temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. Collectively, these studies demonstrated scale dependency of soil respiration and stream metabolism, and highlighted the utility of dynamic modeling as a central approach to tackling the issue of scale.