Download or read book Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regeneration written by John Elam and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past several years, the pace of research on the control of axonal growth has increased at a remarkable rate, and this activity is reflected in a growing literature dealing with various aspects of axonal growth and regener ation. It appears timely to review the role played by axonal transport in the intrinsic responses of neurons in the growth and regrowth processes. Through the cooperation of the senior editors of this series, we have been given the opportunity to bring such a focus to the current volume. We wish to acknowledge that the contributing authors attended a confer ence on "The Role of Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regenera tion" held in Tallahassee, Florida in March, 1983, sponsored by the Psycho biology Research Center of the Florida State University. It is our hope that many of the perceptions and insights expressed in these chapters resulted from our interactions.

Download or read book Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regeneration written by John Elam and published by . This book was released on 2014-01-15 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Advances in Neurochemistry Axonal transport in neuronal growth and regeneration written by Bernard W. Agranoff and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cell Biology of the Axon written by Edward Koenig and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-01 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent years have witnessed striking advances in research on axons at a cellular level that substantially impact our current understanding of axonal biology. Newer findings and their ramifications are critically reviewed in the 16 chapters of this volume by authors highly qualified by virtue of their scientific contributions to research areas they know and write about. Five basic areas (I to V) germane to axonal biology are highlighted, beginning with (I) signaling interactions mediating myelination, and differentiation of axonal membrane domains; (IIa) issues surrounding organization and transport dynamics of neurofilaments in axons, (IIb) mechanisms regulating microtubule organization and dynamics, misregulation of which causes axonal degeneration, and (IIc) the roles actin binding proteins play in regulating organization and functions of the actin filament system in mature and growing axons; (IIIa) myosin motor proteins and cargoes intrinsic to the axon compartment, (IIIb) mitochondrial transport motors, and imperatives governing transport dynamics and directional delivery, (IIIc) mechanisms mediating retrograde signaling associated with NGF’s role in trophic-dependent neuronal survival, and (IIId) potential for impaired subcellular targeting of a -synuclein as a mechanism for accumulation of Lewy body inclusions in synucleinopathies; (IVa) occurrence and organization of discrete ribosome-containing domains in axons, (IVb) endogenous mRNAs, classes of proteins translated locally, and RNP trafficking in axons, (IVc) importance of locally synthesized nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins for maintenance, function and survival of axons, (IVd) occurrence of RNA trafficking from glial cells to axons, and significance glial RNA transcripts may play in expression in axons and axon terminals, (IVe) RNA trafficking and localization of RNA transcripts in axonal growth cones, and signaling pathways that modulate local protein synthesis for directional elongation, and (IVf) genetic and molecular defects underlying spinal muscular atrophy, and roles that SMN gene product plays as a molecular chaperone in mRNA transport and translation; (Va) injury-induced local synthesis of a protein forming a retrograde signaling complex in axons to stimulate regeneration, and (Vb) endogenous and exogenous factors that condition axonal regenerative capacity in PNS and CNS, including injury-induced activation of specific genes governing regeneration. Emergent complexities revealed in this volume compel a major revision in the traditional conceptual model of the axon’s intrinsic makeup and capacities.

Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms of Axon Growth and Regeneration written by Dana Watt and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurons are cells with unique and extremely polarized morphologies. The axon allows communication between the cell soma and the distantly located synaptic terminal and can extend up to one meter in humans. This exceptional cellular structure therefore has specialized biological processes dedicated to its growth, maintenance and regeneration. The structure that carries out axon elongation during development and regeneration is the growth cone, which features a cytoskeletal structure that is both highly dynamic yet consistent in overall organization. The growth cone coordinates a leading edge of dynamic actin with the microtubules of the growing axon, enabling directed outgrowth while maintaining the structural integrity of the axon. In the axon, microtubules are oriented uniformly with their plus-ends facing away from the cell body, providing directionality for cargo transport streams. Axonal transport is critical during growth and after the axon has reached its target to ensure proper distribution of organelles and other necessary components of the axonal biology machinery. Axon transport is especially important because the axon is capable of independently carrying out tasks ranging from protein synthesis to synaptic transmission. Therefore a thorough understanding of microtubule biology and axon transport is critical for understanding how axons grow during development and regeneration. I first investigated the role of a neuron-specific molecular motor adaptor, JIP3, in axon elongation. JIP3 had been previously demonstrated to bind both the anterograde motor kinesin-1 and the retrograde motor complex dynein/dynactin, generating cargo-specific directional transport in the axon. Furthermore, our lab had also demonstrated that JIP3 was capable of binding directly and activating dimeric kinesin heavy chain (KHC) for motility. While the function of dimeric KHC is still debated, tetrameric kinesin-1 is known as the primary anterograde motor in axons. I therefore investigated the role of JIP3 in regulating tetrameric kinesin-1 motility, and the functional significance of this interaction in axons. I used a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF)-based single molecule imaging assay to demonstrate that JIP3 binds to the kinesin-1 tetramer in at least a 2:1 ratio. I also used this TIRF assay to show that JIP3 binding to the cargo-adapting kinesin light chain (KLC) activated tetrameric kinesin-1 for microtubule binding, while JIP3 binding to KHC activated tetrameric kinesin-1 motility along microtubules. Furthermore, while the JIP3/KLC interaction is dispensable for axon growth and regeneration in neurons in vitro, the JIP3/KHC interaction is necessary for both these activities. This work demonstrated that a single molecule can activate tetrameric kinesin-1 for microtubule binding and motility. Furthermore, this work demonstrated that regulation of molecular motor activity supports axon growth and regeneration. I next investigated the small GTPase Ran and its role in axon elongation. Ran is best known for its canonical function as a nuclear transport protein, but it can also stabilize microtubules during mitotic spindle formation and is located in the axon. While Ran has a proposed role in regulating a retrograde injury signaling complex in adult axons, it is unknown whether Ran also regulates cytoskeletal dynamics in developing axons. I used Ran knockdown to demonstrate that Ran promotes axon elongation on growth-promoting substrates, and restricts axon elongation on growth-inhibiting substrates. This effect is at least partially mediated by microtubule dynamics, as microtubule imaging using a cell-permeable pan-tubulin marker showed decreased microtubule dynamics in Ran knockdown cells on growth-promoting substrates. Furthermore, I demonstrated that a Ran activating protein, RanBP10, is enriched in growth cones and promotes axon elongation, and that both of these phenomena are Ran-dependent. This work raises the exciting possibility that Ran controls microtubule dynamics in the growth cone, distinct from its canonical role in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking.

Download or read book Nerve Organ and Tissue Regeneration Research Perspectives written by Fredrick Seil and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nerve, Organ, and Tissue Regeneration: Research Perspectives presents the proceedings of a symposium held in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, on September 21–24, 1982. This book explores the neural and nonneural areas of regeneration, with emphasis on the nervous system. Organized into six parts encompassing 22 chapters, this compilation of papers examines the commitment of the Veterans Administration to deal with the clinical problem of spinal cord injury by establishing 19spinal cord injury treatment and rehabilitation centers throughout the United States. This book then discusses the characteristics of the neuronal response to axon injury, which vary from cellular hypertrophy and heightened metabolism to cell death. Other chapters consider the three phases of axonal regeneration, including sprout formation, elongation, and maturation. The final chapter deals with the structural and functional alterations that developed when the length of the mammalian intestine is shortened by excision or by-pass of a long segment. This book is a valuable resource for biologists, orthopedic surgeons, and neuroscientists.

Download or read book Axon Growth and Regeneration Part 1 written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published since 1959, International Review of Neurobiology is a well-known series appealing to neuroscientists, clinicians, psychologists, physiologists, and pharmacologists. Led by an internationally renowned editorial board, this important serial publishes both eclectic volumes made up of timely reviews and thematic volumes that focus on recent progress in a specific area of neurobiology research. This volume reviews existing theories and current research surrounding Axon Growth and Regeneration. Leading authors review state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist

Download or read book Axoplasmic Transport in Physiology and Pathology written by D. G. Weiss and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cajal and contemporary scientists have laid the basis of the modem concepts of the organization of the nervous system: the cir cuits of the brain are made up of individual neurons which transfer information via specialized structures called synapses. Soma and den drites usually receive the inputs, then the signal is carried all along the axon to the target areas. To fulfIll this task several types of neurons have developed their unique geometry characterized by a large recep tive area (soma and dendrites) and an often very extensive distal branching with the axon terminals. The volume of cytoplasm which constitutes the neuronal periphery is often far larger than the cell body, where the synthetic machinery is located. It is one of the roles ofaxoplasmic transport to supply the periphery with proper material and to sustain the specialized structures necessary for the physiological activity of the neuron. Furthermore, it has become more and more clear that target areas also exert effects on the innervating neurons, and these effects are not only mediated via recurrent fibers. Synapses have been shown to be able to pick up material from the synaptic left which is then intra axon ally transported back to the cell body. This retrograde axoplasmic transport has therefore been recognized as another basic mechanism to convey signals from the periphery to the centre.

Download or read book Axon Growth and Regeneration Part 2 written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading authors review state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research. Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered. All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist Leading authors review state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist

Download or read book Axonal Transport Degeneration and Regeneration in the Visual System of the Goldfish written by Hartwig Wolburg and published by Springer. This book was released on 1981-02 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: References ............................... 76 Subject Index ............................. 93 VIII Acknowledgments This study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. W. Schlote for helpful advice and numerous discussions. I am also grateful to Dr. G. Kurz-Isler for her generous help in problems dealing with electron microscopy and to Mrs. B. Sabrowski for her careful preparation of the manuscript. The careful translation of T.C. Telger is gratefully acknowledged. The translation was financially supported by the Erwin Riesch Foundation. IX 1 Introduction One of the basic principles underlying the efficiency and adaptability of cellular meta bolism is the structural compartmentalization of the cell. Only through compartmenta lization can reaction components be kept apart prior to their reaction, isolated from other "reaction spaces" during the course of their reaction, and the reaction products incorporated into designated structures or transported to remote parts of the cell. Thus, the partitioning of the cellular substance into countless membranous spaces corresponds to the spatial segregation of reaction components, and the dynamics of intracellular membrane systems is an expression of ever-changing equilibrium condi tions and the continuous formation of new reaction spaces. It has been shown with some certainty that many of the processes in membrane dynamics can take place only with the aid of contractile proteins such as actin, myosin, and tubulin.

Download or read book Cajal s Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System written by Santiago Ramón y Cajal and published by History of Neuroscience. This book was released on 1991 with total page 977 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a reprint of an English translation of Cajal's original work, with abundant notes and commentaries by the editor. This text describes Cajal's fundamental contributions to neuroscience, which continue to be important today. It accurately details Cajal's ideas and data, and providesreaders with the opportunity to learn what Cajal thought about his research career and the significance of his observations. Excerpts from Tello's memorial lectures also provide a contemporary view of Cajal's work.

Download or read book Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System written by Norman Saunders and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System brings together an international team of contributors to produce a series of critical reviews appraising key papers in the field. The pace of research on brain and spinal cord injury quickened considerably in the last ten years and there is much that is new and important that is covered in this book. However, there is still a long way to go before our knowledge will explain fully why the central nervous system has such a limited capacity for regeneration, and before experimental solutions can be applied to the patient. With emphasis on actual and therapeutic importance of the work reviewed, Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System is a useful overview for graduate students, their teachers and researchers working in this field.

Download or read book Neuroscience in the 21st Century written by Donald W. Pfaff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its second edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.

Download or read book Axon Growth and Regeneration written by Andrew J. Murray and published by Humana. This book was released on 2014-05-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Axon Growth and Regeneration: Methods and Protocols brings together a diverse set of techniques for the study of the mechanisms underlying central nervous system axon growth, consequently providing a resource that will aid in the development of repair strategies. After an introductory section, this detailed volume continues with sections focusing on axon growth in vitro, providing a range of protocols that can be used to examine intracellular signalling pathways, axonal responses to extracellular factors and methods for quantifying outgrowth. The next section provides protocols for inducing experimental injury in vivo as well as some highly promising protocols for promoting regeneration, which segues into the final section highlighting a series of protocols that can be used to monitor the extent of axon regeneration in vivo, ranging from tract tracing to in vivo imaging and functional recovery. As a book in the Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Practical and reliable, Axon Growth and Regeneration: Methods and Protocols aims to serve researchers studying axon regeneration with a significant set of diverse tools, vital for moving on to the next generation of exciting new discoveries in the field.

Download or read book Myelin Mediated Inhibition of Axonal Regeneration Past Present and Future written by Sari Hannila and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-07-06 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pioneering studies conducted in the 1980’s laid the foundation for the hypothesis that axonal regeneration is limited by CNS myelin, and the identification of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), Nogo, and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) as inhibitors of neurite outgrowth firmly established myelin as a key factor in regenerative failure. Mechanistically, it has been shown that MAG, Nogo, and OMgp mediate inhibition by binding to either Nogo receptor (NgR) or paired immunoglobulin receptor B (PirB), and initiating a signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of RhoA. Since the discovery of these proteins, there has been tremendous interest in identifying compounds and molecular mechanisms that are capable of overcoming myelin-mediated inhibition. Many studies have focused on pharmacological antagonism of receptors and signaling intermediates, while others have sought to identify and enhance endogenous pro-regenerative pathways. The most notable example of the latter is the conditioning lesion effect, which led to the discovery of cyclic AMP’s ability to overcome inhibition by MAG and myelin. Many of the agents tested in these studies have been shown to promote axonal regeneration in vivo, and this research topic allows researchers to share information about new treatments that have been developed in both academia and industry. As we look toward the future, it is becoming increasingly clear that reversal of myelin-mediated inhibition alone will not be sufficient to produce functional recovery from spinal cord injury, and that other factors, such as astroglial scarring, the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neuronal cell death, and lack of neurotrophic support, must also be taken into consideration. Combinatorial approaches therefore hold a great deal of promise, and we hope to initiate a dialogue on how stem cell transplantation, chondroitinase ABC, gene therapy, growth-promoting agents, and other methods can be combined to optimize functional recovery. We introduce this topic in honor of the life and work of Dr. Marie T. Filbin (1955-2014). Through these articles, we highlight past achievements in the field, novel findings, unanswered questions and innovative ideas that we hope will lead to new advances in axonal regeneration.

Download or read book Neuronal Mechanics and Transport written by Daniel M. Suter and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-05-26 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the underlying mechanisms of how axons and dendrites develop is a fundamental problem in neuroscience and a main goal of research on nervous system development and regeneration. Previous studies have provided a tremendous amount of information on signaling and cytoskeletal proteins regulating axonal and dendritic growth and guidance. However, relatively little is known about the relative contribution and role of cytoskeletal dynamics, transport of organelles and cytoskeletal components, and force generation to axonal elongation. Advancing the knowledge of these biomechanical processes is critical to better understand the development of the nervous system, the pathological progression of neurodegenerative diseases, acute traumatic injury, and for designing novel approaches to promote neuronal regeneration following disease, stroke, or trauma. Mechanical properties and forces shape the development of the nervous system from the cellular up to the organ level. Recent advances in quantitative live cell imaging, biophysical, and nanotechnological methods such as traction force microscopy, optical tweezers, and atomic force microscopy have enabled researchers to gain better insights into how cytoskeletal dynamics and motor-driven transport, membrane-dynamics, adhesion, and substrate rigidity influence axonal elongation. Given the complexity and mechanical nature of this problem, mathematical modeling contributes significantly to our understanding of neuronal mechanics. Nonetheless, there has been limited direct interaction and discussions between experimentalists and theoreticians in this research area. The purpose of this Frontiers Research Topic is to highlight exciting, and important work that is currently developing in the fields of neuronal cell biology, neuronal mechanics, intracellular transport, and mathematical modeling in the form of primary research articles, reviews, perspectives, and commentaries.

Download or read book Axonal Transport written by Mark A. Bisby and published by New York : Liss. This book was released on 1987 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: