Download or read book Attributing Knowledge written by Jody Azzouni and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-21 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Attributing Knowledge, Jody Azzouni challenges philosophical conventions about what it means to know something. He argues that the restrictive conditions philosophers place on knowers only hold in special cases; knowledge can be attributed to babies, sophisticated animals (great apes, orcas), unsophisticated animals (bees), and machinery (drones, driverless cars). Azzouni also gives a fresh defense of fallibilism. Relying on lexical semantics and ordinary usage, he shows that there are no knowledge norms for assertion or action. He examines everyday cases of knowledge challenge and attribution to show many recent and popular epistemological positions are wrong. By providing a long-sought intelligible characterization of knowledge attribution, Azzouni explains why the concept has puzzled philosophers so long, and he solves longstanding and recent puzzles that have perplexed epistemologists--including the dogmatism paradox, Gettier puzzles, and the surprise-exam paradox. "This is a terrific book, full of surprises. For instance, Chapter 9 is full of points that are original, insightful, and useful in helping to resolve stale debates. I especially liked the points that we don't ordinarily describe someone as losing knowledge by gaining defeating evidence, that "knows" is vague and tri-scoped, that vagueness needn't be explained by appeal to precise metasemantic machinery, and that Williamson's anti-luminosity argument founders on the fact that knowledge doesn't require confidence. Bravo!" --Ram Neta, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Praise for Jody Azzouni's Ontology without Borders: "Azzouni offers a very strong drink, proposing that we do without central elements of what almost anyone would call logic or ontology. His arguments are serious and wide-ranging. If he's right, the reader will have learned something very important. If he's wrong, then the reader who figures out how he went wrong will also have learned something very important. Not every book has this feature." --Michael Gorman, The Catholic University of America
Download or read book Attributing Knowledge written by Jody Azzouni and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The word "know" is revealed as vague, applicable to fallible agents, factive and criterion transcendent. It is invariant in its meaning across contexts and invariant relative to different agents. Only purely epistemic properties affect its correct application-not the interests of agents or those who attribute the word to agents. These properties enable "know" to be applied correctly-as it routinely is-to cognitive agents ranging from sophisticated human knowers, who engage in substantial metacognition, to various animals, who know much less and do much less, if any, metacognition, to nonconscious mechanical devices such as drones, robots, and the like. These properties of the word "know" suffice to explain the usage phenomena that contextualists and subject-sensitive invariantists invoke to place pressure on an understanding of the word that treats its application as involving no interests of agents, or others. It is also shown the factivity and the fallibilist-compatibility of the word "know" explains Moorean paradoxes, the preface paradox, and the lottery paradox. A fallibility-sensitive failure of knowledge-closure is given along with a similar failure of rational-belief closure. The latter explains why rational agents can nevertheless believe A and B, where A and B contradict one another. A substantial discussion of various kinds of metacognition is given-as well as a discussion of the metacognition literature in cognitive ethology. An appendix offers a new resolution of the hangman paradox, one that turns neither on a failure of knowledge closure nor on a failure of KK"--
Download or read book Corporate Attribution in Private Law written by Rachel Leow and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-02-24 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking at key questions of how companies are held accountable under private law, this book presents a succinct and accessible framework for analysing and answering corporate attribution problems in private law. Corporate attribution is the process by which the acts and states of mind of human individuals are treated as those of a company to establish the company's rights, duties, and liabilities. But when and why are acts and states of mind attributed in private law? Drawing on a wide range of material from across the disparate areas of company law, agency law, and the laws of contract, tort, unjust enrichment, and equitable obligations, this book's central argument is that attribution turns on the allocation and delegation of the company's own powers to act. This approach allows for a much greater and clearer understanding of attribution. A further benefit is that it shows attribution to be much more united and coherent than it is commonly thought to be. Looking at corporate attribution across the broad expanse of the common law, this book will be of interest to lawyers across the common law world, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Singapore.
Download or read book Cyber Security Politics written by Myriam Dunn Cavelty and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-02-15 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines new and challenging political aspects of cyber security and presents it as an issue defined by socio-technological uncertainty and political fragmentation. Structured along two broad themes and providing empirical examples for how socio-technical changes and political responses interact, the first part of the book looks at the current use of cyber space in conflictual settings, while the second focuses on political responses by state and non-state actors in an environment defined by uncertainties. Within this, it highlights four key debates that encapsulate the complexities and paradoxes of cyber security politics from a Western perspective – how much political influence states can achieve via cyber operations and what context factors condition the (limited) strategic utility of such operations; the role of emerging digital technologies and how the dynamics of the tech innovation process reinforce the fragmentation of the governance space; how states attempt to uphold stability in cyberspace and, more generally, in their strategic relations; and how the shared responsibility of state, economy, and society for cyber security continues to be re-negotiated in an increasingly trans-sectoral and transnational governance space. This book will be of much interest to students of cyber security, global governance, technology studies, and international relations. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
Download or read book The Law Times Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1911 with total page 1028 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Law Times Reports of Cases Decided in the House of Lords the Privy Council the Court of Appeal new Series written by and published by . This book was released on 1920 with total page 860 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Psychology Applied to Legal Evidence and Other Constructions of Law written by George Frederick Arnold and published by . This book was released on 1913 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Expressivism about Knowledge Attribution written by Emil Frederik Lundbjerg Møller and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Journal of the Institute of Bankers written by Institute of Bankers (Great Britain) and published by . This book was released on 1903 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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Download or read book Knowing One s Own Mind Externalism and Priviliged Self Knowledge written by Sven Bernecker and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book California Court of Appeal 2nd Appellate District Records and Briefs written by California (State). and published by . This book was released on with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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Download or read book Canadian Railway Cases written by and published by . This book was released on 1910 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consolidated table of cases for Vols. 1-48, in v. 49.
Download or read book Canadian Railway and Transport Cases written by and published by . This book was released on 1910 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Epistemic Virtue and Knowledge Attribution written by Keith Harris and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What factors influence whether we may rightly attribute knowledge to a subject? It is uncontroversial that factors like whether a subject has a given belief, whether that belief is true, what evidence the subject has for that belief and the reliability of the causal process whereby the subject came to have the belief may affect whether it is right to ascribe knowledge to that subject. More recently, some have argued that the practical situation of either the knowledge ascriber or the believer may determine whether the believer can rightly be ascribed knowledge. Such claims represent significant departures from traditional epistemology, but seem to be motivated by everyday patterns in our knowledge attribution. This paper argues that the patterns of use of the word “knows” and related terms, fail to support the departures from traditional epistemology. The commitments of traditional epistemology may be preserved by recognizing that knowledge attribution tracks, in addition to belief, the truth of the belief, evidence, and the reliability of belief-forming processes, the epistemic responsibility of the purported subject of knowledge. By recognizing this fact, we may account for everyday patterns of knowledge-ascription without allowing that practical factors may directly influence whether one may properly be said to know.