Download or read book Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide Sources from Anthropogenic Activity written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has recently emerged as an atmospheric tracer of gross primary production. All modeling studies of COS air-monitoring data rely on a climatological anthropogenic inventory that does not reflect present conditions or support interpretation of ice core and firn trends. Here we develop a global anthropogenic inventory for the years 1850 to 2013 based on new emission measurements and material-specific data. By applying methods from a recent regional inventory to global data, we find that the anthropogenic source is similar in magnitude to the plant sink, confounding carbon cycle applications. However, a material-specific approach results in a current anthropogenic source that is only one third of plant uptake and is concentrated in Asia, supporting carbon cycle applications of global air-monitoring data. As a result, changes in the anthropogenic source alone cannot explain the century-scale mixing ratio growth, which suggests that ice and firn data may provide the first global history of gross primary production.
Download or read book Anthropogenic Sources of Carbonyl Sulfide written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonyl sulfide (COS or OCS) is emerging as a potentially important tracer of terrestrial biological carbon fluxes. Anthropogenic sources of atmospheric COS are a first order uncertainty for utilizing COS as a tracer of the carbon cycle. As anthropogenic COS is a confounding source of atmospheric COS when interpreting COS observations, incorrect estimates of anthropogenic COS sources can introduce large interpretation bias when attempting to infer carbon cycle fluxes. However, the current gridded estimate of anthropogenic sources of atmospheric COS is largely derived from data over three decades old and therefore is not likely to be representative of current atmospheric conditions. Here I address this critical knowledge gap by providing a new gridded estimate of anthropogenic COS sources derived from the most current industry activity and emissions factor data available and employ a more sophisticated approach for the spatial distribution of sources than presented in previous work. This new data set results in a very different picture of the spatial distribution of anthropogenic sources of COS and in a large upward revision in total global sources than estimated in previous work. The large missing source of atmospheric COS needed to balance the global budget of atmospheric COS has largely been attributed to an unknown ocean source in previous work. However, considering the large upward revision of anthropogenic COS sources estimated here, I present the hypothesis that anthropogenic sources may be a key component of the missing source of atmospheric COS. I present subsequent modeling scenarios to test this hypothesis and show that anthropogenic COS sources can explain observations of atmospheric COS as well as or better than enhanced ocean sources. Therefore, the data set of anthropogenic sources of COS presented here emerges as a key component of reducing interpretation bias when inferring carbon cycle fluxes using COS and for explaining the missing source of atmospheric COS and balancing the global COS budget (which has previously not been considered).
Download or read book Carbon Disulfide Carbonyl Sulfide written by Thomas O. Peyton and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Diffusivity and Enzymatic Activity Control the Exchange of Carbonyl Sulfide COS Between Soils and the Atmosphere written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is one of the most abundant and stable reduced sulfur trace gases found in the atmosphere with an ambient concentration around 500 ppt, which is involved in stratospheric aerosol production and the ozone cycle. COS has a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources but is well balanced by sinks as vegetation and soils. Since the sink strength of soils is poorly understood, it is important to characterize the controlling parameters. All of the soil exchange measurements done before 1990 presumed soils as a substantial source of COS (Castro and Galloway, 1991). In addition to the vegetation, soils are now regarded as an important sink (Watts, 2000). Soil samples were investigated for their exchange of COS with the atmosphere under controlled ambient conditions. Three arable soils from Germany, China and Finland and 2 forest soils from Siberia and Surinam are parameterized in relation to the ambient COS concentration, temperature and soil water content (WC). Beside ambient concentration and soil WC, soil structure and enzymatic activity seem to control the direction as well as the magnitude of the flux between soils and the atmosphere. The matching optima for boreal soils in relation to water-filled pore space (WFPS) and the linearity between deposition velocity (Vd) and bulk density suggest that the uptake of COS depends on the diffusivity dominated by WFPS, a parameter depending on soil WC, soil structure and porosity of the soil. Since carbonic anhydrase (CA) has been identified as the controlling enzyme for COS uptake in soil, we qualitatively identified the activity of CA in our soil samples, but these results are considered to be very preliminary.
Download or read book Understanding the Global Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide in Order to Provide Insights Into Carbon Cycle Processes written by Michael P. Cartwright and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tropical Sources and Sinks of Carbonyl Sulfide Constrained by Atmospheric Observations written by James Robert Stinecipher and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonyl sulfide (OCS or COS) is the most common sulfur-containing species in the atmosphere and has the potential to function as a proxy for photosynthetic carbon uptake (gross primary productivity, GPP). In order to expand this technique to regional and global scales, additional questions about poorly constrained aspects of the carbonyl sulfide budget must be resolved. The first section of this work is devoted to developing a new, spatially resolved and temporally varying inventory of carbonyl sulfide emissions from biomass burning. By leveraging long-term, in situ observations of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide, we demonstrate that biomass burning emissions are heavily dependent on biome and are not sufficient to close the overall flux budget. The second section of this dissertation uses this biomass burning inventory in conjunction with a global chemical transport model in order to constrain plant fluxes in the Amazon basin. Using satellite data from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument, I show that downstream observations of carbonyl sulfide in the upper troposphere retain useful information about surface processes and can provide an independent constraint on gross primary production given sufficient convective transport. Finally, I conduct an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) to investigate how future remote-sensing campaigns could yield more information and better constrain GPP using carbonyl sulfide. In addition to considering sampling density, sampling height and instrument noise in satellite observations, I address potential challenges in future aircraft sampling campaigns.
Download or read book Carbonyl Sulfide for Tracing Carbon Fluxes Field Campaign Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The April-June 2012 campaign was located at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility Southern Great Plains (SGP) site Central Facility and had three purposes. One goal was to demonstrate the ability of current instrumentation to correctly measure fluxes of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS). The approach has been describe previously as a critical approach to advancing carbon cycle science1,2, but requires further investigation at the canopy scale to resolve ecosystem processes. Previous canopy-scale efforts were limited to data rates of 1Hz. While 1 Hz measurements may work in a few ecosystems, it is widely accepted that data rates of 10 to 20 Hz are needed to fully capture the exchange of traces gases between the atmosphere and vegetative canopy. A second goal of this campaign was to determine if canopy observations could provide information to help interpret the seasonal double peak in airborne observations at SGP of CO2 and COS mixing ratios. A third goal was to detect potential sources and sinks of COS that must be resolved before using COS as a tracer of gross primary productivity (GPP).
Download or read book Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter written by Dennis A. Hansell and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-10-02 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex mixture of molecules found throughout the world's oceans. It plays a key role in the export, distribution, and sequestration of carbon in the oceanic water column, posited to be a source of atmospheric climate regulation. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, Second Edition, focuses on the chemical constituents of DOM and its biogeochemical, biological, and ecological significance in the global ocean, and provides a single, unique source for the references, information, and informed judgments of the community of marine biogeochemists. Presented by some of the world's leading scientists, this revised edition reports on the major advances in this area and includes new chapters covering the role of DOM in ancient ocean carbon cycles, the long term stability of marine DOM, the biophysical dynamics of DOM, fluvial DOM qualities and fate, and the Mediterranean Sea. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, Second Edition, is an extremely useful resource that helps people interested in the largest pool of active carbon on the planet (DOC) get a firm grounding on the general paradigms and many of the relevant references on this topic. Features up-to-date knowledge of DOM, including five new chapters The only published work to synthesize recent research on dissolved organic carbon in the Mediterranean Sea Includes chapters that address inputs from freshwater terrestrial DOM
Download or read book The Oceanic Cycle and Global Atmospheric Budget of Carbonyl Sulfide written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A significant portion of stratospheric air chemistry is influenced by the existence of carbonyl sulfide (COS). This ubiquitous sulfur gas represents a major source of sulfur to the stratosphere where it is converted to sulfuric acid aerosol particles. Stratospheric aerosols are climatically important because they scatter incoming solar radiation back to space and are able to increase the catalytic destruction of ozone through gas phase reactions on particle surfaces. COS is primarily formed at the surface of the earth, in both marine and terrestrial environments, and is strongly linked to natural biological processes. However, many gaps in the understanding of the global COS cycle still exist, which has led to a global atmospheric budget that is out of balance by a factor of two or more, and a lack of understanding of how human activity has affected the cycling of this gas. The goal of this study was to focus on COS in the marine environment by investigating production/destruction mechanisms and recalculating the ocean-atmosphere flux.
Download or read book Carbon Disulfide Carbonyl Sulfide written by Thomas O. Peyton and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of Air Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling written by Patrick Buat-Ménard and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book arises from a NATO-sponsored Advanced Study Institute on 'The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling' held at Bombann@§. near Bordeaux, France. from 16 to 27 September 1985. The chapters of the book are the written versions of the lectures given at the Institute. The aim of the book is to give a comprehensive up-to-date coverage of the subject. presented in a teaching mode. The chapters contain much recent research material and attempt to give the reader an understanding of how the role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling can be quantitatively assessed. In the last decade, major advances in the fields of marine and atmospheric chemistry have underlined the role of physical, chemical and biological processes at and near the air-sea interface in a number of geochemical cycles (C. S, N, metals etc ... ). Further, there is strong concern over the anthropogenic perturbation of these cycles on both regional and global scales. The first part of the book (Chapters 1 to 8) provides a review of topics fundamental to such studies. These topics include concepts in geochemical modelling, assessment of atmospheric transport from sources to the oceans. description of mixing and transport processes within the ocean for both dissolved and particulate materials, quantification of air-sea fluxes for both gases and particles, photochemical transformations in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers.
Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Claudio Tomasi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ein Blick auf die morphologischen, physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von Aerosolen aus den unterschiedlichsten natürlichen und anthropogenen Quellen trägt zum besseren Verständnis der Rolle bei, die Aerosolpartikel bei der Streuung und Absorption kurz- und langwelliger Strahlung spielen. Dieses Fachbuch bietet Informationen, die sonst schwer zu finden sind, und vermittelt ausführlich die Kenntnisse, die erforderlich sind, um die mikrophysikalischen, chemischen und Strahlungsparameter zu charakterisieren, die bei der Wechselwirkung von Sonnen- und Erdstrahlen so überaus wichtig sind. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf den indirekten Auswirkungen von Aerosolen auf das Klima im Rahmen des komplexen Systems aus Aerosolen, Wolken und der Atmosphäre. Auch geht es vorrangig um die Wirkungen natürlicher und anthropogener Aerosole auf die Luftqualität und die Umwelt, auf die menschliche Gesundheit und unser kulturelles Erbe. Mit einem durchgängig lösungsorientierten Ansatz werden nicht nur die Probleme und Gefahren dieser Aerosole behandelt, sondern auch praktikable Lösungswege aufgezeigt.
Download or read book CACGP Symposium on Tropospheric Chemistry with Emphasis on Sulphur and Nitrogen Cycles and the Chemistry of Clouds and Precipitation written by P. Goldsmith and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-08-11 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CACGP Symposium on Tropospheric Chemistry contains papers presented at the Symposium on ""Tropospheric Chemistry with Emphasis on Sulphur and Nitrogen Cycles and the Chemistry of Clouds and Precipitation"". Organized into 24 chapters, this book begins with a discussion on the trace gas and aerosol measurements at a remote site in the northeast U.S.; satellite measurements of aerosol mass and transport; and measurements of reactive nitrogen compounds in the free troposphere. Subsequent chapters explore kinetic study of reactions of some organic sulfur compounds with OH radicals; analysis of precipitation collected on a sequential basis; and measurements of the chemical composition of stratiform clouds. The book also discusses sulfur isotope ratio studies in a geothermal region; the oxidation of isoprene in the troposphere; a 2-D model of global aerosol transport; and theoretical studies of intermediates in sulfur oxidation cycle.
Download or read book Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere written by Guy Brasseur and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reader may be surprised to learn that the word "aeronomy" is not found in many of the standard dictionaries of the English language (for exam ple. Webster's International dictionary). Yet the term would appear to exist, as evidenced by the affiliations of the two authors of this volume (Institut d'Aeronomie, Brussels, Belgium; Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA). Perhaps part of this obscu rity arises because aeronomy is a relatively new and evolving field of endeavor, with a history dating back no farther than about 1940. The Chambers dic tionary of science and technology provides the following definition: "aeronomy (Meteor. ). The branch of science dealing with the atmosphere of the Earth and the other planets with reference to their chemical com position, physical properties, relative motion,
Download or read book Ocean Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles written by Peter S. Liss and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oceans and atmosphere interact through various processes, including the transfer of momentum, heat, gases and particles. In this book leading international experts come together to provide a state-of-the-art account of these exchanges and their role in the Earth-system, with particular focus on gases and particles. Chapters in the book cover: i) the ocean-atmosphere exchange of short-lived trace gases; ii) mechanisms and models of interfacial exchange (including transfer velocity parameterisations); iii) ocean-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide; iv) ocean atmosphere exchange of particles and v) current and future data collection and synthesis efforts. The scope of the book extends to the biogeochemical responses to emitted / deposited material and interactions and feedbacks in the wider Earth-system context. This work constitutes a highly detailed synthesis and reference; of interest to higher-level university students (Masters, PhD) and researchers in ocean-atmosphere interactions and related fields (Earth-system science, marine / atmospheric biogeochemistry / climate). Production of this book was supported and funded by the EU COST Action 735 and coordinated by the International SOLAS (Surface Ocean- Lower Atmosphere Study) project office.
Download or read book Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere written by G. Brasseur and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reader may be surprised to learn that the word "aeronomy" is not found in many of the standard dictionaries of the English language (for exam ple, Webster's International dictionary). Yet the term would appear to exist, as evidenced by the affiliations of the two authors of this volume (Institut d' Aeronomie Spatiale, Brussels, Belgium; Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA). Perhaps part of this obscurity arises because aeronomy is a relatively new and evolving field of endeavor, with a history dating back no farther than about 1940. The Chambers dictionary of science and technology provides the following defini tion: "aeronomy (Meteor. ). The branch of science dealing with the atmo sphere of the Earth and the other planets with reference to their chemi cal composition, physical properties, relative motion, and reactions to radiation from outer space" This seems to us an appropriate description, and it is reflected throughout the content of this volume. The study of the aeronomy of the middle atmosphere experienced rapid growth and development during the 1970's and 1980's, particularly due to con cern over the possibility of anthropogenic perturbations to the state of the middle atmosphere and its protective ozone layer. As a result, much has been learned regarding both the natural behavior of the atmosphere and the impact of man's activities upon it. In this book we shall attempt to describe the current state of the art as we see it.
Download or read book Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere written by Guy P. Brasseur and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-28 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "[...] an interesting and well-written overview of the current status of our knowledge of the composition of the middle atmosphere and the basic radiative, dynamical and photochemical processes which maintain it." (Bulletin American Meteorological Society)
