Download or read book Assessment of Individual level Exposure to Air Pollutants Using Personal Monitoring written by Rok Novak (ekotehnolog.) and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Indoor Pollutants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1981-01-01 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses pollution from tobacco smoke, radon and radon progeny, asbestos and other fibers, formaldehyde, indoor combustion, aeropathogens and allergens, consumer products, moisture, microwave radiation, ultraviolet radiation, odors, radioactivity, and dirt and discusses means of controlling or eliminating them.
Download or read book Air Pollution the Automobile and Public Health written by Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.
Download or read book Assessment of Exposure to Indoor Air Pollutants written by Matti Jantunen and published by WHO Regional Office Europe. This book was released on 1997 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most people spend most of their time indoors, and the poor quality of the indoor environment is a strong determinant of a variety of health problems. The principal way of preventing adverse health effects is to eliminate exposure to hazardous factors. But first, standardized methods of assessing exposure are necessary to assess the risk to health and to select optimal risk management actions. This book aims to facilitate the implementation of exposure assessment methods in public health practice.
Download or read book Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology written by Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This completely updated edition of Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology offers a practical introduction to exposure assessment methodologies in environmental epidemiologic studies. In addition to methods for traditional methods -- questionnaires, biomonitoring -- this new edition is expanded to include geographic information systems, modeling, personal sensoring, remote sensing, and OMICs technologies. In addition, each of these methods is contextualized within a recent epidemiology study, maximizing illustration for students and those new to these to these techniques. With clear writing and extensive illustration, this book will be useful to anyone interested in exposure assessment, regardless of background.
Download or read book Assessment of Personal Exposure to Air Pollution Based on Trajectory Data written by Guixing Wei and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air pollution has been among the biggest environmental risks to human health. Exposure assessment to air pollution is essentially a procedure to quantify the degree to which people get exposed to hazardous air pollution. Exposure assessment is also a critical step in health-related studies exploring the relationship between personal exposure to environmental stressors and adverse health outcomes. Given the critical role of exposure assessment, it is important to accurately quantify and characterize personal exposure in geographic space and time. For years numerous exposure assessment methods have been developed with respect to a wide spectrum of air pollutants. Of all the methods, the most commonly used one is to use a representative geographic unit as the surrogate location to estimate the potential impact from hazardous air pollution from differing sources on that location. The representative unit is one person's home location in most cases. Such studies, however, have failed to recognize the significance of both the dynamics of human activities and the variation of air pollution in geographic space and time. It is believed that personal exposure is essentially a function of space and time as an individual's time-activity patterns and intensities of air pollutant in question vary over space and time. It is therefore imperative to account for the spatiotemporal dynamics of both in exposure assessment. To this end, the goal of this study is to account for the spatiotemporal dynamics of both human time-activity patterns and air pollution for assessing personal exposure. More specifically this dissertation aims to achieve three objectives as summarized below. First, in light of the deficiency of existing home-based exposure assessment methods, this study proposes an innovative trajectory-based model for assessing personal exposure to ambient air pollution. This model provides a computational framework for assessing personal exposure when trajectories, documenting human spatiotemporal activities, are modeled into a series of tours, microenvironments (MEs), and visits. A set of individual-level trajectories was simulated to test the performance of the proposed model, in conjunction with one-day air pollution (PM2.5) data in Beijing, China. The results from the test demonstrated that the trajectory-based model is capable of capturing the spatiotemporal variation of personal exposure, thus providing more accurate, detailed and enriched information to better understand personal exposure. The findings indicate that there is considerable variation in intra-microenvironment and inter-microenvironment exposure, which identified the importance of distinguishing between different MEs. Moreover, this study tested the proposed model using an empirical dataset. Second, little is known about the difference between the estimated exposure based on home locations only and that considering the locations of all human activities. To fill this gap, this study aims to test whether the exposure calculated from the home-based method is statistically significantly different from the exposure estimated by the newly developed trajectory-based model. A Dataset containing 4,000 individual-level one-day trajectories (Dataset 1) was simulated to test the aforementioned hypothesis. The exposure estimates in comparison are the average hourly exposure over a 24-hour period from two exposure assessment methods. The 4,000 trajectories were split into another two subsets (Datasets 2, 3) according to the difference between home-based exposure estimates and trajectory-based exposure estimates. The Wilcoxon Signed-rank test was used to evaluate whether the difference between the two models is significant. The results show that the statistically significant difference was found only in Dataset 3. The same test was also applied to a set of empirical trajectories. The significant difference exists in the results from the empirical data. The mixed results suggest that additional research is needed to verify the difference between the two exposure assessment methods. Third, little research has taken into consideration of hourly traffic variation and human activities simultaneously in a model for assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. To fill this gap, this study develops a new trajectory-based model to quantify personal exposure to traffic emissions. The hourly share of daily traffic volume of each roadway in the study area was estimated by calculating the traffic allocation factors (TAFs) of each roadway. Next, the hourly traffic emission surfaces were built using the hourly shares and a kernel density algorithm. A 3-D cube representing the spatiotemporal distribution of traffic emission was constructed, which overlaid the simulated individual-level trajectory data for assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. The results showed that people's time-activity patterns (e.g., where an individual lives/works, where an individual travels) were significant factors in exposure assessment. This study suggests that people's time activities and hourly variation of traffic emission should be simultaneously addressed when assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. To sum up, this study has devoted a large effort in quantifying and characterizing personal exposure in geographic space and time. A few of contributions to the knowledge of exposure science are listed as follows. First, this study contributes two exposure assessment models in characterizing personal spatiotemporal exposure using trajectory data. One is developed for assessing personal exposure to ambient air pollution, and the other one is for assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. Second, this study demonstrates the intra- and inter-microenvironment variation of personal exposure and reveals the significance of people's time-activity patterns in exposure assessment. Third, this study investigates the difference in exposure estimates between conventional home-based methods considering home locations only and trajectory-based methods accounting for the locations of all activities. The mixed findings from Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests suggest more research is needed to explore how personal exposure varies with time-activity patterns. All these contributions will have important implications in exposure science, environment science, and epidemiology.
Download or read book Air Quality Guidelines written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2006 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents revised guideline values for the four most common air pollutants - particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide - based on a recent review of the accumulated scientific evidence. The rationale for selection of each guideline value is supported by a synthesis of information emerging from research on the health effects of each pollutant. As a result, these guidelines now also apply globally. They can be read in conjunction with Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, which is still the authority on guideline values for all other air pollutants. As well as revised guideline values, this book makes a brief yet comprehensive review of the issues affecting the application of the guidelines in risk assessment and policy development. Further, it summarizes information on: . pollution sources and levels in various parts of the world, . population exposure and characteristics affecting sensitivity to pollution, . methods for quantifying the health burden of air pollution, and . the use of guidelines in developing air quality standards and other policy tools. Finally, the special case of indoor air pollution is explored. Prepared by a large team of renowned international experts who considered conditions in various parts of the globe, these guidelines are applicable throughout the world. They provide reliable guidance for policy-makers everywhere when considering the various options for air quality management.
Download or read book Outdoor Air Pollution written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by IARC Monographs on the Evaluat. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, which met in Lyon, 8-15 October 2013."
Download or read book Development and Application of Individual and Population level Human Exposure Models for Fine Particles and Other Vehicle related Air Pollutants in Southern California written by Jun Wu and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Management of Emerging Public Health Issues and Risks written by Benoit Roig and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-11-13 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Management of Emerging Public Health Issues and Risks: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Changing Environment addresses the threats facing the rapidly changing world and provides guidance on how to manage risks to population health. Unlike conventional and recognized risks (major, industrial, and natural), emerging risks are characterized by low or non-existent scientific knowledge, high levels of uncertainty, and different levels of acceptability by the relevant authorities and exposed populations. Emerging risk must be analyzed through multiple and crossed approaches identifying the phenomenon linked to the emergence of risk but also by combining scientific, policy and social data in order to provide more enlightened decision making. Management of Emerging Public Health Issues and Risks: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Changing Environment provides examples of transdisciplinary approaches used to characterize, analyze, and manage emerging risks. This book will be useful for public health researchers, policy makers, and students as well as those working in emergency management, risk management, security, environmental health, nanomaterials, and food science. Presents emerging risks from the technological, environmental, health, and energy sectors, as well as their social impacts Contextualizes emerging risks as new threats, existing threats in new locations, and known issues, which are newly recognized as risks due to increased scientific knowledge Includes case studies from around the world to reinforce concepts
Download or read book Exposure Assessment in Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology written by Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2003-08-07 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Set against a background of growing public, media and political concern about occupational and environmental health issues, and a scientific need to better understand and explain the effects of pollutants on human health, this book is a unique resource. Contributions from an expert panel of international practitioners provide a comprehensive reference on the state of the art methods and applications in the field of occupational and environmental pollution and the adverse health effects, particularly the exposure assessment in epidemiological studies. Risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure are generally small, but the exposed population, and hence the population attributable risk, may be large. To detect small risk, the exposure assessment needs to be very refined. Exposure assessment is the study of the distribution and determinants of potentially hazardous agents, and includes the estimation of intensity, duration and frequency of exposure, the variation in these indices and their determinants. The aim of this book is to develop an understanding and knowledge of exposure assessment methods and their application to substantive issues in occupational and environmental epidemiology. The emphasis is on methodological principles and good practice. It is focused on exposure assessment in both occupational and environmental epidemiology since there are many similarities but also some interesting differences. The book outlines the basic principles of exposure assessment, and examines the current status and research questions in the exposure assessment of occupational and environmental epidemiological studies of allergens, particulate matter, chlorination disinfection by-products, agricultural pesticides and radiofrequencies. The book will be of interest to all concerned with exposure assessment and epidemiology. It will be a valuable source for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in exposure assessment, occupational hygiene, environmental science, epidemiology, toxicology, biostatistics, occupational and environmental health, health risk assessment and related disciplines and a useful resource of reference for policy makers and regulators.
Download or read book Residential Exposure Assessment written by Jeffrey Driver and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Residential Exposure Assessment: A Source Book is the result of a multiyear effort known as the Residential Exposure Assessment Project (REAP) which was initiated by the Society for Risk Analysis and the International Society of Exposure Analysis. This textbook is the primary product of the REAP and it contains contributions from over 30 professionals from a variety of disciplines such as chemistry, biology, physics, engi neering, industrial hygiene, toxicology, pharmacology, and environmental law, reflecting the diverse knowledge and resources necessary to assess and manage potential exposures occurring in and around the home. Expert working groups were organized for each of the 13 chapters to address such issues as U. S. legislation relevant to products used in and around the residence, methods for measuring and modeling exposures across multiple pathways and routes, and distributional data available for key residential exposure factors. This volume is a compendium of information about predictive methods and tools, monitoring methods, data sources, and key variables that characterize exposures in the residential setting. It presents approaches for doing exposure assessments in and around all types of residences. The purpose of the Source Book is to provide a resource for use in educational programs and for "practitioners" of residential exposure assessment. Accordingly, this book is intended for risk assessors, exposure assessors, students, initi ates new to the concept of risk assessment, industrial hygienists assessing health hazards in the home, engineers, and monitoring specialists.
Download or read book Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1991-02-01 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most people in the United States spend far more time indoors than outdoors. Yet, many air pollution regulations and risk assessments focus on outdoor air. These often overlook contact with harmful contaminants that may be at their most dangerous concentrations indoors. A new book from the National Research Council explores the need for strategies to address indoor and outdoor exposures and examines the methods and tools available for finding out where and when significant exposures occur. The volume includes: A conceptual framework and common terminology that investigators from different disciplines can use to make more accurate assessments of human exposure to airborne contaminants. An update of important developments in assessing exposure to airborne contaminants: ambient air sampling and physical chemical measurements, biological markers, questionnaires, time-activity diaries, and modeling. A series of examples of how exposure assessments have been applied-properly and improperly-to public health issues and how the committee's suggested framework can be brought into practice. This volume will provide important insights to improve risk assessment, risk management, pollution control, and regulatory programs.
Download or read book Environmental Tobacco Smoke written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1986-02-01 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive book examines the recent research investigating the characteristics and composition of different types of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and discusses possible health effects of ETS. The volume presents an overview of methods used to determine exposures to environmental smoke and reviews both chronic and acute health effects. Many recommendations are made for areas of further research, including the differences between smokers and nonsmokers in absorbing, metabolizing, and excreting the components of ETS, and the possible effects of ETS exposure during childhood and fetal life.
Download or read book Environmental Determinants of Human Health written by Jozef M. Pacyna and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-18 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polluted air and contaminated food and water are major causes of human health deterioration, but public health policy has long struggled to effectively address these concerns. This timely book--written for a wide audience of policy makers, researchers, and general readers--synthesizes what we already know about environmental hazards, identifies the gaps in our knowledge, and provides a roadmap for reducing human exposure to environmental pollution. With contributions from leading experts, Environmental Determinants of Human Health examines numerous pollutants, both inorganic and organic, in the context of their human health impacts. Individual chapters explore exposure pathways, macroeconomic impacts of human health deterioration, technological and non-technological methods for reducing exposures, monetary and non-monetary benefits from exposure reduction, and risk communication and awareness, including citizen participation approaches. This volume is a crucial text for policy makers requiring scientific justification for the development of new environmental regulations, scientists researching public health and environmental contamination, and members of the public interested in human health issues.
Download or read book Exposure Science in the 21st Century written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-10-28 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the use of personal products to our consumption of food, water, and air, people are exposed to a wide array of agents each day-many with the potential to affect health. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy investigates the contact of humans or other organisms with those agents (that is, chemical, physical, and biologic stressors) and their fate in living systems. The concept of exposure science has been instrumental in helping us understand how stressors affect human and ecosystem health, and in efforts to prevent or reduce contact with harmful stressors. In this way exposure science has played an integral role in many areas of environmental health, and can help meet growing needs in environmental regulation, urban and ecosystem planning, and disaster management. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy explains that there are increasing demands for exposure science information, for example to meet needs for data on the thousands of chemicals introduced into the market each year, and to better understand the health effects of prolonged low-level exposure to stressors. Recent advances in tools and technologies-including sensor systems, analytic methods, molecular technologies, computational tools, and bioinformatics-have provided the potential for more accurate and comprehensive exposure science data than ever before. This report also provides a roadmap to take advantage of the technologic innovations and strategic collaborations to move exposure science into the future.
Download or read book Environmental Epidemiology Volume 2 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-07-26 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Determining the health risks to humans of exposure to toxic substances in the environment is made difficult by problems such as measuring the degree to which people have been exposed and determining causationâ€"whether observed health effects are due to exposure to a suspected toxicant. Building on the well-received first volume, Environmental Epidemiology: Hazardous Wastes and Public Health, this second volume continues the examination of ways to address these difficulties. It describes effective epidemiological methods for analyzing data and focuses on errors that may occur in the course of analyses. The book also investigates the utility of the gray literature in helping to identify the often elusive causative agent behind reported health effects. Although gray literature studies are often based on a study group that is quite small, use inadequate measures of exposure, and are not published, many of the reports from about 20 states that were examined by the committee were judged to be publishable with some additional work. The committee makes recommendations to improve the utility of the gray literature by enhancing quality and availability.
