Download or read book Application specific Memory Subsystems written by Joseph G. Wingbermuehle and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The disparity in performance between processors and main memories has led computer architects to incorporate large cache hierarchies in modern computers. These cache hierarchies are designed to be general-purpose in that they strive to provide the best possible performance across a wide range of applications. However, such a memory subsystem does not necessarily provide the best possible performance for a particular application. Although general-purpose memory subsystems are desirable when the work-load is unknown and the memory subsystem must remain fixed, when this is not the case a custom memory subsystem may be beneficial. For example, in an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designed to run a particular application, a custom memory subsystem optimized for that application would be desirable. In addition, when there are tunable parameters in the memory subsystem, it may make sense to change these parameters depending on the application being run. Such a situation arises today with FPGAs and, to a lesser extent, GPUs, and it is plausible that general-purpose computers will begin to support greater flexibility in the memory subsystem in the future. In this dissertation, we first show that it is possible to create application-specific memory subsystems that provide much better performance than a general-purpose memory subsystem. In addition, we show a way to discover such memory subsystems automatically using a superoptimization technique on memory address traces gathered from applications. This allows one to generate a custom memory subsystem with little effort. We next show that our memory subsystem superoptimization technique can be used to optimize for objectives other than performance. As an example, we show that it is possible to reduce the number of writes to the main memory, which can be useful for main memories with limited write durability, such as flash or Phase-Change Memory (PCM). Finally, we show how to superoptimize memory subsystems for streaming applications, which are a class of parallel applications. In particular, we show that, through the use of ScalaPipe, we can author and deploy streaming applications targeting FPGAs with superoptimized memory subsystems. ScalaPipe is a domain-specific language (DSL) embedded in the Scala programming language for generating streaming applications that can be implemented on CPUs and FPGAs. Using the ScalaPipe implementation, we are able to demonstrate actual performance improvements using the superoptimized memory subsystem with applications implemented in hardware.

Download or read book Application specific Memory Subsystem Benchmarking written by Mahesh Lakshminarasimhan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Application performance often depends on achieved memory bandwidth. Achieved memory bandwidth varies greatly given specific combinations of instruction mix and order, working set size, and access pattern. Achieving good application performance depends on optimizing these characteristics within the constraints of the given application. This task is complicated due to the lack of information about the impact of small changes on the performance. Some information is provided by benchmarks, but most memory benchmarks are confined to simple access patterns that are not representative of patterns found in real applications. This thesis presents AdaptMemBench, a configurable benchmark framework designed to explore the performance capabilities of compute kernels extracted from applications. AdaptMemBench provides a framework to emulate application-specific memory access patterns. A set of templates manages standard timing and measurement tasks. The build system accommodates the polyhedral model, making the framework provides a convenient testbed for potential code optimizations. AdaptMemBench supports reproducibility in experimental results and facilitates sharing results. Given that small changes in benchmarks have a large impact on performance a common framework isolates the measured portions of code. This eases the process of rerunning experiments and porting to new systems. The strengths of AdaptMemBench are demonstrated through a collection of case studies on common compute kernels including: streaming patterns, multidimensional stencils, and sparse matrix operations."--Boise State University ScholarWorks.

Download or read book High Performance Memory Systems written by Haldun Hadimioglu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-27 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The State of Memory Technology Over the past decade there has been rapid growth in the speed of micropro cessors. CPU speeds are approximately doubling every eighteen months, while main memory speed doubles about every ten years. The International Tech nology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) study suggests that memory will remain on its current growth path. The ITRS short-and long-term targets indicate continued scaling improvements at about the current rate by 2016. This translates to bit densities increasing at two times every two years until the introduction of 8 gigabit dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips, after which densities will increase four times every five years. A similar growth pattern is forecast for other high-density chip areas and high-performance logic (e.g., microprocessors and application specific inte grated circuits (ASICs)). In the future, molecular devices, 64 gigabit DRAMs and 28 GHz clock signals are targeted. Although densities continue to grow, we still do not see significant advances that will improve memory speed. These trends have created a problem that has been labeled the Memory Wall or Memory Gap.

Download or read book Tools and Strategies for the Development of Application specific Virtual Memory Managers written by Keith A. Krueger and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dynamic Memory Management for Embedded Systems written by David Atienza Alonso and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-19 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a systematic and unified methodology, including basic principles and reusable processes, for dynamic memory management (DMM) in embedded systems. The authors describe in detail how to design and optimize the use of dynamic memory in modern, multimedia and network applications, targeting the latest generation of portable embedded systems, such as smartphones. Coverage includes a variety of design and optimization topics in electronic design automation of DMM, from high-level software optimization to microarchitecture-level hardware support. The authors describe the design of multi-layer dynamic data structures for the final memory hierarchy layers of the target portable embedded systems and how to create a low-fragmentation, cost-efficient, dynamic memory management subsystem out of configurable components for the particular memory allocation and de-allocation patterns for each type of application. The design methodology described in this book is based on propagating constraints among design decisions from multiple abstraction levels (both hardware and software) and customizing DMM according to application-specific data access and storage behaviors.

Download or read book Memory Systems written by Bruce Jacob and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2010-07-28 with total page 1017 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is your memory hierarchy stopping your microprocessor from performing at the high level it should be? Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk shows you how to resolve this problem. The book tells you everything you need to know about the logical design and operation, physical design and operation, performance characteristics and resulting design trade-offs, and the energy consumption of modern memory hierarchies. You learn how to to tackle the challenging optimization problems that result from the side-effects that can appear at any point in the entire hierarchy.As a result you will be able to design and emulate the entire memory hierarchy. - Understand all levels of the system hierarchy -Xcache, DRAM, and disk. - Evaluate the system-level effects of all design choices. - Model performance and energy consumption for each component in the memory hierarchy.

Download or read book Design and Analysis of Application Specific SRAM Memory for Embedded Systems written by Abhijit Sil and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Innovations in the Memory System written by Rajeev Balasubramonian and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a tour through recent and prominent works regarding new DRAM chip designs and technologies, near data processing approaches, new memory channel architectures, techniques to tolerate the overheads of refresh and fault tolerance, security attacks and mitigations, and memory scheduling. The memory system will soon be a hub for future innovation. While conventional memory systems focused primarily on high density, other memory system metrics like energy, security, and reliability are grabbing modern research headlines. With processor performance stagnating, it is also time to consider new programming models that move some application computations into the memory system. This, in turn, will lead to feature-rich memory systems with new interfaces. The past decade has seen a number of memory system innovations that point to this future where the memory system will be much more than dense rows of unintelligent bits.

Download or read book Memory Subsystem in Multicore Architectures written by Vahid Roostaie and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2014-11-19 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cache coherency and memory consistency are of the most decisive and challenging issues in the design of shared-memory multi-core systems that influence both the correctness and performance of parallel programs. In this book, we identify and analyze the problem of designing a coherent/consistent memory subsystem in general and then focus on FPGA-based multi-core embedded systems containing general purpose CPU's and dedicated hardware accelerators. We narrow down the range of the problem by targeting only the stream-based applications and developing dedicated application-specific solutions. A flexible Windowed-FIFO communication pattern is proposed to be used by the parallel programs being run on the multi-core system. The software APIs for the FPGA platform are implemented and tested, a customized streaming cache memory is designed, implemented and tested based on the proposed communication pattern and in the end, example embedded systems are developed and tested on the FPGA platform to prove the correct functionality of the APIs, the cache memory and the coherent data communication between the cores.

Download or read book Intelligent Memory Systems written by Frederic T. Chong and published by Springer. This book was released on 2003-06-29 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are pleased to present this collection of papers from the Second Workshop on Intelligent Memory Systems. Increasing die densities and inter chip communication costs continue to fuel interest in intelligent memory systems. Since the First Workshop on Mixing Logic and DRAM in 1997, technologies and systems for computation in memory have developed quickly. The focus of this workshop was to bring together researchers from academia and industry to discuss recent progress and future goals. The program committee selected 8 papers and 6 poster session abstracts from 29 submissions for inclusion in the workshop. Four to five members of the program committee reviewed each submission and their reviews were used to numerically rank them and guide the selection process. We believe that the resulting program is of the highest quality and interest possible. The selected papers cover a wide range of research topics such as circuit technology, processor and memory system architecture, compilers, operating systems, and applications. They also present a mix of mature projects, work in progress, and new research ideas. The workshop also included two invited talks. Dr. Subramanian Iyer (IBM Microelectronics) provided an overview of embedded memory technology and its potential. Dr. Mark Snir (IBM Research) presented the Blue Gene, an aggressive supercomputer system based on intelligent memory technology.

Download or read book High level Synthesis of Memory intensive Application specific Systems written by Pravil Gupta and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Primer on Memory Persistency written by Vaibhav Gogte and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2022-02-09 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to emerging persistent memory (PM) technologies that promise the performance of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) with the durability of traditional storage media, such as hard disks and solid-state drives (SSDs). Persistent memories (PMs), such as Intel's Optane DC persistent memories, are commercially available today. Unlike traditional storage devices, PMs can be accessed over a byte-addressable load-store interface with access latency that is comparable to DRAM. Unfortunately, existing hardware and software systems are ill-equipped to fully avail the potential of these byte-addressable memory technologies as they have been designed to access traditional storage media over a block-based interface. Several mechanisms have been explored in the research literature over the past decade to design hardware and software systems that provide high-performance access to PMs. Because PMs are durable, they can retain data across failures, such as power failures and program crashes. Upon a failure, recovery mechanisms may inspect PM data, reconstruct state and resume program execution. Correct recovery of data requires that operations to the PM are properly ordered during normal program execution. Memory persistency models define the order in which memory operations are performed at the PM. Much like memory consistency models, memory persistency models may be relaxed to improve application performance. Several proposals have emerged recently to design memory persistency models for hardware and software systems and for high-level programming languages. These proposals differ in several key aspects; they relax PM ordering constraints, introduce varying programmability burden, and introduce differing granularity of failure atomicity for PM operations. This primer provides a detailed overview of the various classes of the memory persistency models, their implementations in hardware, programming languages and software systems proposed in the recent research literature, and the PM ordering techniques employed by modern processors.

Download or read book Memory Systems 1994 written by Daniel L. Schacter and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assembled by the prominent psychologists Daniel Schacter and Endel Tulving, the contributions in "Memory Systems 1994" focus on the nature and number of memory systems in humans and animals. Together they present ideas from cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and neuroscience in a review of intriguing experimental outcomes at the cutting edge of this domain, grappling, often passionately, with the behavioral and neuroanatomical composition of memory systems and subsystems. Chapters are revised versions of contributions that appeared in a special issue of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. This book includes an integrated discussion of and cross-commentary on the earlier contributions. "A Bradford Book"

Download or read book Innovations in the Memory System written by Rajeev Balasubramonian and published by Synthesis Lectures on Computer. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a tour through recent and prominent works regarding new DRAM chip designs and technologies, near data processing approaches, new memory channel architectures, techniques to tolerate the overheads of refresh and fault tolerance, security attacks and mitigations, and memory scheduling. The memory system will soon be a hub for future innovation. While conventional memory systems focused primarily on high density, other memory system metrics like energy, security, and reliability are grabbing modern research headlines. With processor performance stagnating, it is also time to consider new programming models that move some application computations into the memory system. This, in turn, will lead to feature-rich memory systems with new interfaces. The past decade has seen a number of memory system innovations that point to this future where the memory system will be much more than dense rows of unintelligent bits.

Download or read book Application specific Software Defined Memory written by Chenzhuo Zhu and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past three decades, the clock frequency of CPU processors has increased more than 10x. With the multi-core architecture, CPU processors continue to deliver more and more compute power each year. In contrast, the memory speed is limited by physical constraints and increasingly complicated system topology. Non-uniform memory access, or NUMA, in which one or more types of memory devices are distributed in the system, has become a new normal in today's data center. Non-uniform memory access effects often limit the performance of modern NUMA systems. Remote memory accesses have lower bandwidth and can be hundreds of nanoseconds to microseconds slower than local DRAM accesses. While many memory-intensive applications demonstrate diversified access patterns in both time and space, existing memory systems are hardwired and cannot optimize to application-specific memory access patterns. In this thesis, I will propose Software Defined Memory architecture (SDM), a novel memory system that allows the software to define application-specific policies for data placement and coherence for the critical subset of the data in a NUMA system. I will demonstrate the hardware design of SDM, and discuss the policy designs for application-specific data placement, data coherence, and software-defined memory access. The SDM design significantly improves the performance of HPC applications in a NUMA system, by 2.13x on average for investigated HPC applications, and generates 2.6x performance per dollar for critical database applications.

Download or read book The Memory System written by Bruce Jacob and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, computer-system optimization, at both the hardware and software levels, must consider the details of the memory system in its analysis; failing to do so yields systems that are increasingly inefficient as those systems become more complex. This lecture seeks to introduce the reader to the most important details of the memory system; it targets both computer scientists and computer engineers in industry and in academia. Roughly speaking, computer scientists are the users of the memory system and computer engineers are the designers of the memory system. Both can benefit tremendously from a basic understanding of how the memory system really works: the computer scientist will be better equipped to create algorithms that perform well and the computer engineer will be better equipped to design systems that approach the optimal, given the resource limitations. Currently, there is consensus among architecture researchers that the memory system is "the bottleneck," and this consensus has held for over a decade. Somewhat inexplicably, most of the research in the field is still directed toward improving the CPU to better tolerate a slow memory system, as opposed to addressing the weaknesses of the memory system directly. This lecture should get the bulk of the computer science and computer engineering population up the steep part of the learning curve. Not every CS/CE researcher/developer needs to do work in the memory system, but, just as a carpenter can do his job more efficiently if he knows a little of architecture, and an architect can do his job more efficiently if he knows a little of carpentry, giving the CS/CE worlds better intuition about the memory system should help them build better systems, both software and hardware. Table of Contents: Primers / It Must Be Modeled Accurately / ...\ and It Will Change Soon

Download or read book Programming Persistent Memory written by Steve Scargall and published by Apress. This book was released on 2020-01-09 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning and experienced programmers will use this comprehensive guide to persistent memory programming. You will understand how persistent memory brings together several new software/hardware requirements, and offers great promise for better performance and faster application startup times—a huge leap forward in byte-addressable capacity compared with current DRAM offerings. This revolutionary new technology gives applications significant performance and capacity improvements over existing technologies. It requires a new way of thinking and developing, which makes this highly disruptive to the IT/computing industry. The full spectrum of industry sectors that will benefit from this technology include, but are not limited to, in-memory and traditional databases, AI, analytics, HPC, virtualization, and big data. Programming Persistent Memory describes the technology and why it is exciting the industry. It covers the operating system and hardware requirements as well as how to create development environments using emulated or real persistent memory hardware. The book explains fundamental concepts; provides an introduction to persistent memory programming APIs for C, C++, JavaScript, and other languages; discusses RMDA with persistent memory; reviews security features; and presents many examples. Source code and examples that you can run on your own systems are included. What You’ll Learn Understand what persistent memory is, what it does, and the value it brings to the industry Become familiar with the operating system and hardware requirements to use persistent memory Know the fundamentals of persistent memory programming: why it is different from current programming methods, and what developers need to keep in mind when programming for persistence Look at persistent memory application development by example using the Persistent Memory Development Kit (PMDK)Design and optimize data structures for persistent memoryStudy how real-world applications are modified to leverage persistent memoryUtilize the tools available for persistent memory programming, application performance profiling, and debugging Who This Book Is For C, C++, Java, and Python developers, but will also be useful to software, cloud, and hardware architects across a broad spectrum of sectors, including cloud service providers, independent software vendors, high performance compute, artificial intelligence, data analytics, big data, etc.