Download or read book Early Indian Metallurgy written by Paul Craddock and published by . This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most studies of ancient technology have hitherto been based on the civilisations of the Mediterranean and Middle East, especially those of Egypt, Greece and Rome. In this volume the extraordinarily well preserved remains at three major mining and metal production sites in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan (Agucha, Dariba and Zawar) were revealed. At these sites, by survey and archaeological excavation, the authors, studied the long-term development of mining and smelting activity over 3000 years. At Dariba and Agucha silver was mined by the Mauryan Empire on a colossal scale over 2,000 years ago. At Zawar the Mauryan mines seem to have produced mainly zinc oxide, but in the Medieval period zinc metal was produced by advanced processes of high temperature distillation, almost certainly the earliest commercial zinc production in the world. Here the laboratory processes described in the early Indian scientific works were developed into major industrial processes, the birth of chemical industry at least 500 years before similar developments began in Europe. The authors also analyse the decline and rebirth of extractive metallurgy in India.
Download or read book A History of Metallurgy in India written by Gurprit Singh and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2018-01-20 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metals and their knowledge have have been important in historic as well as pre-historic ages. Many of the pre-historic artefacts are still a wonder to the modern man. When we visit places like Ajanta, Ellora caves, Konark Temple at Bhubaneshwar, Taj Mahal at Agra, Qutb Minar and Ashoka Pillar at Delhi, we look with awe the craftsmanship of the sculptors and metal workers. A strong culture of technology is necessary for creation of such masterpieces.The monuments made of stones needed a few basic metal implements: chisels and hammers. How did these originate? Before the making of basic metal tools, stone based tools were only available which were heavy and got blunted easily and could not be used for agriculture. Metal tools are harder, last longer and are re-workable. Thus it is said that with the proliferation of metal usage, agriculture and stock-raising expanded many times. Also the villages prospered and towns came into being.Copper was the first metal man had contact with. The first copper used was native copper. Copper metallurgy in India dates back to the start of the Chalcolithic culture in the sub-continent. The Harappans extensively used Copper and Bronze to make knives, daggers, arrowheads, axes, chisel, bangles, bracelets and beads.The source of metal is the next point to think of. Was the metal obtained in a native state or extracted from ore? Also the usage of flux then to remove gangue as slag needs pondering. The shape and capacity of the furnace used is also important. Whether the metal was used as it is or alloyed with some other metal, is another query? The process of solidification by casting or the object formation by forge-welding/forging is another question. Such questions need to be answered to know about the scientific basis and technical skills of the Copper smelters and smiths in ancient times.But there are no direct answers. Answers are hidden under artefacts, furnaces, slags and other archaeological evidences. World over we find a well-marked sequence of usage of metals: copper-arsenical, copper-tin, bronze, iron, occurs which may suggest a diffusion process. However, we do not get the full sequence and in some parts we go from Neolithic technology to an Early Iron Age civilization. For a long time, the theory of the diffusion of ideas and techniques has been generally. But now, the long held general diffusional thesis for spread of metallurgy has come under cloud. The second metal iron was used in India after Copper and Bronze, as in other parts of the world and in India it was made indigenously. One may recall mastery in metal casting from the Indus times with the shining example of the dancing girl, cast in Bronze by cire purdue process. Subsequently, heavy tools and implements have been found in the copper hoards in the gangetic plains during 2000-1500 BCE. The modern day Zinc was already being produced in India in 12th to 13th centuries in the Zawar region of Rajasthan. The Ashoka Pillar at Mehraulli created in the 4th-5th century CE is a wonder having withstood 1600 monsoons which testifies its extraordinary qualitative feature. Wootz known worldwide as the famous Damascus steel was another product from master craftsmen of India many centuries years ago. The medieval period saw the emphasis on producing war implements and the Shahi Karkhanas came up and master craftsmen from West Asia came to make large iron cannons which started replacing bronze cannons.The remarkable skills of the Indian Metallurgists did get lost to the world during British rule possibly due to the 1857 mutiny after which making of firearms including the famous swords was halted. Mines were closed and even the miners were extinct. The arrival of the British saw the synergy of indigenous Indian metallurgy and western technology. Later came up the Indian Iron and Steel company and Tata Iron and Steel companies.This book is an introduction to the history of metallurgy in India since Ancient times.
Download or read book Mining and Metallurgy in Ancient India written by Rina Shrivastava and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Illustrations: 4 Maps and 47 B/w Illustrations Description: This is one of the few well documented, well-researched and well-presented book on the history of mining and metallurgy in ancient India based on archaeological, literary and ethnological evidences and on first hand knowledge of various mining sites. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this work of about 300 pages consists chapters on mineral ores in ancient India, gold, silver, copper and bronze, iron and zinc. This book also contains 4 maps and 47 illustrations.
Download or read book Aspects of Ancient Indian Technology written by Hari C. Bhardwaj and published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. This book was released on 1979 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Iron in Ancient India written by Panchanan Neogi and published by . This book was released on 1914 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia written by Miljana Radivojević and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2021-12-23 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia is a landmark study in the evolution of early metallurgy in the Balkans. It demonstrates that far from being a rare and elite practice, the earliest metallurgy in the world was a common and communal craft activity.
Download or read book Story of the Delhi Iron Pillar written by R. Balasubramaniam and published by Foundation Books. This book was released on 2005 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Story of the Delhi Iron Pillar traces the history of the pillar located in the Qutub Complex and describes its structure in detail. It unravels the mystery behind the resistance of the pillar to corrosion for more than sixteen centuries. It also discusses the amazing process by which the pillar was manufactured using the technical know-how available at the time. the book is primarily aimed at general readers and tourists, with a view to igniting their interest in this metallurgical wonder of ancient India. Written in simple language and a lucid style, it carries numerous photographs and elaborate figures to enhance the discussion.
Download or read book Metallography and Microstructure in Ancient and Historic Metals written by David A. Scott and published by Getty Publications. This book was released on 1992-01-02 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: David A. Scott provides a detailed introduction to the structure and morphology of ancient and historic metallic materials. Much of the scientific research on this important topic has been inaccessible, scattered throughout the international literature, or unpublished; this volume, although not exhaustive in its coverage, fills an important need by assembling much of this information in a single source. Jointly published by the GCI and the J. Paul Getty Museum, the book deals with many practical matters relating to the mounting, preparation, etching, polishing, and microscopy of metallic samples and includes an account of the way in which phase diagrams can be used to assist in structural interpretation. The text is supplemented by an extensive number of microstructural studies carried out in the laboratory on ancient and historic metals. The student beginning the study of metallic materials and the conservation scientist who wishes to carry out structural studies of metallic objects of art will find this publication quite useful.
Download or read book An Introduction to Ancient Indian Metallurgy written by K. T. M. Hegde and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Study of the Chalcolithic sites in India.
Download or read book Researches Into the Origin and Affinity of the Principal Languages of Asia and Europe written by Vans Kennedy and published by . This book was released on 1828 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ancient African Metallurgy written by Michael S. Bisson and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2000 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gold. Copper. Iron. Metal working in Africa has been the subject of both popular lore and extensive archaeological investigation. In this volume, four leading archaeologists attempt to provide a complete synthesis of current debates and understandings: When, how and where was metal first introduced to the continent? How were iron and copper tools, implements, and objects used in everyday life, in trade, in political and cultural contexts? What role did metals play in the ideological systems of precolonial African peoples? Substantive chapters address the origins of African metal working and analyze the specific uses, technology, and ideology of both copper and iron. An ethnoarchaeological account in the words of a contemporary iron worker enriches the archaeological explanations. The volume will be of great value to scholars and students of archaeology, African history, and the history of technology.
Download or read book Archaeometallurgy in India written by Vibha Tripathi and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Papers presented at the National Seminar on Indian Archaeometallurgy held at Banaras Hindu University in Oct. 1991.
Download or read book Vedic Metallurgy written by Akhilesh Joshi and published by . This book was released on 2020-06-11 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes,- The Indian culture and tradition as well as the science behind it.-The 'Yajna' based ancient Mining and Foundry Industry.-Interlinking some of the mythological stories and advanced technology.- The evidences of science in the books like 'Vedas'.-The meaning of the Sanskrit verses.-The supreme ritual in the Vedic culture was Yajna. The present ritual is inclined towards the religion and spirituality. But Obtaining the pure metal was the main purpose of Yajna.- Similarly the Metallurgy of Mercury has also disappeared and which was important to mankind.
Download or read book Metals in Antiquity written by Suzanne M. M. Young and published by British Archaeological Reports Oxford Limited. This book was released on 1999 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Papers presented at a symposium Metals in Antiquity held in 1997 at Harvard University, which sought to explore the distribution of metals in the natural environment, and extractive metallurgy and fabrication processes, as well as the social context, use and deposition of artefacts.
Download or read book History of Nanotechnology written by Madhuri Sharon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-03-07 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scientific knowledge of nanoscience and nanotechnology is regarded to be a modern sciencethat evolved after Feynman’s concept was formulated in the 1950s. However, Faraday and other scientists in the 19th century showed the science behind the small and its relation to optical properties. And it is now accepted that knowledge of using nanoparticles prevailed during the medieval period as well. This book takes the readers on a fascinating journey writing the history of nanotechnology based on the evidence of existence from the prehistoric period right up to the contemporary times. Nature utilized nanotechnology during the origin and expansion of the universe and especially in the evolution of living beings on our planet. Early civilizations in different parts of globe fabricated and used materials without having perception of their actual size. This unique historical view systematically evaluates the development of various applications of nanotechnology through the ages and the science behind it. Some of the issues covered include: • How old is nanotechnology? • Pre-historic evidence of knowledge of nanotechnology • Nanotechnology in ancient India • Ayurvedic Bhasma as nanomedicine • Mayan’s knowledge of nanotechnology • Nanotechnology during the Roman empire and medieval period • European knowledge in the 19th century • Modern and contemporary history of nanotechnology This book is compilation of existence of scientific knowledge even of the people who existed before there were schools, universities and organized teaching. The author has scoured literature dating back to Mayan ... as well as historical observations A systematic evaluation of development of various applications of nanotechnology and the science behind it is presented in this book under following headings -How old is Nanotechnology -Pre-historic Evidence of Knowledge of Nanotechnology -Nanotechnology in Ancient India -Ayurvedic Bhasma as Nanomedicine, its use prevails even today -Mayan’s Knowledge of Nanotechnology -Nanotechnologists Flourished During Roman Empire and medieval period -European Nano knowledge That Led to Faraday Understands of Gold Nanoparticles -Contemporary History of Nanotechnology
Download or read book Metallurgy in Antiquity written by Robert James Forbes and published by Brill Archive. This book was released on 1950 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Advancements of Ancient India s Vedic Culture written by Stephen Knapp and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows how the planet's earliest civilization lead the world in both material and spiritual progress. From the Vedic culture of ancient India thousands of years ago, we find the origins of such things as mathematics, especially algebra and geometry, as well as early astronomy and planetary observations, many instances of which can be read in the historical Vedic texts. Medicine in Ayurveda was also the first to prescribe herbs for the remedy of disease, surgical instruments for operations, and more. Other developments that were far superior and ahead of the rest of the world include:* Writing and language, especially the development of sophisticated Sanskrit;* Metallurgy and making the best known steel at the time;* Ship building and global maritime trade; * Textiles and the dying of fabric for which India was known all over the world;* Agricultural and botanical achievements;* Precise Vedic arts in painting, dance and music;* The educational systems and the most famous of the early universities, like Nalanda and Takshashila;* The source of individual freedom and fair government, and the character and actions of rulers; * Military and the earliest of martial arts;* Along with some of the most intricate, deep and profound of all philosophies and spiritual paths, which became the basis of many religions that followed later around the world. These and more are the developments that came from India, much of which has been forgotten, but should again be recognized as the heritage of the ancient Indian Vedic tradition that continues to inspire humanity.
