Download or read book Analytical Methods for PFAS in Products and the Environment written by Schöpel, Miriam and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2022-03-08 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Available online: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2022-510/ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of substances that have been widely used in articles since many years. They are found wherever extreme conditions prevail and particularly high demands are placed on materials. Their use spans over many different sectors ranging from fire-fighting foams to the manufacture of everyday articles like water-repellent outdoor jackets or stain-proofing agents.On the other side, PFASs are not easily degradable and can remain in the environment for decades. In addition, the use of PFASs has raised human and environmental concerns. In Europe, some PFASs are therefore classified as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) and very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) under the REACH Regulation. The following report provides an overview of currently available analytical methods for PFASs in different matrices.
Download or read book Analysis of needs for enforcement of PFAS in articles and chemical products written by Krause, Maren and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Available online: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2024-510/ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of substances that have been widely used for decades due to their surface-active properties. However, their characteristic resistance to degradation in combination with other properties of concern for human health and the environment has resulted in regulatory actions such as restrictions towards this group of substances, in the EU and globally. Compliance with restrictions as well as enforcement by authorities is key to reduce intentional use of restricted PFAS in articles and chemical products. To analyse PFAS accurately, robust and reliable analytical methods are required. This report evaluates the current situation related to PFAS-analyses and enforcement (including challenges and needs) and propose measures/strategies to enable and/or improve enforcement of, and compliance with current and future, PFAS restrictions.
Download or read book Guide to Environmental Analytical Methods written by Robert E. Wagner and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Standard Guide for PFAS Analytical Methods Selection written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Guide to Environmental Analytical Methods written by Robert E. Wagner and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide condenses the information used most often from major environmental documentation such as SW-846; EPA 200, 500, and 600 Series; Standard Methods; and the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) into one reference. The tabular approach effectively summarizes the key information (differences and similarities) of the most frequently referenced analytical methods. Included are method detection limits, calibration techniques, quality control requirements, analytes covered, sample storage, sample preservation, instrumentation, field sampling requirements, and other key parameters. There is also a compound cross-reference master list that allows the user to search for information by compound name. This table lists the methods in which the compound can be found, supplying an easy route for method selection. Quality assurance/quality control tables from the original methods have been included in the Appendix along with vital EPA regional information and a glossary of common terms and abbreviations.
Download or read book Compendium of Analytical Methods Method summaries written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Monitoring and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The cost of inaction written by Gretta Goldenman and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2019-03-17 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PFAS (per and polyfluoroalkylsubstances) are known to be extremely difficult to degrade in the environment and to be bioaccumulative and toxic. Exposure to PFAS is suspected to increase the risk of adverse health effects, such as impacts on the thyroid gland, the liver, fat metabolism and the immune system. This study estimates the socioeconomic costs that may result from impacts on human health and the environment from the use of PFAS. Better awareness of the costs and problems associated with PFAS exposure will assist decision-makers and the general public to make more efficient and timely risk management decisions. Findings indicate that the costs are substantial, with annual health-related costs estimated to 2.8 – 4.6 billion EUR for the Nordic countries and 52 – 84 billion EUR for all EEA countries. Overall non-health costs are estimated at 46 million – 11 billion EUR for the Nordic countries.Upon request the excel spreadsheets used for the monetarisation and valuation in this report can also be provided along with a guidance on how to use the estimation of costs for value transfer. Please contact any of the consultants or members of the steering group from the Swedish Chemicals Agency or the Danish Environmental Protection Agency if you are interested in receiving these excel spreadsheets.
Download or read book Forever Chemicals written by David M. Kempisty and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-07-29 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forever Chemicals: Environmental, Economic, and Social Equity Concerns with PFAS in the Environment provides the reader with an understanding of the complex and interwoven issues associated with per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) in our environment. The chapters provide in-depth perspective into various issues, including health, regulation, detection, clean-up strategies and technologies, and more. Taken together or as the reader’s interests lead them, the variety of topics covered in the book present a balanced perspective on this complex topic. It will address the current state of PFAS and where indicators are pointing for future developments. The book is also a deeper investigation of the regulatory challenges, analytical hurdles, and toxicological progress to date for the suite of PFAS chemicals. Features Explains the trends that will affect future policy and regulatory decisions Looks holistically at 4000+ PFAS chemicals Includes PFAS risk assessments at contaminated sites and biomonitoring insights Provides in-depth discussions on remediation technologies Illustrates quality and diversified content Provides a balanced perspective on this complex topic
Download or read book Guide to Environmental Analytical Methods written by Wagner RE Ed and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Condenses the information used most often from major environmental documentation such as SW-846; EPA 200, 500, and 600 Series; Standard Methods; and the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) into one reference.
Download or read book Handbook of Analytical Methods For Environmental Samples written by Ontario. Ministry of the Environment. Laboratory Services and Applied Research Branch and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Review of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Environmental Pollutants written by Nederlandse Centrale Organisatie voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek. Research Institute for Environmental Hygiene and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book PFAS in paper and board for food contact written by Xenia Trier and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2018-04-25 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are used in paper and board food contact materials (FCMs) and they have been found to be highly persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. The purpose of the Nordic workshop and of this report is to: * create an overview of the use of PFAS in FCMs of paper and board and of the toxicity and migration into food of the various substances * provide an overview of whether appropriate risk assessments for fluorinated substances exist as a basis for specific regulations or recommendations * provide an overview of whether analytical methods suitable for analysing and regulating the substances are available * discuss the possibility and structure of national regulations or Nordic recommendations for PFAS in FCMs of paper and board. Risk management to reduce the total content of organically bound fluorine in paper and board FCMs is supported.
Download or read book The U S Environmental Protection Agency Compendium of Analytical Methods written by Mitre Corporation and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Selected Analytical Methods written by American Public Health Association (Washington D. C.) and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Analysis written by W. Kleiböhmer and published by Elsevier Science. This book was released on 2001-11-08 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Environmental Analysis" covers a compilation of analytical methods for the determination of a wide range of environmental priority pollutants, including amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, phenols, PCBs, and also including organometallic species, polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles and metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For all environmental pollutants, an overview and an assessment of value of a broad range of relevant methods including conventional techniques but also of advanced separation and sample preparation techniques given, with all possible matrices being considered. This book does not only give up-to-date material on sampling and sample pre-treatment, extraction techniques, clean-up, pre-fractionation, different types of chromatographic methods and quality assurance, but also information on actual and upcoming analytical problems, such as the determination of polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles and of metabolites of PAH. The final chapter is devoted to the important role of analytic separation methods in water quality control. Experienced and well-known authors have contributed their knowledge and expertise to individual chapters.
Download or read book Analytical Method Development for the Identification Detection and Quantification of Emerging Environmental Contaminants in Complex Matrices written by Benjamin J. Place and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of analytical methods for emerging contaminants creates many unique challenges for analytical chemists. By their nature, emerging contaminants have inherent data gaps related to their environmental occurrence, fate, and impact. This dissertation is a compilation of three studies related to method development for the structural identification of emerging contaminants, the detection and quantification of chemicals used in unprecedented quantities and applications, and the extraction of compounds from complex matrices where the solvent-solute-matrix interactions are not completely understood. The three studies present analytical methods developed for emerging contaminants in complex matrices, including: fluorochemical surfactants in aqueous film-forming foams, oil dispersant surfactants in seawater, and fullerene nanomaterials in carbonaceous solids. Aqueous film-forming foams, used in military and commercial firefighting, represent environmentally-relevant commercial mixtures that contain a variety of fluorochemical surfactants. Combining the surfactant-selective ionization of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry with high resolution mass spectrometry, chemical formulas for 11 different fluorochemical classes were identified. Then AFFF-related patents were used to determine the structures. Of the eleven classes of fluorochemicals, ten have little, if any, data on their environmental occurrence, fate, and potential impacts in the peer-reviewed literature. In addition, nine of the identified classes had either cationic or zwitterionic functionalities and are likely to have different transport properties compared to the well-studied anionic fluorochemicals, such as perfluorooctanoate. After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the summer of 2010, one of the emergency response methods for the mitigation of the oil's environmental impact was the use of unprecedented amounts of oil dispersant to break down the oil slick and encourage biodegradation. This event illustrated the need for rapid analytical method development in order to respond to the potential environmental disaster in a timely manner. Using large volume injection liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, an analytical method was developed for the trace analysis of the multiple dispersant surfactant classes and the potential degradation products of the primary surfactant. Limits of detection ranged from 49 - 3,000 ng/L. The method provided excellent recovery (86 - 119%) and precision (10 - 23% RSD), while also accommodating for the high salinity of seawater samples and analyte contamination. Despite the fact that fullerene nanomaterials have been studied for almost three decades, research is still being conducted to fully understand the environmental properties of these materials. Previous studies to extract fullerenes from environmental matrices have resulted in low efficiency, high variability, or the extraction efficiencies have gone unreported. Extraction by ultrasonication with toluene and 1-methylnaphthalene increased the recovery 5-fold of a spiked, isotopically-labeled C60 surrogate from carbon lampblack as compared to that of the conventional approach of extracting with 100% toluene. The study revealed the importance of evaluating experimental variables such as extraction solvent composition and volume, and sample mass, as they have a significant impact on the quantitative extraction of fullerenes from environmental matrices.
Download or read book Characterization and Identification of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS in the Environment and Consumer Products Via High resolution Mass Spectrometry and Oxidative Conversion written by Jonathan Zweigle and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of anthropogenic organic chemicals that are characterized by their carbon fluorine bonds. Due to their unique characteristics that include high stability, oil- and water-repellent properties and more, they are used in countless consumer products and industrial processes. While in perfluorinated compounds every C-H bond is substituted by a C-F bond, polyfluorinated compounds are only partially fluorinated and consist also of a hydrocarbon part. The fully fluorinated moieties of PFAS, usually perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroether chains, are extremely persistent in the environment. As a result of this persistence combined with the extensive use, PFAS can be detected everywhere in the environment as well as in humans. While some polyfluorinated compounds are partially transformed in the environment, they eventually form persistent end products such as perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) which is why they are also referred to as precursors. The sheer number of individual PFAS makes their analytical detection very challenging. Since PFAS are industrial chemicals, the availability of reference standards is limited. Therefore, chromatographic techniques coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are necessary for a more comprehensive characterization of the PFAS in the environment. In the first part of this dissertation, methods for a prioritization and subsequent identification of PFAS in both environmental and consumer product samples were developed and validated in selected case studies. Since during so-called non-target screening (NTS), large datasets are acquired, an efficient prioritization is crucial to isolate the analytes of interest from background signals and other detected compounds. In case of PFAS, their intrinsic properties were used to separate them from other organic compounds in the HRMS datasets. The novel MD/C-m/C approach that uses the chemical mass defect (MD) and the mass (m) normalized to the carbon number (C) was theoretically evaluated with ~490,000 chemical formulas from online database to show that a wide range of PFAS can efficiently be separated from non-PFAS in the presence of other substances. PFAS with at least 55 mass percent of fluorine, a F/C ratio > 0.8, or a H/F ratio 0.8 were separable from other compound classes showing the great potential to remove unwanted compounds from HRMS datasets. To also prioritize PFAS fragmentation spectra, important fragment mass difference (or neutral losses) of common PFAS were determined, evaluated, and used to detect MS/MS spectra and identify PFAS in both extracts of coated papers and soils. This approach, combined with other NTS techniques was used to identify and semi-quantify several novel PFAS in a highly contaminated agricultural soil from north-western Germany where over 70 PFAS were detected that were previously unknown on this site. The total concentration was estimated to be 30 mg/kg total identified PFAS. Furthermore, the contamination was almost entirely dominated by perfluorinated compounds including SF5-perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids which indicated a unique source of contamination. Eventually, several existing and here developed NTS techniques were combined into PF∆Screen, an open-source Python-based NTS tool for a vendor-independent prioritization and partial annotation of PFAS in HRMS raw data. The functionality of PF∆Screen was demonstrated by its application to four contaminated soils from south-western Germany where over 80 PFAS were identified including novel transformation products. In the second part, a photocatalytic oxidation method (PhotoTOP) was developed that allows the quantitative conversion of unknown precursors to their terminal end products perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The PhotoTOP uses the production of hydroxyl radicals from irradiation of TiO2 (UV/TiO2) for the conversion of precursors in different samples and is complementary to the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. Known precursors could be quantitatively oxidized to PFCAs and the PhotoTOP was shown to be able to almost completely conserve the perfluoroalkyl chain lengths of the oxidized precursors. This allows the prediction of chain-lengths of unknown precursors and was demonstrated by oxidation of pre-characterized PFAS-coated paper samples. A second promising advantage of the PhotoTOP is the absence of salts which simplified subsequent sample preparation and makes further direct injection with electrospray ionization MS possible. To this end, the PhotoTOP was compared with the performance of complementary methods such as the direct TOP assay, hydrolysis (total hydrolysable precursors) and fluorine sum parameters (extractable organic fluorine and total fluorine; measured by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)) to characterize non-extractable side-chain fluorinated polymers (SFPs) in functional textiles. It was shown that several textiles contained high concentrations of short and long-chain perfluoroalkyl side chains that are not extractable and therefore not amenable to mass spectrometry without prior chemical conversion.
