Download or read book An Investigation of the Role of Magnetic Water Treatment Devices in Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation written by Deborah Holmes Parker and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Magnetic Water Treatment for Scale Prevention on Water Heater Elements written by Fatma Al-Sharji and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calcium carbonates is one of the main components of scale that is commonly found in industrial equipment such as hot water systems. Scale formation on heater elements may lead to reduce heat efficiency and shorten the heat service life. Ion exchange softened water are used to reduce the scale formation, but excess salt during regeneration discharged to the wastewater stream, limits the reuse of wastewater for industrial purposes. As a result, non-salt alternative devices would provide consumers with the ability to reduce the impacts of ion exchange softened water without creating negative salinity impacts on wastewater stream. Magnetic water treatment device involves passing a hard water though a magnetic field. This method reduces amount of scale and favors the precipitations of aragonite, a softer type of scale rather than a hard scale, calcite. A water heater system was constructed to quantify the scale formation with tap water by using one proprietary magnetic water treatment device, AkwaMag device, and compare it to untreated tap water at 60°C in systems with a tank with 70.4 in2 of exposed iron and with a tank with little exposure of iron. Accelerated scale formation teste were performed on tanks with and without the magnetic device tested at 30 °C and 60 °C. Scale were collected and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The water heater simulation study from the experiment with a tank with little exposure of iron showed that the mass of scale was reduced on the magnetically treated water heater element. Aragonite was formed on both untreated and magnetically treated water heating elements, but the weight percentage of aragonite increased on the magnetically treated water heating elements based on the results obtained from XRD. Other compounds were also detected with XRD found in both heating elements. SEM of both heating elements showed the presence of calcium carbonate polymorphs. In accelerated scale study, the weight percentage of aragonite was higher than calcite at 60 °C and 30 °C. However, calcite was reduced in the magnetically treated water heater elements, which indicates the effects of magnetic fields on reducing calcite formation.
Download or read book Study of Factors Related to Magnetic Treatment of Calcium Carbonate Saturated Water written by Kevin M. Lambert and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Principles of Desalination Part A written by K Speigler and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Desalination, Part A, Second Edition is a collection of papers that describes the design of distillation and dual-purpose plants, what desalination can and cannot accomplish in an economical way. One paper discusses techniques toward a rapid and direct way of optimizing the economic performance of sea water conversion systems, incurring capital and continuing costs of operation (for example, transformer equipment, filtration devices, and chemical preparation). Another paper considers the general system and internal system engineering of distillation. Designing distilling plants involves the selection of process parameters, cycle determination, and calculation of water costs. The different types of evaporators are the boiling-type, the flash type, the vapor compression, the combination plant cycles, and the power plant make-up evaporators. Commercial sea water desalination plants incorporate multistage flash evaporators or multieffect vertical-tube or horizontal-tube evaporators. The problem of energy supply to these plants can be solved by a combined generation of electricity and low pressure steam. When the generation of electricity and low pressure steam are combined, the extra fuel demand for electricity generation over the fuel demand for low pressure steam generation only, is less than that for electricity generation alone. This book is suitable for economists, environmentalists, ecologists, and policy makers involved in energy conservation, agricultural development, and water management.
Download or read book Test of a Magnetic Device for the Amelioration of Scale Formation at Treatment Facility D written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A commercial device (Descal-A-Matic{reg_sign}, Norfolk, VA) designed to treat water by means of a magnetic field has been evaluated for its effect on the formation of calcite scale at LLNL Treatment Facility D. At this facility, volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) are removed by air stripping, which raises the water pH, causing the deposition of calcium carbonate as calcite scale downstream. To evaluate the magnetic treatment technique, the ground water was passed through the Descal-A-Matic{reg_sign} device before treatment by the air stripping unit, and the resulting scale formation and other water characteristics were compared with those found during a test with no water treatment and a test with chemical treatment with a polyphosphate additive. No beneficial effect was found when using the magnetic device. 6 refs., 6 figs., 4 tabs.
Download or read book Development of a Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation Experimental Set up for the Evaluation of Physical Water Treatment Devices written by Reinaldo Da Veiga and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evaluation of an Electrolytic Water Conditioning Device for the Elimination of Water formed Scale Deposits in Domestic Water Systems written by Charles A. Sorber and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of magnetic water treatment devices written by Aloysius Edward Duffy and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mineral Scale Formation and Inhibition written by Z. Amjad and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book documents the proceedings of the symposium, "Mineral Scale Formation and Inhibition," held at the American Chemical Society Annual Meeting August 21 to 26, 1994, in Washington, D. C. The symposium, sponsored by the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, was held in honor of Professor George H. Nancollas for his pioneering work in the field of crystal growth from solution. A total of 30 papers were presented by a wide spectrum of scientists. This book also includes papers that were not presented but were in the symposium program. The separation of a solid by crystallization is one of the oldest and perhaps the most frequently used operations in chemistry. Because of its widespread applicability, in recent years there has been considerable interest exhibited by academic and industrial scientists in understanding the mechanisms of crystallization of sparingly soluble salts. The salt systems of great interest in industrial water treatment area (i. e. , cooling and boiler) include carbon ates, sulfates, phosphates, and phosphonates of alkaline earth metals. Although not as common as calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, barium and strontium sulfates have long plagued oil field and gas production operations. The build-up of these sparingly soluble salts on equipment surfaces results in lower heat transfer efficiency, increased corrosion rates, increased pumping costs, etc. In the laundry application, insoluble calcium carbonate tends to accumulate on washed fabrics and washing equipment parts, resulting in undesirable fabric-encrustation or scaling.
Download or read book The Science and Technology of Industrial Water Treatment written by Zahid Amjad and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-04-05 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mineral scale deposits, corrosion, suspended matter, and microbiological growth are factors that must be controlled in industrial water systems. Research on understanding the mechanisms of these problems has attracted considerable attention in the past three decades as has progress concerning water treatment additives to ameliorate these concerns.
Download or read book Evaluating Zeta Potential and the Calcite Aragonite Ratio as Potential Success Indicators for Magnetic Water Treatment written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The potential benefits of anti-scale magnetic treatment (AMT) are not realized or reliably predicted because the factors measuring performance of magnetic treatment have either not been identified or are poorly defined. This report focuses on examination of certain measurable outcomes influencing the impact of AMT using magnetic treatment devices (MTDs). The outcomes analyzed in this research were: zeta potential of aqueous samples, relative proportion of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystal phase and iron content present in solid residue removed from the operating system. The results presented here build on previous research that examined the impact of numerous system operating parameters and four measurable outcomes. The zeta potential was measured at the start and end of each system test. It was believed that a decrease in this measure would indicate decreased charged particle repulsion, increasing potential for particle coagulation. It was supposed this might favor the transport of CaCO3 particles through the system rather than fostering scale formation on pipe walls. The data showed that the zeta potential increased from start to end of tests whether MTDs were installed or not. Many other factors, including chemistry, presence of contaminants, sample preparation and evaluation methodology can impact the measured quantities of calcite and aragonite in CaCO3. It was concluded that this approach is not a good measure of whether AMT works successfully or not.
Download or read book Drinking Water Softening scale Prevention Technology Assessment and Performance of Template Assisted Crystallization written by Lin Shen and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hard water typically has a hardness concentration over 120 mg/L CaCO3. Hardness is not a regulated drinking water parameter and does not have severe health effects. However, hard water causes more soap and detergent consumption and can cause scaling problems on household heating appliances, distribution pipes, and industrial cooling equipment. There are various approaches to soften hard water or prevent scale formation at the centralized and the household scale. In order to choose the best treatment for a specific set of conditions, an appropriate technology evaluation is necessary. Prior research have tested single technology or compared two or three technologies with respect to their performance. Not many papers have compared all available technologies using the same assessment criteria. At the household scale, point-of-entry (POE) devices are commonly used. Among these, ion exchange is the most widely applied POE device in Canada, though it has two major disadvantages: high sodium concentration in softened water and high chloride content in the brine which is often discharged into the sewer. Hence, there is an increasing interest in adopting salt-free treatment technology. Template assisted crystallization (TAC) is a relatively new household scale prevention technology. TAC media transforms free calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions into insoluble microcrystals. TAC technology has the potential to be an alternative to ion exchange, but there is very little published journals about this technology. Therefore, this study had two objectives: 1) to assess and rank currently available softening and scale prevention technologies at both the centralized and household level, and 2) test the performance of the TAC technology using two source waters. The multi-criteria assessment (MCA) method was utilized to evaluate centralized technologies (lime softening, pellet softening, nanofiltration, and ion exchange) as well as household technologies (TAC, ion exchange, nanofiltration, electrically induced precipitation, magnetic water treatment, and capacitive deionization). Criteria that were chosen in this assessment were: waste disposal, energy requirement, life-cycle cost, efficiency, subsequent treatment needed for finished water, chemical addition, easy to use, and validated technology. The initial assessment assigned a higher weight to the first four criteria listed. A sensitivity analysis (SA) was done by changing the weight assignment of different criteria. Three cases were selected: more focus on waste disposal and energy requirement; more emphasis on cost; iv each criterion shared equal importance. For the centralized technologies assessment, pellet softening had the highest score, followed by ion exchange, lime softening, and nanofiltration. SA results showed that although the total score of each technology varied, the final rank did not change. For the household technologies assessment, TAC had the highest score, followed by ion exchange, magnetic water treatment, electrically induced precipitation, nanofiltration, and capacitive deionization. SA results showed that the total score varied, but the final rank did not change. The performance of TAC technology was assessed using four tests which compared untreated and treated water samples of two selected source waters. The first test measured the reduction of free Ca2+ by a Ca2+ selective electrode after being treated by TAC in two source waters and, test results did not show a lot of reduction with percentage reductions ranging from 4.0% to 5.0% for both locations. The reductions were statistically significant but not large enough to be of much practical value. The second test was to measure the change in total Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration after TAC. The changes were relatively small in both source waters, with percentage reductions ranging from 2.7% to 4.4% for Ca2+ and 4.0% to 6.9% for Mg2+. Again, the reductions were statistically significant but not large enough to be of much practical value. The third test was a sequential ultrafiltration test utilizing membranes (3000 Da, 1000 Da, and 500 Da) to identify the microcrystal size. This test was not able to isolate substantial amounts of microcrystal, nor did it identify the approximate microcrystal size. The last test was developed as a simplified scale test. Results showed that treated water forms somewhat less scale than untreated water for both source waters. Scale formation potential indices: Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) were also calculated, and results showed that there was essentially no change in both indices after the TAC treatment. Overall, assessment results showed that using this study's criteria, pellet softening and TAC were the two most suitable technologies to be applied at the centralized and household level, respectively. The TAC performance tests did not establish a substantial reduction in free calcium ions, nor were any crystals isolated. The scale test only showed relatively small differences between untreated and treated water. Future research could construct a flow-through system to test the performance of TAC technology and should also conduct some tests on new and used media.
Download or read book Kinetics of Precipitation written by Arne E. Nielsen and published by Pergamon. This book was released on 1964 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Desalination written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 996 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Water Softening with Potassium Chloride written by Rod McEachern and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-17 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Potassium chloride is a logical alternative to sodium chloride in water softening. Water Softening with Potassium Chloride provides a thorough overview of the process, the equipment, and the techniques used. Then it compiles diverse trade and technical data on water softening with potassium chloride so readers can make informed decisions. It documents the health and environmental consequences and benefits of using potassium chloride and includes a chapter with summaries of recent research projects and FAQs. This is a key reference for professional water treatment specialists, environmental science researchers, and others.
Download or read book Evaluation of Electromagnetic Water Treatment Devices for Prevention of Scale Formation written by S. George Awwad and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
