Download or read book An Empirical Study of University Patent Activity written by CJ Ryan and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1980, a series of legislative acts and judicial decisions have affected the ownership, scope, and duration of patents. These include: the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980; the extension of the maximum patent term in 1994; and the shift from a first to invent standard to a first to file system in 2011. These changes impacted academic institutions, both directly and indirectly, and have coincided with historic increases in patent activity among academic institutions.This article presents an empirical study of how those three changes to the patent system precipitated responses by academic institutions, using spline regression functions to model their patent activity. We find that academic institutions typically reduced patent activity immediately before changes to the patent system, and increased patent activity immediately afterward, with an especially notable effect among research universities. In other words, academic institutions responded to patent incentives in a manner consistent with firm behavior, by reacting to the preferences of internal coalitions to capture unrealized economic value in intellectual property.The response of academic institutions to patent law changes has profound implications for economic efficiency. Academic institutions are typically charitable organizations, with the charitable purpose of promoting innovation, among other things. Yet, academic institutions have responded to patent incentives by limiting access to innovation, in order to internalize economic value. Specifically, academic institutions typically transfer their patents to patent assertion entities or “patent trolls,” rather than practicing entities, producing externalities and inefficiency in the patent system.This concern is highlighted by the Supreme Court's recent grant of certiorari in TC Heartland v. Kraft Foods, in order to determine the scope of patent venue. The Court's decision was motivated by flagrant “forum selling” in the Eastern District of Texas, which currently hears about 50% of the patent infringement actions filed in the United States, few of which have any connection to the district and most of which are filed by patent assertion entities that choose the forum based on its pro-plaintiff bias. Many observers are concerned that the concentration of patent assertion activity in the Eastern District of Texas has increased the cost of innovation. This study suggests that educational institutions may have exacerbated that problem by engaging more boldly in patent activity and ultimately transferring their patents to patent assertion entities.
Download or read book Entrepreneurial University Transfer Technology and Funding written by Sara Fernandez Lopez and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Universities are now responsible for economic and social development. This new mission is transforming the traditional university into an entrepreneurial university. This entrepreneurial activity has mainly been carried out by transferring technology to industry, in particular, by patenting. The objective of this paper is to understand why some Spanish universities are more successful than others at patenting. In order to determine the factors that influence the patenting activity, we used a sample made up of 47 Spanish Public On-Campus Universities existing in 2003. Firstly, we applied the Poisson model. Secondly, after finding overdispersion in the data, the two approximations of the binomial negative were estimated (NEGBIN I and NEGBIN II). Lastly, we compared the results obtained with the three regression models. The results show that university patents are significantly positively associated with research funding, university size, technology transfer experience and resources and scientific areas with a greater market orientation. On the contrary, our results support the idea that university's research quality has a negative effect on the patent outputs. This study contributes to the literature on university patenting activity. First, there are no similar empirical studies about Spanish universities. Second, our findings provide quantitative evidence of the importance of funding research and university support policies in patent production. As a consequence, we can set out several policies to improve the dissemination of scientific knowledge and technology transfer activities.
Download or read book An Empirical Study of Problems and Prospects of Entrepreneurship Development through Management Education written by Dr Rajesh NarayanraoPahurkar and published by Archers & Elevators Publishing House. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Patent policy change in the USA An empirical analysis of the effect on patenting strategies written by Alexander Mosen and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2016 in the subject Business economics - Operations Research, grade: 1,0, Technical University of Munich, language: English, abstract: This study investigates the impact of the recent US patent policy weakening around the America Invents Act, analyzing the US market for patent transactions. In an investigation of transactions derived from the USPTO’s Patent Assignment Database, we examine patent transfers between companies from 1995 until September 2015. Due to declining acquisitions, but increasing sales of patents conducted by patent trolls after 2012, our findings suggest that the business of patent trolls largely suffered from recent policy measures. Furthermore, we find that large patent trolls have changed their strategy towards splitting risk, as they recently tend to distribute their patent portfolio across different shell companies. However, we are unable to identify a decline concerning the activity of firms on the market for patent transactions, due to the weakening of patent protection. We ascribe the consistent level of participation on the market to a redistribution of intellectual property rights after the policy changes and to purchases motivated by speculations on a further policy reversal. Additionally, we observe an unexpected increase in patent sales to non-US companies in 2014 and 2015, as the slight decrease in patent purchases by other non-US companies is overcompensated by a growing number of transactions to Asian assignees.
Download or read book Empirical Analyses Related to University Patenting written by Arvids A. Ziedonis and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Patenting by universities has seen a marked increase in the past two decades. According to the National Science Foundation (NSF), patents issued by the United States Patent Office (USPTO) to U.S. academic institutions more than doubled from 2,293 in 1996 to 5,990 in 2014, the most recent year the NSF has compiled data (National Science Board 2016). As a share of all patents granted, academic institutions accounted for about 2% in the same time period. Patenting by universities of faculty inventions has an even longer history in the United States, however, stretching back to the early 20th century. For much of that time, especially until 1980, the year of passage of the seminal Bayh-Dole Act, the appropriateness of this activity as one of the many missions of U.S. universities was itself a subject of debate. This chapter begins with a brief outline of this debate and summarizes university patenting through this period. It then discusses the Bayh-Dole Act, which facilitated patenting and licensing of federally funded university inventions. The chapter concludes by describing the empirical research on university patenting in the last twenty years, highlights some of the unresolved issues within this literature, and suggests new avenues for research.
Download or read book Patent Intensity and Economic Growth written by Daniel Benoliel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-14 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic growth has traditionally been attributed to the increase in national production arising from technological innovation. Using a panel of seventy-nine countries bridging the North-South divide, Patent Intensity and Economic Growth is an important empirical study on the uncertain relationship between patents and economic growth. It considers the impact of one-size-fits-all patent policies on developing countries and their innovation-based economic growth, including those policies originating from the World Intellectual Property Organization, the World Trade Organization and the World Health Organization, as well as initiatives derived from the TRIPS Agreement and the Washington Consensus. This book argues against patent harmonization across countries and provides an analytical framework for country group coalitioning on policy at UN level. It will appeal to scholars and students of patent law, national and international policy makers, venture capitalist investors, and research and development managers, as well as researchers in intellectual property, innovation and economic growth.
Download or read book Innovative Sense through Perspectives of Patent Bibliometrics Analysis written by Szu-chia Scarlett Lo and published by Airiti Press. This book was released on 2015-08-01 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 圖書資訊學中之計量研究，探討學術知識產出、影響與關聯等重要意義。研究以專利為分析標的，透過計量分析，解構產業技術知識的學術傳播意涵。
Download or read book Patenting Activity Firm Innovation Characteristics and Financial Performance An Empirical Investigation written by Saad A. Al-Kazemi and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigates whether firm innovation characteristics and patenting activity are incrementally informative in terms of predicting future financial performance for a sample of publicly traded U.S. based firms. It also investigates how a firms0́9 patenting activity might have a mediating effect in the relationship between innovation characteristics and financial performance. Projecting the future performance of high technology firms is a particularly difficult task. Due to the inherently historical focus of financial accounting data, it has limited utility in terms of informing users about a firm0́9s future prospects. The success of high-techs depends upon up-to-date technological development, yet this aspect of firm activity is not reflected in financial reports. This study aims to to address this complex issue. Building upon existing literature, this study will make three important contributions to the field: first, by exploring the relationships among intangibles, patenting activity, and financial performance; second, by addressing the existing literature related to the value-relevance of nonfinancial performance measures by using six patent measures to empirically test a model that includes firm innovation characteristic (intangibles, research and development and accounting goodwill) to predict financial performance (ROA, ROS and ROE); and third, by using structural equation modeling to simultaneously test four research hypotheses. Results from this study indicate that while goodwill and intangibles can directly influence financial performance, research and development0́9s relationship with future financial performance is mediated by five patenting activity measures. Results also show that a firm0́9s patenting activity can be predicted by firm innovation characteristics, with research and development serving as the strongest predictor of patenting activity. This study0́9s findings can benefit investors and policy makers by empirically showing the significant role nonfinancial performance measures, specifically patents, contribute to predicting firm financial performance in the high-technology sector.
Download or read book An Analysis of University Patenting Activity written by Ashton Robert Webb and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigates two areas to increase the understanding of university patenting activity using raw data recently made available through the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office PatentsView application. First, the study assesses the relationship of institutional characteristics to the number of patents granted, and the subject fields of those patents, at colleges and universities in the United States from 1970 to 2018. A population of 189 colleges and universities that report institutional data to the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) is used to answer the first research question by tracking trends over time and using descriptive summaries. Second, the study seeks to further develop the current understanding of basic strategies a university can undertake to increase the amount of patenting activity it engages in by using regression models for a population of 179 institutions based on a twenty-year aggregate of total number of patents granted from 1998 through 2018. The institutional characteristics analyzed to answer the two research questions include geographic region and locale status, public or private control status, Carnegie Classification, institution size category, Land Grant status, and the subject fields in which patents are granted. The second research question additionally includes the number of faculty at an institution, professor salaries, total research expenditures, and the number of graduate and undergraduate students. Based on concepts rooted in organizational ecology, a measure of patent subject field diversification referred to as patent field density (PFD) is used to assess if whether a more generalized or a more specialized research strategy is associated with a greater number of total patents. This PFD variable is used as an additional independent variable to answer the second research question. The study finds that the number of patents granted per year to higher education institutions has steadily increased since 1970 with total patents granted skewed heavily towards the top research institutions. The institutional types and characteristics that were associated with a greater share of patents in the early years of the study tend to maintain that advantage over time. There has not been a large change in the subject fields of patents granted over time, although medical patents, which made up the greatest share of patents granted to higher education institutions in 1980, has steadily expanded its position over time as the largest subject field for higher education patents. In the regression models, total research expenditures and professor salaries are found to be statistically significant predictors of total patenting output. The findings suggest that a high level of institutional financial resources are a key factor in being granted a large number of patents. PFD is also found to be a fairly robust predictor of total patents granted, with institutions that have a more diversified patent subject field portfolio having a higher number of total patents granted.
Download or read book Patents and the Market Value of a Firm written by Erkan Erturk and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ivory Tower and Industrial Innovation written by David Mowery and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2004-05-04 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1980s, universities in the United States have greatly expanded their patenting and licensing activities. The Congressional Joint Economic Committee, among other authorities, argued that the increase in university patenting and licensing contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s. Many observers have attributed this trend to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, which facilitated patenting and licensing by universities. This book examines the conventional wisdom by adopting a more holistic point of view, examining the diverse channels within which commercialization has occurred throughout the 20th century and since the passage of the Act. Using quantitative analysis and detailed case studies to assess the effects of the Act, it concludes that universities must maintain their historic commitment to the free flow of knowledge to serve the global public interest and sustain their remarkable scientific and technological achievements of the past century.
Download or read book Research Handbook on Empirical Studies in Intellectual Property Law written by Estelle Derclaye and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2023-07-01 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive Research Handbook explores empirical legal studies of intellectual property law. It covers research from four continents and offers unique conclusions to aid in the creation and understanding of policies and legislation.
Download or read book Do Universities Look Like Patent Trolls written by Grazia Sveva Ascione and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Patent Strategies of Technology Start ups written by Celia Lerman and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Patent Based Study of the Relationship Between Industry Research Structure and Research Activity written by William Wallace Keep and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economic and Management Perspectives on Intellectual Property Rights written by C. Peeters and published by Springer. This book was released on 2005-11-29 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a better understanding of how intellectual property can improve economic and business performance. It focuses on three particular issues: the valuation of patents, the transfer of knowledge, and the management of innovation and intellectual property. Scholars from leading worldwide institutions use quantitative methods and advanced survey techniques to explore the complex relationship between patents, innovation, venture capital and scientific research. The book focuses on three broad issues: the valuation of patents, the transfer of knowledge, and the management of innovation and intellectual property.
Download or read book Survey of University Patent Policies written by Archie MacInnes Palmer and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1948 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
