Download or read book Adaption to Climate Change and Small Grain Production Systems by Bromus Tectorum written by Nevin Craig Lawrence and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bromus tectorum (downy brome) is an invasive winter annual grass species naturalized throughout western North America. Within the small grain production region of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) downy brome is a ubiquitous and competitive weed. Previous research has documented regional specificity of downy brome phenotypic development, while considerable variation in phenotypic development has been noted between regions. In 2011 and 2012 130 downy brome accessions were collected from across the PNW small grain production region. A genotype-by-sequencing approach was employed to call molecular markers, generate population genetic statistics, and classify 88 of the 130 downy brome accessions into genetically similar clusters. Individuals were assigned to one of six genetic clusters using discriminant analysis of principal components using 384 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Accessions were transplanted to three common garden field sites to document and model the timing of development. The timing of development stages was modeled against cumulative growing-degree-days (GDD) to develop herbicide application thresholds to aid in control of downy brome within small grain fields. The estimate for mature seed production varied from May 18th to June 20th depending upon the location of the common garden. Earlier production of mature seed was observed following more severe winters compared to mild winters, implying a role of vernalization regulating the timing of development. Greenhouse experiments were initiated to characterize the response of early, intermediate, and late-to-flower downy brome accessions to various vernalization treatments and quantify expression of Brachypodium distachyon gene vernalization 1 (BdVRN1). Downy brome flowering in response to vernalization treatments was linked to the expression of BdVRN1, implying the molecular controls of flowering in downy brome are similar to the controls of other temperate grass species. Downscaled climate modeling was paired with Global Climate Change models to project downy brome development thresholds under future climate scenarios. Downy brome development is anticipated to advance 16 to 34 days across the small grain production region of the PNW. The earlier development of downy brome will require earlier control inputs, which may conflict with earlier rainfall projected under future climate scenarios.

Download or read book Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Agriculture Sector written by Alexandre Meybeck and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2012 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The joint workshop on Building resilience for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture sector was organized by FAO and OECD, and was held from 23 to 24 April 2012, at FAO headquarters in Rome."--P. 5.

Download or read book Spatiotemporal Analyses of Agricultural Adaptations to a Changing U S Climate written by Christopher Alfons Seifert and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As our species moves deeper into an era in which we have an increasing influence over the climate and health of our planet, it is important to examine the likely effects of our activities as well as the tools we can use to adapt to coming changes. Occupying more land area than any other human activity and employing biological systems vulnerable to extreme heat, agriculture is chief amongst vital industries impacted by a changing climate. Previous work has focused on those impacts, finding potentially drastic effects for countries like the United States, the world's largest producer of maize and soybean, whose major production regions are fortuitously positioned near a climate optimum for those key crops. This dissertation examines various specific practices that could be deployed to build resilience and prevent the degradation of the U.S. agricultural system under potential 21st century climate regimes. Double cropping, crop rotation, cover cropping, and irrigation all have their place as potential adaptations. This work uses mechanistic and statistical models as well as newly available datasets and data processing methodologies to explore the expansion of suitability, the spatial variability, the yield effects, and the temporal trends in adoption of these practices respectively. Chapter 1 runs mechanistic phenological models for winter wheat and soybean under recent and future climate scenarios, finding that even small increases in expected temperature and growing season length can lead to large increases in double crop suitability. These changes in suitability have already been occurring over the last few decades and appear poised to accelerate along with our changing climate. While the increase the area suitable for this cropping practice is large, especially later in this century, the implied increase in agricultural production that accompanies it is substantially smaller than potential yield losses. Building on the first chapter but exploring inter-yearly crop rotation patterns versus intra-yearly patterns, Chapter 2 uses a large dataset of field-level yields to examine the yield penalties seen in continuous maize and soybean fields. Yield loss from continuous cropping found in the model was broadly consistent with findings from field trials. Additionally, the spatial breadth and temporal depth of the dataset enabled us to find that areas with large negative yield anomalies see worse yield penalties for continuous cropping, as do soybean crops grown in areas or years with low early season vapor pressure deficit and maize crops grown in areas or years with low early or late minimum temperatures. Chapter 3 examines another promising crop configuration with potential to serve as a climate adaptation; cover crops. In it, we build a cover crop classifier based on remotely sensed data and cross the classifier's output with already existing soil quality as well as maize and soybean yield maps. The raw classifier output shows that, as intended, cover crops are more likely to be found on poorer soils in the Midwest. Contrary to other sources, however, yield benefits for adopters of the practice are quite mild, even after a number of years following the practice. Combining this conclusion with the currently high cost of cover crop adoption, continued expansion of government funding for cover cropping appears necessary to propagate the practice. Chapter 4 uses methods built in Chapter 3, but with a different aim in mind -- mapping irrigation and its adoption in two key states in the western U.S. maize-soybean belt. Here we find that irrigation has indeed been on the increase over the last decade and a half in Nebraska, though no definitive trends were seen in Iowa. The increase in Nebraska does not appear to be driven by changes in the difference between irrigated and dryland yields, and irrigation adoption was more likely to be undertaken on higher quality land from 2003-2017 versus earlier in the practice's history.

Download or read book Scientific Review of the Impact of Climate Change on Plant Pests written by IPPC Secretariat and published by . This book was released on 2021-08-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study warns that climate change may increase the risk of pests being introduced to new areas. It recommends conducting pest risk analyses and strengthening international cooperation as preventive measures to protect plant health.

Download or read book Weed Science and Weed Management in Rice and Cereal Based Cropping Systems 2 Volumes written by Aurora M. Baltazar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-03-29 with total page 1145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents discussions on: Biology and ecology of major troublesome weeds infesting rice, wheat, corn, soybean, focusing on different cropping patterns in both tropical and temperate cropping systems and science-based weed management practices involving chemical, non-chemical, biological, integrated methods. Herbicides used, with their most recent classification, identification of new target sites, mechanisms and modes of action and how and why weeds evolve resistance to herbicides. New concepts, new paradigms and new technologies to manage evolution of resistance to herbicides including weed genomics, bioherbicides and allelochemicals. Highly recommended for students, teachers, researchers, agronomists, horticulturists, crop physiologists, and crop protection specialists in tropical and temperate agricultural systems, particularly in areas where major tropical weeds are posing potential threats to temperate agricultural systems.

Download or read book Vulnerability of Agriculture Water and Fisheries to Climate Change written by Mohamed Behnassi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human activity is changing the global environment at an unprecedented rate while humanity faces a range of complex and interrelated challenges to local, regional and global development, human security and politics. Food security ranks high on the science, policy and development agendas. However, most research linking global change and food systems examines the impact of climate change on agricultural production, or the impact of agriculture on land use, pollution and biodiversity, overlooking interactions with other aspects of the food system – such as food processing, packaging, transportation and consumption and employment derived from these activities. This book demonstrates that new threats to food security which arise from environmental change require more than simply a focus on agricultural practices – what is needed is an integrated food system approach. The authors point out that the process of adapting food systems to global environmental change is not simply a search for technological solutions to increase agricultural yields. Tradeoffs across multiple scales among food system outcomes are a prevalent feature of globalized food systems. Within food systems, there are key underexplored areas that are both sensitive to environmental change and crucial to understanding its implications for food security and adaptation strategies. The authors assert that technical prescriptions alone will not efficiently manage the food security challenge. This book is their contribution to a new paradigm, which addresses food systems holistically by engaging researchers in multiple disciplines to understand the causes and drivers of vulnerability.

Download or read book Plants and Climate Change written by Jelte Rozema and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-19 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on how climate affects or affected the biosphere and vice versa both in the present and in the past. The chapters describe how ecosystems from the Antarctic and Arctic, and from other latitudes, respond to global climate change. The papers highlight plant responses to atmospheric CO2 increase, to global warming and to increased ultraviolet-B radiation as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion.

Download or read book Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States written by Therese M. Poland and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-01 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book describes the serious threat of invasive species to native ecosystems. Invasive species have caused and will continue to cause enormous ecological and economic damage with ever increasing world trade. This multi-disciplinary book, written by over 100 national experts, presents the latest research on a wide range of natural science and social science fields that explore the ecology, impacts, and practical tools for management of invasive species. It covers species of all taxonomic groups from insects and pathogens, to plants, vertebrates, and aquatic organisms that impact a diversity of habitats in forests, rangelands and grasslands of the United States. It is well-illustrated, provides summaries of the most important invasive species and issues impacting all regions of the country, and includes a comprehensive primary reference list for each topic. This scientific synthesis provides the cultural, economic, scientific and social context for addressing environmental challenges posed by invasive species and will be a valuable resource for scholars, policy makers, natural resource managers and practitioners.

Download or read book Rangeland Systems written by David D. Briske and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-12 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. This book provides an unprecedented synthesis of the current status of scientific and management knowledge regarding global rangelands and the major challenges that confront them. It has been organized around three major themes. The first summarizes the conceptual advances that have occurred in the rangeland profession. The second addresses the implications of these conceptual advances to management and policy. The third assesses several major challenges confronting global rangelands in the 21st century. This book will compliment applied range management textbooks by describing the conceptual foundation on which the rangeland profession is based. It has been written to be accessible to a broad audience, including ecosystem managers, educators, students and policy makers. The content is founded on the collective experience, knowledge and commitment of 80 authors who have worked in rangelands throughout the world. Their collective contributions indicate that a more comprehensive framework is necessary to address the complex challenges confronting global rangelands. Rangelands represent adaptive social-ecological systems, in which societal values, organizations and capacities are of equal importance to, and interact with, those of ecological processes. A more comprehensive framework for rangeland systems may enable management agencies, and educational, research and policy making organizations to more effectively assess complex problems and develop appropriate solutions.

Download or read book A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-06-17 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How we produce and consume food has a bigger impact on Americans' well-being than any other human activity. The food industry is the largest sector of our economy; food touches everything from our health to the environment, climate change, economic inequality, and the federal budget. From the earliest developments of agriculture, a major goal has been to attain sufficient foods that provide the energy and the nutrients needed for a healthy, active life. Over time, food production, processing, marketing, and consumption have evolved and become highly complex. The challenges of improving the food system in the 21st century will require systemic approaches that take full account of social, economic, ecological, and evolutionary factors. Policy or business interventions involving a segment of the food system often have consequences beyond the original issue the intervention was meant to address. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System develops an analytical framework for assessing effects associated with the ways in which food is grown, processed, distributed, marketed, retailed, and consumed in the United States. The framework will allow users to recognize effects across the full food system, consider all domains and dimensions of effects, account for systems dynamics and complexities, and choose appropriate methods for analysis. This report provides example applications of the framework based on complex questions that are currently under debate: consumption of a healthy and safe diet, food security, animal welfare, and preserving the environment and its resources. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System describes the U.S. food system and provides a brief history of its evolution into the current system. This report identifies some of the real and potential implications of the current system in terms of its health, environmental, and socioeconomic effects along with a sense for the complexities of the system, potential metrics, and some of the data needs that are required to assess the effects. The overview of the food system and the framework described in this report will be an essential resource for decision makers, researchers, and others to examine the possible impacts of alternative policies or agricultural or food processing practices.

Download or read book Ecosystems of California written by Harold Mooney and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2016-01-19 with total page 1008 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This long-anticipated reference and sourcebook for CaliforniaÕs remarkable ecological abundance provides an integrated assessment of each major ecosystem typeÑits distribution, structure, function, and management. A comprehensive synthesis of our knowledge about this biologically diverse state, Ecosystems of California covers the state from oceans to mountaintops using multiple lenses: past and present, flora and fauna, aquatic and terrestrial, natural and managed. Each chapter evaluates natural processes for a specific ecosystem, describes drivers of change, and discusses how that ecosystem may be altered in the future. This book also explores the drivers of CaliforniaÕs ecological patterns and the history of the stateÕs various ecosystems, outlining how the challenges of climate change and invasive species and opportunities for regulation and stewardship could potentially affect the stateÕs ecosystems. The text explicitly incorporates both human impacts and conservation and restoration efforts and shows how ecosystems support human well-being. Edited by two esteemed ecosystem ecologists and with overviews by leading experts on each ecosystem, this definitive work will be indispensable for natural resource management and conservation professionals as well as for undergraduate or graduate students of CaliforniaÕs environment and curious naturalists.

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 1264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Weed Crop Competition written by Robert L. Zimdahl and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-11-19 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the past 20 years, the first edition of this text has been widely cited as authoritative academic reference. The latest edition continues the tradition set by the original book, and covers weed science research that has been published since 1980. This book aims to reduce the instance of research duplication—saving scientists and supporting institutions time and money. Not only does the second edition of Weed Crop Competition review, summarize, and combine current research; it critiques the research as well. This text has the potential to accelerate advancements in weed crop competition, which remains an important factor that affects crop yields. Scientists in foreign countries where access to literature is often limited or nonexistent, will find the information in this text invaluable. Weed scientists, crop scientists, plant ecologists, sustainable agriculturists, and organic agriculturists will be well-pleased with this long overdue and much needed new editionWeed Crop Competition provides a unique reference that reviews, summarises and synthesizes the literature published concerning research on this topic. The first edition has been one of the most frequently cited sources in weed science for the past 20 years. The second edition covers the significant body of literature that has been published since 1980. Originally intended to survey existing research, the intent of the book is to reduce the instance of research duplication, thus saving scientists and their institutions time and money, and expediting advancements in weed crop competition, an important factor affecting crop yields. Scientists in foreign countries where access to the literature is often limited or non-existent, find the information an invaluable resource. This long overdue and much needed new edition rejuvenates the tradition set by the original book.

Download or read book Trees in a Changing Environment written by Michael Tausz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-26 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book delivers current state-of-the-science knowledge of tree ecophysiology, with particular emphasis on adaptation to a novel future physical and chemical environment. Unlike the focus of most books on the topic, this considers air chemistry changes (O3, NOx, and N deposition) in addition to elevated CO2 effects and its secondary effects of elevated temperature. The authors have addressed two systems essential for plant life: water handling capacity from the perspective of water transport; the coupling of xylem and phloem water potential and flow; water and nutrition uptake via likely changes in mycorrhizal relationships; control of water loss via stomata and its retention via cellular regulation; and within plant carbon dynamics from the perspective of environmental limitations to growth, allocation to defences, and changes in partitioning to respiration. The authors offer expert knowledge and insight to develop likely outcomes within the context of many unknowns. We offer this comprehensive analysis of tree responses and their capacity to respond to environmental changes to provide a better insight in understanding likelihood for survival, as well as planning for the future with long-lived, stationary organisms adapted to the past: trees.

Download or read book Ecology in Agriculture written by Louise E. Jackson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1997-09-14 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural crops are prominent features of an increasing number of variously perturbed ecosystems and the landscapes occupied by these ecosystems. Yet the ecology of agricultural-dominated landscapes is only now receiving the scientific attention it has long deserved. This attention has been stimulated by the realization that all agriculture must become sustainable year after year while leaving nearby ecosystems unaffected. Ecology in Agriculture focuses exclusively on the ecology of agricultural ecosystems. The book is divided into four major sections. An introduction establishes the unique ties between agricultural and ecological sciences. The second section describes the community ecology of these sorts of ecosystems, while the final section focuses on the processes that operate throughout these agricultural landscapes. - Contains an ecological perspective on agricultural production and resource utilization - Includes in-depth reviews of major issues in crop ecology by active researchers - Covers a range of topics in agricultural ecophysiology, community ecology, and ecosystems ecology - Provides examples of ecological approaches to solving problems in crop management and environmental quality

Download or read book Rainfed Farming Systems written by Philip Tow and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-16 with total page 1324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While a good grasp of the many separate aspects of agriculture is important, it is equally essential for all those involved in agriculture to understand the functioning of the farming system as a whole and how it can be best managed. It is necessary to re-assess and understand rain-fed farming systems around the world and to find ways to improve the selection, design and operation of such systems for long term productivity, profitability and sustainability. The components of the system must operate together efficiently; yet many of the relationships and interactions are not clearly understood. Appreciation of these matters and how they are affected by external influences or inputs are important for decision making and for achieving desirable outcomes for the farm as a whole. This book analyses common rain-fed farming systems and defines the principles and practices important to their effective functioning and management.

Download or read book Agronomic Crops written by Mirza Hasanuzzaman and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-28 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agronomic crops have been used to provide foods, beverages, fodders, fuels, medicines and industrial raw materials since the dawn of human civilization. Today, agronomic crops are being cultivated by employing scientific methods instead of traditional methods. However, in the current era of climate change, agronomic crops are subjected to various environmental stresses, which results in substantial yield loss. To meet the food demands of the ever-increasing global population, new technologies and management practices are being adopted to boost yield and maintain productivity under both normal and adverse conditions. Scientists are now exploring a variety of approaches to the sustainable production of agronomic crops, including varietal development, soil management, nutrient and water management, pest management, etc. Researchers have also made remarkable progress in developing stress tolerance in crops through different approaches. However, achieving optimal production to meet the increasing food demand is an open challenge. Although there have been numerous publications on the above-mentioned problems, and despite the extensive research being conducted on them, there is hardly any comprehensive book available. In response, this book offers a timely resource, addressing all aspects of production technologies, management practices and stress tolerance in agronomic crops in a single volume.