Download or read book A Model for the Diurnal Variation of Simultaneous Heat and Water Transport in a Soil Profile with an Evaporating Bare Surface and Hysteresis written by Chu-Hui Chen and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Agrophysics written by Jan Gliński and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-07 with total page 1075 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Encyclopedia of Agrophysics will provide up-to-date information on the physical properties and processes affecting the quality of the environment and plant production. It will be a "first-up" volume which will nicely complement the recently published Encyclopedia of Soil Science, (November 2007) which was published in the same series. In a single authoritative volume a collection of about 250 informative articles and ca 400 glossary terms covering all aspects of agrophysics will be presented. The authors will be renowned specialists in various aspects in agrophysics from a wide variety of countries. Agrophysics is important both for research and practical use not only in agriculture, but also in areas like environmental science, land reclamation, food processing etc. Agrophysics is a relatively new interdisciplinary field closely related to Agrochemistry, Agrobiology, Agroclimatology and Agroecology. Nowadays it has been fully accepted as an agricultural and environmental discipline. As such this Encyclopedia volume will be an indispensable working tool for scientists and practitioners from different disciplines, like agriculture, soil science, geosciences, environmental science, geography, and engineering.
Download or read book An Analytical Soil Thermodynamic Model for the Diurnal Variation of Ground Surface Temperature written by Samuel Y. K. Yee and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analytical expression is given for time variations of temperature within a model soil slab that is subjected to idealized heating at the supper surface and maintained at constant temperature at the lower surface. Applied at the upper surface, the model temperature may be considered to be the ground surface temperature of the earth. An important feature of this model is that phase-shifted on-linear responses to the forcing are allowed at the upper boundary. The analytical nature of the solution enables us to easily study the relative importance of various physical processes in the model surface energy budget equation. For example, evaporational cooling is found to be an important feedback process under model summer conditions, accounting for a change of about 6K in the daily mean surface temperature; under winter conditions, the change attributable to evaporation is only about 1K. The perturbation method used in our approach to linearize the model upper boundary condition is shown to be applicable to more complicated and more realistic upper boundary conditions.
Download or read book American Doctoral Dissertations written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 896 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Heat and Water Transfer in Bare Topsoil and the Lower Atmosphere written by Hein F. M. ten Berge and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes an analysis of processes and factors that affect the energy balance of bare soil, and the associated exchange of heat and moisture at the surface. After a brief treatment of basic transport theory, the processes of soil-atmosphere interaction are expressed in a simulation algorithm. This algorithm provides an instrument to study the 'conditioning' effect of soil on the lower atmosphere, and vice versa. Examples of sensitivity analysis are presented, with emphasis on the behaviour of surface temperature. In remote sensing practice, surface temperature is estimated from thermal imagery; simulation algorithms can assist in its interpretation. Field data of fluxes, state variables and soil properties are extensively discussed and are used to validate appropriate sections of the model.
Download or read book An Analytical Soil Thermodynamic Model for the Diurnal Variation of Ground Surface Temperature written by Samuel Y. K. Yee and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analytical expression is given for time variations of temperature within a model soil slab that is subjected to idealized heating at the supper surface and maintained at constant temperature at the lower surface. Applied at the upper surface, the model temperature may be considered to be the ground surface temperature of the earth. An important feature of this model is that phase-shifted on-linear responses to the forcing are allowed at the upper boundary. The analytical nature of the solution enables us to easily study the relative importance of various physical processes in the model surface energy budget equation. For example, evaporational cooling is found to be an important feedback process under model summer conditions, accounting for a change of about 6K in the daily mean surface temperature; under winter conditions, the change attributable to evaporation is only about 1K. The perturbation method used in our approach to linearize the model upper boundary condition is shown to be applicable to more complicated and more realistic upper boundary conditions.
Download or read book Water Transfer from Soil to the Atmosphere as Related to Climate and Soil Properties written by C. W. Wendt and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Coupled Heat and Water Transport in Bare Soils in Semi arid and Arid Regions written by T. Berends and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than 50 years coupled heat and water transport is an interesting topic in the field of vadose zone hydrology. One basis is the theory by Philip & de Vries (1957) which couples the mass balance for water, the Richards equation, with a heat conservation equation based on Fickian diffusion process. In this thesis the contribution of water vapour flow to the total water movement on a daily time scale is analysed. At first the literature is reviewed, starting from the theory of Philip and de Vries and the many papers which have continued on this theory. Next to the theory also the literature on experiments associated to coupled transport is reviewed, distinguishing field and laboratory experiments. Data were collected during field work in Trabadillo, Spain under semi-arid weather conditions. Soil water pressure, soil water content and soil temperature were measured for 149 days on an hourly interval during the dry period. The soil hydraulic and soil thermal parameters are calibrated on this data in Hydrus-1D by using an inverse parameter estimated method. In the calibrated Hydrus model Monte Carlo simulations are performed to include the uncertainty in the parameters. Instantaneous fluxes of liquid water, isothermal water vapour and thermal water vapour flow are examined at multiple moments in time. Selecting fluxes for inclusion on an daily time basis in the SWAP model, the Hydrus 1-D isothermal water vapour flow is zero during night and day and is therefore not included in the SWAP model. A significant daily pattern is identified for the thermal water vapour flux and this flux is implemented in SWAP in addition to the standard isothermal liquid water flux. The cumulative net flux is computed for four different models, a Hydrus and SWAP model with only liquid water transport and a Hydrus and SWAP model with both coupled heat and water transport. Intercomparison between the four model versions showed that the contribution of water vapour flow is insignificant compared to the total transport of water. As a sensitivity analysis in addition to the soil hydraulic parameters from the field situation, simulations are also performed for a European set of soils from the HYPRESS project Wosten et al. (1999). The Hydrus model did not converge to a satisfactory numerical solution with a maximum spatial discretisation of 1 cm, which is advised by Simunek et al. (2008). In SWAP the contribution of water vapour movement to the total water transport is insignificant on a daily time scale for all the soil types. Finally a laboratory experiment design is proposed with the focus on coupled heat and water transport. The plan for the laboratory experiment will be based on the experience from the fieldwork and the literature study. Important components for this plan are the type of measurement devices, the spatial set-up of those devices and the boundary conditions. A model study is executed to look for the optimal measurement set-up for a laboratory experiment to liquid water and water vapour transport. Inverse modelling is used to determine the soil hydraulic and soil heat parameters from a selection of data and direct modeling is performed with the determined parameters to compare the accuracy of these parameters and so the data selection. The optimal laboratory design according to the model study includes measurements of soil temperature, soil water content and soil water pressure at depths of 5, 25 and 50 cm beneath the soil surface.
Download or read book Novel Techniques to Determine Soil Evaporation Rates written by Kashifa Rumana and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil water evaporation is a critical component of both the surface energy balance and the hydrologic cycle, coupling heat and water transfer between land and atmosphere. Bare-soil evaporation and plant-soil-atmospheric interactions are important components of the water balance, especially in semiarid and arid regions. Soil evaporation has been thoroughly studied during the past century, yielding many methods and models. However, none of the methods have adequately addressed the needs for in situ and real-time monitoring of soil evaporation. The objectives of this research project were to track soil water evaporation losses using two different methods: a heat pulse probe (HPP) array and a fully automated microlysimeter (FAML). The HPP consists of a heater needle and five thermistor needles; when rotated to an angle of 27.3℗ʻ from a vertical orientation, it yielded temperature measurements every 3 mm within the soil profile. On the application of heat input to a resistance wire in the heater needle, the remaining thermistor needles measured the temperature response at a fixed distance of 6.5 mm from the heater. Results from our study demonstrate application of the sensible heat balance approach that provided reasonable estimates of subsurface evaporation rates. Inconsistencies due to the inability of the HPP to estimate evaporation rates in the near-surface "undetectable zone" are also reported in comparison to actual stage-2 evaporation based on the mass balance method. Additionally, deviations from the prescribed installation angle introduced errors when calculating the temperature gradient; hence, a vertical spacing algorithm was developed to resolve spacing errors. In the third chapter, a fully automated design is discussed based on the microlysimeter concept with the enhancement of an 8- cm deep lysimeter that was mounted on a 10 kg load cell for real-time monitoring diurnal evaporation rates from bare soil. The comparison with HYDRUS-1D simulation validated the FAML measured instantaneous evaporation rates with slight disparity toward the end of the experiment. Overall, this study shows two feasible methods for estimating real time evaporation rates in situ over prolonged periods with the aid of the HPP or the FAML. These tools can assist researchers with improved assessment of soil evaporation while taking into account proper correction methods.
Download or read book Principles of Environmental Physics written by John Monteith and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 1990-02-15 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thoroughly revised and up-dated edition of a highly successful textbook.
Download or read book Urban Climates written by T. R. Oke and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-09-14 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban Climates is the first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates. The book begins with an outline of what constitutes an urban ecosystem. It develops a comprehensive terminology for the subject using scale and surface classification as key constructs. It explains the physical principles governing the creation of distinct urban climates, such as airflow around buildings, the heat island, precipitation modification and air pollution, and it then illustrates how this knowledge can be applied to moderate the undesirable consequences of urban development and help create more sustainable and resilient cities. With urban climate science now a fully-fledged field, this timely book fulfills the need to bring together the disparate parts of climate research on cities into a coherent framework. It is an ideal resource for students and researchers in fields such as climatology, urban hydrology, air quality, environmental engineering and urban design.
Download or read book Evapotranspiration in the Soil Plant Atmosphere System written by Viliam Novak and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-25 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evapotranspiration and its components (evaporation and transpiration) as a process is one of the basic terms of Earth's water balance; its importance is accented by the fact that transpiration is the vital element of the biomass production process. The second important property of evapotranspiration is its extreme consumption of solar energy, thus controlling the temperature of the atmosphere and creating favourable conditions for life. Evapotranspiration as an energy consuming process is also the connection between the energy and mass cycles of the Earth. Evapotranspiration is a process performing in the Soil–Plant –Atmosphere System (SPAS); therefore this book is presenting and quantifying it as a catenary process, describing transport of water in the soil, including root extraction patterns and methods of its evaluation. Transport of water through the plant and from the canopy to the atmosphere is also described and quantified. A variety of evapotranspiration (and its components evaporation and transpiration) calculation methods are described, starting from empirical methods up to the most sophisticated ones based on the solution of the transport equations of water and energy in the SPAS. The most important (and widely used) calculation method - modified Penman–Monteith method is described in details, ready to be used with data in the book only. Water balance method of evapotranspiration estimation as well as sap flow method description can be found in the book as well. The book can be used by hydrologists, biologists, meteorologists and other specialists as well as by ecology students. Key themes: soil hydrology – evapotranspiration – hydropedology– plant physiology – water movement in soils – evaporation – transpiration Dr. Viliam Novák is a water resources scientist at the Institute of Hydrology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava (Slovakia).
Download or read book Eddy Covariance written by Marc Aubinet and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-18 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This highly practical handbook is an exhaustive treatment of eddy covariance measurement that will be of keen interest to scientists who are not necessarily specialists in micrometeorology. The chapters cover measuring fluxes using eddy covariance technique, from the tower installation and system dimensioning to data collection, correction and analysis. With a state-of-the-art perspective, the authors examine the latest techniques and address the most up-to-date methods for data processing and quality control. The chapters provide answers to data treatment problems including data filtering, footprint analysis, data gap filling, uncertainty evaluation, and flux separation, among others. The authors cover the application of measurement techniques in different ecosystems such as forest, crops, grassland, wetland, lakes and rivers, and urban areas, highlighting peculiarities, specific practices and methods to be considered. The book also covers what to do when you have all your data, summarizing the objectives of a database as well as using case studies of the CarboEurope and FLUXNET databases to demonstrate the way they should be maintained and managed. Policies for data use, exchange and publication are also discussed and proposed. This one compendium is a valuable source of information on eddy covariance measurement that allows readers to make rational and relevant choices in positioning, dimensioning, installing and maintaining an eddy covariance site; collecting, treating, correcting and analyzing eddy covariance data; and scaling up eddy flux measurements to annual scale and evaluating their uncertainty.
Download or read book Land Surface Evaporation written by Thomas J. Schmugge and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: General circulation model (GCM) experiments in the late 1970's indicated that the climate is sensitive to variations in evaporation at the land surface. Thus, in the context of climate modeling, it became important to develop techniques which would realistically estimate the evaporation flux on land. Land Surface Evaporation: Measurement and Parameterization discusses strategies for the use of experimental data in developing and testing parameterization schemes of the evaporation flux in GCM's. The book reviews state-of-the-art techniques, such as remote sensing, which measure evaporation fluxes over continental surfaces. It evaluates their relevance with respect to the various spatial and temporal scales of interest. This book will provide researchers in climatology, meteorology, hydrology and water management, and remote sensing with a thorough overview of current research in land surface evaporation. It will also give young scientists insight into surface processes.
Download or read book Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics written by Daniel Hillel and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-12-17 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An abridged, student-oriented edition of Hillel's earlier published Environmental Soil Physics, Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics is a more succinct elucidation of the physical principles and processes governing the behavior of soil and the vital role it plays in both natural and managed ecosystems. The textbook is self-contained and self-explanatory, with numerous illustrations and sample problems. Based on sound fundamental theory, the textbook leads to a practical consideration of soil as a living system in nature and illustrates the influences of human activity upon soil structure and function. Students, as well as other readers, will better understand the importance of soils and the pivotal possition they occupy with respect to careful and knowledgeable conservation. - Written in an engaging and clear style, posing and resolving issues relevant to the terrestrial environment - Explores the gamut of the interactions among the phases in the soil and the dynamic interconnection of the soil with the subterranean and atmospheric domains - Reveals the salient ideas, approaches, and methods of environmental soil physics - Includes numerous illustrative exercises, which are explicitly solved - Designed to serve for classroom and laboratory instruction, for self-study, and for reference - Oriented toward practical problems in ecology, field-scale hydrology, agronomy, and civil engineering - Differs from earlier texts in its wider scope and holistic environmental conception
Download or read book Soil and Water written by Daniel Hillel and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil and Water: Physical Principles and Processes describes the physical principles governing the soil-water system and particularly the sequence of processes constituting the cycle of water in the field. Organized into two parts, with a total of 11 chapters, this book first discusses the basic physical properties of both soil and water. Some chapters deal with the state of water in soil and flow of water in saturated and unsaturated soil. The second part focuses on the aspects of field water cycle, starting from the entry of water into soil to the redistribution of soil moisture. It also describes the groundwater drainage, evaporation from bare-surface soils, uptake of soil water by plants, and the water and energy balance in the field. This work is meant for students and professional workers in soil physics and other related disciplines who need or might be interested in a fundamental and up-to-date exposition of soil physics.
Download or read book Evaporation of Water With Emphasis on Applications and Measurements written by Frank E. Jones and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-31 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The loss of water from lakes, rivers, oceans, vegetation, and the earth, as well as man-made structures such as reservoirs and irrigation conduits, is a major concern of hydrologists and irrigation specialists. This loss, compounded by the lack of usable water in some areas, indicates a need for field and laboratory research that will contribute to the understanding of the processes and parameters that comprise and contribute to evaporation.This book emphasizes the process of the air-water interface and discusses such important topics as evaporation and condensation coefficients of water, heat and mass transfer, surface temperature, interfacial tension, convection, diffusion, thermal gradients, wind-generated waves, and the roles that these processes play in evaporation. The book also discusses subjects such as methods for suppressing evaporation using films, water vapor distribution, wind tunnel investigations, evaporation from water drops, preparation of pure water, molecular diffusion, the eddy-correlation method, and evaporation estimation methods. The book will be of considerable value to hydrologists, irrigation specialists, meteorologists, civil engineers, chemical engineers, hydraulic engineers, water resources specialists, water conservation specialists, geophysicists, environmental engineers, and anyone interested in understanding the evaporation of water and its consequences.
