Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Use of Animal Test Data in the Development of a Human Auditory Hazard Criterion for Impulse Noise Part 2 written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A health hazard assessment for blast overpressure exposures is presented.
Download or read book Die Chemotherapie der Tuberkulose written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Biological Response to Blast Overpressure A Summary of Modeling written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A soldier in training is exposed to a variety of blast sources that can adversely affect his auditory and nonauditory systems. While auditory standards have been formulated for many decades, knowledge about nonauditory effects of blast have not been captured in a criteria that can be applied to all circumstances. For the past 15 years, JAYCOR, working together with the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, has been using modeling, simulation, and data analysis to determine the nature of injury in animal models, capture that understanding in physiologically correct mathematical models, and extend the findings to objective criteria that can be used to set exposure limits. This paper summarizes the accomplishments of that effort.
Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Blast Overpressure Research Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advent of nuclear blast caused a renewed interest in blast research in the United States. Thus, was the beginning of the Blast Overpressure Program at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. From the early 1950's through 1997, research on the biomedical, biological and biophysical effects of blast and shock was conducted. During this time, data essential to the understanding of the broad and complex nature of the biological effects of blast overpressure and impulse noise were obtained.
Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Citation Database Version 1 written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This database contains a comprehensive list of citations that were generated by the Blast Overpressure Program (BOP), Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, from 1951 through 1998. The database was created using Microsoft Access97. The purpose and use of this database is two-fold: 1. To compile a comprehensive bibliography of the documents generated by the researchers at the BOP from 1951 through 1998, and 2. To create a database in a form wherein information could be easily retrieved by a multitude of identifiers, for example, if an individual were interested in only retrieving the documents that used the rat for a model, exposed to a Friedlander wave, single exposure, high explosives, with primary blast as the target injury at a threshold level. A hard-copy is provide & Section I contains a copy of the database sorted alphabetically by author. Section II contains a copy of the database sorted alphabetically by title. Section III is sorted numerically and includes the abstracts of each citation. Finally, Section Iv contains a copy of the Animal Information Report.
Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Analysis of RFR Biological Effects written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The avoidance of harmful effects, especially long term effects (cancers, mutations, reproductive disorders, etc.) is one of the dominant concerns for nonlethal weapons generally, and RFR technologies specifically. The need for the participation of policy, legal, and medical organizations at all stages of the research means that familiarity with the scientific basis for the potential occurrence of these effects is critical. All of these organizations recognize that the first step in this assessment is a review of the literature. In order to provide some guidance in this area, a summary of existing, reviewed literature was made. Several comprehensive reviews of the RFR biological effects research have been conducted in the past two years and these reviews provided the basis for this analysis. Our objective is not to make a scholarly assessment of the research, but to analyze trends in the data, as reported.
Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle NLT Bioeffects Broad Issue Study written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the United States becomes more of a peace broker, its military forces must have the appropriate equipment and training to bring peace to unstable regions. Consequently, the Department of Defense has devoted significant resources to developing weapons that apply an appropriate force against an adversary in order to subdue or repel him, without maiming or killing the intended target or innocent bystanders. The application of these nonlethal weapon (NLW) systems in world hot-spots has the potential to significantly reduce collateral damage, conflict escalation and enemy fatalities, while keeping friendly forces secure. US military and law enforcement agencies are interested in acquiring and technology organizations are interested in developing effective weapons. There are, however, significant questions about the nature of the biological effects that are caused and the amount of harmful effects that can be tolerated by such systems.
Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes progress toward understanding and quantifying injury arising from impact or impulsive loading to the body from blast, projectiles, or vehicle restraint systems.
Download or read book Blast Overpressure Studies with Animals and Man written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Army needs realistic safe limits for exposure to impulse noise produced by heavy weapons. Impulse noise limits, based on data from small arms, may be overly conservative. In order to define new limits for heavy weapons, this systematic 5-year study of the effects of high-intensity impulse noise on human volunteers was undertaken. The number of impulses, the peak pressure levels, and spectral distributions of energy of heavy weapon-like impulses were varied systematically. Five major groups of 273 volunteers were given a series of exposures to one of three impulse types and to three types of hearing protection. The impulse spectrum was varied by changing the distance between the volunteer and an explosive detonation. The peak pressure level was varied in 3-dB steps by changing the weight of the explosive charge. The number of impulses per day was 6, 12, 25, 50, or 100. Volunteers wore hearing protection for all exposures. After each exposure, the amount of TTS, if any, was determined. Each volunteer started with an exposure of six impulses at the lowest intensity. If the TTS was less than 15 dB, the subject received six impulses at the next higher level the next day. Noise induced hearing loss, Temporary threshold shift of hearing(TTS), RA III, Volunteers.
Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposure written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes progress toward understanding and quantifying injury arising from impact or impulsive loading to the body from blast, projectiles, or vehicle restraint systems.
Download or read book Health Hazards Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Army needs to set blast overpressure exposure standards that will protect soldiers in training against adverse effects from blast coming from a variety of weapons in a variety of surroundings. JAYCOR is developing biomechanical models that compute the tissues level response due to external blast loading and correlations of that response to pathology and lethality. To validate the models, animal test data has been organized into a database. Trends in the data have been determined that are independent of the models and agreement between the correlations and observations have been good for all level of blasts and animal species. The future work will refine the pathology prediction by location and provide a probabilistically-based methodology for making health hazards assessment.
Download or read book Proposed New Procedure for Estimating Allowable Number of Rounds for Blast Overpressure Hazard Assessment written by James H. Patterson and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current procedures for health hazard assessment of weapons blast overpressure use criteria contained in MIL-STD-1474D These criteria are applied to the test data so that the single pressure-time signature which indicates the greatest hazard (worst case round) is used to derive the recommended firing restrictions for the system. This approach is conservative and probably overrestricts the use of the system. Since it is based on the worst case round, the rest of the test data are essentially ignored in the hazard assessment. A procedure to establish recommended firing limits using all of the data has been developed. The procedure is based on accumulating hazards over the test data set until the criterion value is reached. This establishes the allowable number of rounds. A maximum exposure level for the worst case round is retained to prevent injury from single round exposures. Two variations of the basic procedure are explored and numerical examples of each are presented. The procedure implemented using a proportional dose accumulation is recommended.
Download or read book Modeling of the Non Auditory Response to Blast Overpressure Considerations in Developing a Mechanistically Based Model of Blast Induced Injury to Air Containing Organs written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to anticipate the potential for injury in a wide variety of blast environments, without the excessive use of animal tests, it is necessary to develop a mechanistic understanding that can be used reliably. The process by which the blast wave produces injury is conceived to have the following intermediate steps. The external blast creates a pressure load distribution on the body that sets it in mechanical motion. That motion is transmitted through the body structure to the air-containing organs, where rapid distortions cause stresses within the organ tissue. The combination of stress and motion does work on the tissue and, when certain material limits are exceeded, results in injury. Multiple, isolated exposures lead to a nonlinear accumulation of damage. This paper discusses the non-organ-specific aspects of modeling this process and demonstrates that the general characteristics of injury observed in animal field tests can be explained. Injury to the larynx is used to make a quantitative validation and a simple-wave, multiple-short Damage-Risk Criterion (DRC) is developed. Keywords: RA 3, Non-auditory response, Blast overpressure, Protective equipment, Weapons effects(Biological), DRC, Larynx, Air-containing organs, Stress(Physiology).
Download or read book Blast Overpressure Studies Part II Nonauditory Damage Risk Assessment for Simulated Weapons Fired 100 Times from an Enclosure written by Barbara Merickel and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anesthetized sheep were exposed to a reverberant wave environment like that produced from firing an antitank weapon from a room. The simulation was accomplished by detonating C4 explosives outside a chamber of 18.2 m3 volume. The blast wave traveled into the chamber through a 20-cm I.D. tube and was reflected off the back wall and subsequently throughout the chamber. The resulting waveform very closely approximated that generated by a Carl-Gustav antitank weapon fired from a chamber. Part I of the studies indicated that for a series of 1 shot or 3 shots, 2.5 minutes apart, multiple shots have a strong additive effect, decreasing the subthreshold levels. The subthreshold for a single blast was estimated to be above a peak of 48 kPa. The subthreshold for 3 exposures was estimated to be at 44 kPa. This study, called Part II, used 100 shots, 1 minute apart. For this exposure, a subthreshold peak of at least 23 kPa was verified using 19 animals.
Download or read book Lethal Laws written by Alix Fano and published by Zed Books. This book was released on 1997-05 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the last 150 years, industrial, agricultural and household chemicals have been tested on animals for the alleged purpose of protecting the public from their dangerous effects. Through a meticulous analysis of the technical and scientific problems that have plagued animal tests for decades, this book reveals that using animals as human surrogates is not only unethical, it is bad science.
Download or read book Assessment of Inhalation Hazards written by David V. Bates and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1989 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling of the Non Auditory Response to Blast Overpressure The State of Modeling Blast Injury written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To understand the importance of the findings of the modeling project and to appreciate the need for extending those ideas, it is necessary to review the state of knowledge of blast overpressure injury at the time that the modeling project was initiated and how the needs of Army have evolved. In the early 1980's, two methods existed for assessing blast overpressure injury: one, Military Standard 1474B (Ref. 1), for use in occupational situations, and the other, the Bowen curves (Ref. 2), for use in combat conditions. Mil. Std. 1474-B is a standard developed for predicting auditory hazard based on observed values of peak pressure level and duration. It contains the so-called 'Z-line, ' above which no soldier should be exposed because of possible nonauditory injury that no amount of hearing protection could prevent. The nature of that injury is unspecified and the curve was not based on any observational data, although it might have reflected the intuition of the committee. The other curves in the standard were based primarily on small calibre weapons and, at the time of its creation, the Z-line was well removed from any operational weapon system.
