Download or read book Scriptinformatics written by Dr. habil. Gábor Hosszú and published by Nap Kiadó. This book was released on 2021-02-05 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scripts (writing systems) usually belong to specific languages and have temporal, spatial and cultural characteristics. The evolution of scripts has been the subject of research for a long time. This is probably because the long-term development of human thinking is reflected in the surviving script relics, many of which are still undeciphered today. The book presents the study of the script evolution with the mathematical tools of systematics, phylogenetics and bioinformatics. In the research described, the script is the evolutionary taxonomic unit (taxon), which is analogous to the concept of biological species. Among the methods of phylogenetics, phenetics classifies the investigated taxa on the basis of their morphological similarity, and does not primarily examine genealogical relationships. Due to the scarcity of morphological diversity of scripts’ features, random coincidences of evolution-independent features are much more common in scripts than in biological species, thus phenetic modelling based solely on morphological features can lead to erroneous results. For this reason, phenetic modeling has been extended with evolutionary considerations, thereby allowing the modelling uncertainties observed in the script evolution to be addressed due to the large number of random coincidences (homoplasies) characterizing each script. The book describes an extended phenetic method developed to investigate the script evolution. This data-driven approach helps to reduce the impact of the uncertainties inherent in the phenetic model due to the large number of homoplasies that occur during the evolution of scripts. The elaborated phenetic and evolutionary analyses were applied to the Rovash scripts used on the Eurasian Steppe (Grassland), including the Turkic Rovash (Turkic Runic/runiform) and the Székely-Hungarian Rovash. The evaluation of the extended phenetic model of the scripts, the various phenograms, the script spectra and the group spectra helped to reconstruct the main ancestors and evolutionary stages of the investigated scripts.
Download or read book The World s Major Languages written by Bernard Comrie and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 1125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World's Major Languages features over 50 of the world's languages and language families. This revised edition includes updated bibliographies for each chapter and up-to-date census figures. The featured languages have been chosen based on the number of speakers, their role as official languages and their cultural and historical importance. Each language is looked at in depth, and the chapters provide information on both grammatical features and on salient features of the language's history and cultural role. The World’s Major Languages is an accessible and essential reference work for linguists.
Download or read book Introducing English Linguistics written by Charles F. Meyer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-05-14 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A genuine introduction to the linguistics of English that provides a broad overview of the subject that sustains students' interest and avoids excessive detail. It takes a top-down approach to language beginning with the largest unit of linguistic structure, the text, and working its way down through successively smaller structures.
Download or read book Advances in Natural Language Processing written by Bengt Nordström and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-13 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Natural Language Processing, GoTAL 2008, Gothenburg, Sweden, August 2008. The 44 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 107 submissions. The papers address all current issues in computational linguistics and monolingual and multilingual intelligent language processing - theory, methods and applications.
Download or read book Ancient Greek Accentuation written by Philomen Probert and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2006-03-23 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The accent of many Greek words has long been considered arbitrary, but amid this inconsistency Philomen Probert discovers some striking features that give clues to the prehistory of the accent system. As well as giving a better understanding of the history of Greek accentuation, this study yields insights into aspects of Indo-European accentuation and into the effects of word frequency on language change.
Download or read book The Amarna Letters written by William L. Moran and published by Johns Hopkins University Press. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An ancient inscription identified some of the ruins at el Amarna as "The Place of the Letters of the Pharaoh." Discovered there, circa 1887, were nearly four hundred cuneiform tablets containing correspondence of the Egyptian court with rulers of neighboring states in the mid-fourteenth century B.C. Previous translations of these letters were both incomplete and reflected an imperfect understanding of the Babylonian dialects in which they were written. William Moran devoted a lifetime of study to the Amarna letters to prepare this authoritative English translation. The letters provide a vivid record of high-level diplomatic exchanges that, by modern standards, are often less than diplomatic. An Assyrian ruler complains that the Egyptian king's latest gift of gold was not even sufficient to pay the cost of the messengers who brought it. The king of Babylon refuses to give his daughter in marriage to the pharaoh without first having proof that the king's sister—already one of the pharaoh's many wives—is still alive and well. The king of Karaduniyash complains that the Egyptian court has "detained" his messenger—for the past six years. And Egyptian vassal Rib-Hadda, writing from the besieged port of Byblos, repeatedly demands military assistance for his city or, failing that, an Egyptian ship to permit his own escape.
Download or read book Medieval Iceland written by Jesse L. Byock and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1990-02-07 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gift of Joan Wall. Includes index. Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-248) and index. * glr 20090610.
Download or read book Words to Rhyme with written by Willard R. Espy and published by Checkmark Books. This book was released on 2001 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An easy-to-use dictionary of over 80,000 rhyming words.
Download or read book Information Highlighting in Advanced Learner English written by Marcus Callies and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the first detailed and comprehensive study of information highlighting in advanced learner language, echoing the increasing interest in questions of near-native competence in SLA research and contributing to the description of advanced interlanguages. It examines the production and comprehension of specific means of information highlighting in English by native speakers and German learners of English as a foreign language, presenting triangulated experimental and learner corpus data as corroborating evidence. The study focuses on learners' use of discourse-pragmatically motivated variations of the basic word order such as inversion, preposing, and it- and wh-clefts, an underexplored field in SLA research to date.The book also provides a critical re-assessment of the study of pragmatics within SLA. It has largely been neglected to date that L2 pragmatic knowledge includes more than the sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic abilities for understanding and performing speech acts. Thus, the book argues for an extension of the scope of inquiry in interlanguage pragmatics beyond the cross-cultural investigation of speech acts. It also discusses pedagogical implications for foreign language teaching and will be of interest to applied linguists and SLA researchers, language teachers and curriculum designers.
Download or read book An Introduction to Old Norse written by Eric Valentine Gordon and published by . This book was released on 1927 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The El Amarna Correspondence 2 vol set written by Anson F. Rainey and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2014-11-10 with total page 1671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The El-Amarna Correspondence offers a completely new edition of the Amarna Letters based on personal inspection and reading of all the extant tablets. This edition includes new transcriptions and a translation along with an extensive introduction and glossary of the Amarna Letters.
Download or read book Latin Grammarians on the Latin Accent written by Philomen Probert and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a fresh perspective on a long-standing debate about the value of Latin grammarians writing about the Latin accent: should the information they give us be taken seriously, or was it copied mindlessly from Greek sources? Through careful analysis of Greek and Latin grammatical texts, this book argues that both sides are partly right.
Download or read book The Icelandic Saga written by Peter Hallberg and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 1962-01-01 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this stimulating and reliable introduction to the Icelandic saga, Peter Hallberg correctly designates the genre as "Scandinavia's sole, collective original contribution to world literature." These prose narratives dating from the thirteenth century are characterized by a psychological realism which sets them apart from all other contemporary forms of European literature. Mr. Hallberg's emphasis is on the branch of saga literature which deals with the native heroes--with the settlement of Iceland by Norse chieftains and with the lives of these settlers and their descendants. After disposing of the controversial "free-prose" theory of the origin and transmission of these stories, the author treats such problems as style and character portrayal, dreams and destinies, values and ideals, humor and irony. Several of the major sagas are studied in some detail. The concluding discussion concerns the decline of saga writing and the role played by the Sagas in modern Scandinavian life and literature. Paul Schach's introduction and copious annotation furnish additional background material and bibliographical references to English translations of the individual sagas and to significant studies on the major problems of saga research. Although intended primarily for the layman, The Icelandic Saga is of value to the specialist since it judiciously evaluates and incorporates the revolutionary findings of the so-called "Icelandic school" of saga study.
Download or read book Nj ls Saga written by Lars Lönnroth and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1976-01-01 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Syntax of the Sentence written by Philip Baldi and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2009-06-05 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first of a multi-volume set dealing with the long-term evolution of Latin syntax, roughly from the 4th century BCE up to the 6th century CE. There are six pivotal chapters in this volume, each dealing with a subject which is critical to the understanding of the syntactic system. Topics covered include contact phenomena (from Greek and Semitic), the development of word order, particles, coordination, and the syntax of questions and answers. The volume is introduced by the editors in an explanatory "Prolegomena", and the textual parameters are set in a chapter on literary genres and sociolinguistics. Crafted in a functional-typological framework, chapters are user-sensitive, with a minimum of technical jargon and formalism, making them accessible to the widest range of readers.
Download or read book Yvain written by Chretien de Troyes and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 1987-09-10 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The twelfth-century French poet Chrétien de Troyes is a major figure in European literature. His courtly romances fathered the Arthurian tradition and influenced countless other poets in England as well as on the continent. Yet because of the difficulty of capturing his swift-moving style in translation, English-speaking audiences are largely unfamiliar with the pleasures of reading his poems. Now, for the first time, an experienced translator of medieval verse who is himself a poet provides a translation of Chrétien’s major poem, Yvain, in verse that fully and satisfyingly captures the movement, the sense, and the spirit of the Old French original. Yvain is a courtly romance with a moral tenor; it is ironic and sometimes bawdy; the poetry is crisp and vivid. In addition, the psychological and the socio-historical perceptions of the poem are of profound literary and historical importance, for it evokes the emotions and the values of a flourishing, vibrant medieval past.
Download or read book A Dictionary of the K shm r Language written by Sir George Abraham Grierson and published by . This book was released on 1916 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
