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Book Writing Idiomatic Python 3 3

Download or read book Writing Idiomatic Python 3 3 written by Jeff Knupp and published by Jeff Knupp. This book was released on 2013-02-10 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "Writing Idiomatic Python" book is finally here! Chock full of code samples, you'll learn the "Pythonic" way to accomplish common tasks. Each idiom comes with a detailed description, example code showing the "wrong" way to do it, and code for the idiomatic, "Pythonic" alternative. *This version of the book is for Python 3. There is also a Python 2.7+ version available.* "Writing Idiomatic Python" contains the most common and important Python idioms in a format that maximizes identification and understanding. Each idiom is presented as a recommendation to write some commonly used piece of code. It is followed by an explanation of why the idiom is important. It also contains two code samples: the "Harmful" way to write it and the "Idiomatic" way. * The "Harmful" way helps you identify the idiom in your own code. * The "Idiomatic" way shows you how to easily translate that code into idiomatic Python. This book is perfect for you: * If you're coming to Python from another programming language * If you're learning Python as a first programming language * If you're looking to increase the readability, maintainability, and correctness of your Python code What is "Idiomatic" Python? Every programming language has its own idioms. Programming language idioms are nothing more than the generally accepted way of writing a certain piece of code. Consistently writing idiomatic code has a number of important benefits: * Others can read and understand your code easily * Others can maintain and enhance your code with minimal effort * Your code will contain fewer bugs * Your code will teach others to write correct code without any effort on your part

Book Writing Idiomatic Python 2 7 3

Download or read book Writing Idiomatic Python 2 7 3 written by Jeff Knupp and published by Jeff Knupp. This book was released on 2013-02-06 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "Writing Idiomatic Python" book is finally here! Chock full of code samples, you'll learn the "Pythonic" way to accomplish common tasks. Each idiom comes with a detailed description, example code showing the "wrong" way to do it, and code for the idiomatic, "Pythonic" alternative. *This version of the book is for Python 2.7.3+. There is also a Python 3.3+ version available.* "Writing Idiomatic Python" contains the most common and important Python idioms in a format that maximizes identification and understanding. Each idiom is presented as a recommendation to write some commonly used piece of code. It is followed by an explanation of why the idiom is important. It also contains two code samples: the "Harmful" way to write it and the "Idiomatic" way. * The "Harmful" way helps you identify the idiom in your own code. * The "Idiomatic" way shows you how to easily translate that code into idiomatic Python. This book is perfect for you: * If you're coming to Python from another programming language * If you're learning Python as a first programming language * If you're looking to increase the readability, maintainability, and correctness of your Python code What is "Idiomatic" Python? Every programming language has its own idioms. Programming language idioms are nothing more than the generally accepted way of writing a certain piece of code. Consistently writing idiomatic code has a number of important benefits: * Others can read and understand your code easily * Others can maintain and enhance your code with minimal effort * Your code will contain fewer bugs * Your code will teach others to write correct code without any effort on your part

Book Pythonic Programming

    Book Details:
  • Author : Dmitry Zinoviev
  • Publisher : Pragmatic Bookshelf
  • Release : 2021-09-23
  • ISBN : 1680509209
  • Pages : 211 pages

Download or read book Pythonic Programming written by Dmitry Zinoviev and published by Pragmatic Bookshelf. This book was released on 2021-09-23 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Make your good Python code even better by following proven and effective pythonic programming tips. Avoid logical errors that usually go undetected by Python linters and code formatters, such as frequent data look-ups in long lists, improper use of local and global variables, and mishandled user input. Discover rare language features, like rational numbers, set comprehensions, counters, and pickling, that may boost your productivity. Discover how to apply general programming patterns, including caching, in your Python code. Become a better-than-average Python programmer, and develop self-documented, maintainable, easy-to-understand programs that are fast to run and hard to break. Python is one of the most popular and rapidly growing modern programming languages. With more than 200 standard libraries and even more third-party libraries, it reaches into the software development areas as diverse as artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, natural language processing, and computer vision. Find out how to improve your understanding of the spirit of the language by using one hundred pythonic tips to make your code safer, faster, and better documented. This programming style manual is a quick reference of helpful hints and a random source of inspiration. Choose the suitable data structures for searching and sorting jobs and become aware of how a wrong choice may cause your application to be completely ineffective. Understand global and local variables, class and instance attributes, and information-hiding techniques. Create functions with flexible interfaces. Manage intermediate computation results by caching them in files and memory to improve performance and reliability. Polish your documentation skills to make your code easy for other programmers to understand. As a bonus, discover Easter eggs cleverly planted in the standard library by its developers. Polish, secure, and speed-up your Python applications, and make them easier to maintain by following pythonic programming tips. What You Need: You will need a Python interpreter (ideally, version 3.4 or above) and the standard Python library that usually comes with the interpreter.

Book Writing Idiomatic Python

    Book Details:
  • Author : Jeff Knupp
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2013-03
  • ISBN : 9780999347607
  • Pages : pages

Download or read book Writing Idiomatic Python written by Jeff Knupp and published by . This book was released on 2013-03 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Clean Code in Python

    Book Details:
  • Author : Mariano Anaya
  • Publisher : Packt Publishing Ltd
  • Release : 2018-08-29
  • ISBN : 1788837061
  • Pages : 328 pages

Download or read book Clean Code in Python written by Mariano Anaya and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2018-08-29 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Getting the most out of Python to improve your codebase Key Features Save maintenance costs by learning to fix your legacy codebase Learn the principles and techniques of refactoring Apply microservices to your legacy systems by implementing practical techniques Book Description Python is currently used in many different areas such as software construction, systems administration, and data processing. In all of these areas, experienced professionals can find examples of inefficiency, problems, and other perils, as a result of bad code. After reading this book, readers will understand these problems, and more importantly, how to correct them. The book begins by describing the basic elements of writing clean code and how it plays an important role in Python programming. You will learn about writing efficient and readable code using the Python standard library and best practices for software design. You will learn to implement the SOLID principles in Python and use decorators to improve your code. The book delves more deeply into object oriented programming in Python and shows you how to use objects with descriptors and generators. It will also show you the design principles of software testing and how to resolve software problems by implementing design patterns in your code. In the final chapter we break down a monolithic application to a microservice one, starting from the code as the basis for a solid platform. By the end of the book, you will be proficient in applying industry approved coding practices to design clean, sustainable and readable Python code. What you will learn Set up tools to effectively work in a development environment Explore how the magic methods of Python can help us write better code Examine the traits of Python to create advanced object-oriented design Understand removal of duplicated code using decorators and descriptors Effectively refactor code with the help of unit tests Learn to implement the SOLID principles in Python Who this book is for This book will appeal to team leads, software architects and senior software engineers who would like to work on their legacy systems to save cost and improve efficiency. A strong understanding of Programming is assumed.

Book The Hitchhiker s Guide to Python

Download or read book The Hitchhiker s Guide to Python written by Kenneth Reitz and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2016-08-30 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hitchhiker's Guide to Python takes the journeyman Pythonista to true expertise. More than any other language, Python was created with the philosophy of simplicity and parsimony. Now 25 years old, Python has become the primary or secondary language (after SQL) for many business users. With popularity comes diversityâ??and possibly dilution. This guide, collaboratively written by over a hundred members of the Python community, describes best practices currently used by package and application developers. Unlike other books for this audience, The Hitchhikerâ??s Guide is light on reusable code and heavier on design philosophy, directing the reader to excellent sources that already exist.

Book Dead Simple Python

    Book Details:
  • Author : Jason C McDonald
  • Publisher : No Starch Press
  • Release : 2022-11-22
  • ISBN : 1718500920
  • Pages : 754 pages

Download or read book Dead Simple Python written by Jason C McDonald and published by No Starch Press. This book was released on 2022-11-22 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complete core language for existing programmers. Dead Simple Python is a thorough introduction to every feature of the Python language for programmers who are impatient to write production code. Instead of revisiting elementary computer science topics, you’ll dive deep into idiomatic Python patterns so you can write professional Python programs in no time. After speeding through Python’s basic syntax and setting up a complete programming environment, you’ll learn to work with Python’s dynamic data typing, its support for both functional and object-oriented programming techniques, special features like generator expressions, and advanced topics like concurrency. You’ll also learn how to package, distribute, debug, and test your Python project. Master how to: Make Python's dynamic typing work for you to produce cleaner, more adaptive code. Harness advanced iteration techniques to structure and process your data. Design classes and functions that work without unwanted surprises or arbitrary constraints. Use multiple inheritance and introspection to write classes that work intuitively. Improve your code's responsiveness and performance with asynchrony, concurrency, and parallelism. Structure your Python project for production-grade testing and distribution The most pedantically pythonic primer ever printed, Dead Simple Python will take you from working with the absolute basics to coding applications worthy of publication.

Book Fluent Python

    Book Details:
  • Author : Luciano Ramalho
  • Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
  • Release : 2015-07-30
  • ISBN : 1491946253
  • Pages : 755 pages

Download or read book Fluent Python written by Luciano Ramalho and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2015-07-30 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Python’s simplicity lets you become productive quickly, but this often means you aren’t using everything it has to offer. With this hands-on guide, you’ll learn how to write effective, idiomatic Python code by leveraging its best—and possibly most neglected—features. Author Luciano Ramalho takes you through Python’s core language features and libraries, and shows you how to make your code shorter, faster, and more readable at the same time. Many experienced programmers try to bend Python to fit patterns they learned from other languages, and never discover Python features outside of their experience. With this book, those Python programmers will thoroughly learn how to become proficient in Python 3. This book covers: Python data model: understand how special methods are the key to the consistent behavior of objects Data structures: take full advantage of built-in types, and understand the text vs bytes duality in the Unicode age Functions as objects: view Python functions as first-class objects, and understand how this affects popular design patterns Object-oriented idioms: build classes by learning about references, mutability, interfaces, operator overloading, and multiple inheritance Control flow: leverage context managers, generators, coroutines, and concurrency with the concurrent.futures and asyncio packages Metaprogramming: understand how properties, attribute descriptors, class decorators, and metaclasses work

Book Effective Python

    Book Details:
  • Author : Brett Slatkin
  • Publisher : Pearson Education
  • Release : 2015
  • ISBN : 0134034287
  • Pages : 251 pages

Download or read book Effective Python written by Brett Slatkin and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2015 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effective Python will help students harness the full power of Python to write exceptionally robust, efficient, maintainable, and well-performing code. Utilizing the concise, scenario-driven style pioneered in Scott Meyers's best-selling Effective C++, Brett Slatkin brings together 53 Python best practices, tips, shortcuts, and realistic code examples from expert programmers. Each section contains specific, actionable guidelines organized into items, each with carefully worded advice supported by detailed technical arguments and illuminating examples.

Book Python Tricks

    Book Details:
  • Author : Dan Bader
  • Publisher : Dan Bader
  • Release : 2017
  • ISBN : 9781775093305
  • Pages : 302 pages

Download or read book Python Tricks written by Dan Bader and published by Dan Bader. This book was released on 2017 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "I don't even feel like I've scratched the surface of what I can do with Python" With Python Tricks: The Book you'll discover Python's best practices and the power of beautiful & Pythonic code with simple examples and a step-by-step narrative. You'll get one step closer to mastering Python, so you can write beautiful and idiomatic code that comes to you naturally. Learning the ins and outs of Python is difficult-and with this book you'll be able to focus on the practical skills that really matter. Discover the "hidden gold" in Python's standard library and start writing clean and Pythonic code today. Who Should Read This Book: If you're wondering which lesser known parts in Python you should know about, you'll get a roadmap with this book. Discover cool (yet practical!) Python tricks and blow your coworkers' minds in your next code review. If you've got experience with legacy versions of Python, the book will get you up to speed with modern patterns and features introduced in Python 3 and backported to Python 2. If you've worked with other programming languages and you want to get up to speed with Python, you'll pick up the idioms and practical tips you need to become a confident and effective Pythonista. If you want to make Python your own and learn how to write clean and Pythonic code, you'll discover best practices and little-known tricks to round out your knowledge. What Python Developers Say About The Book: "I kept thinking that I wished I had access to a book like this when I started learning Python many years ago." - Mariatta Wijaya, Python Core Developer "This book makes you write better Python code!" - Bob Belderbos, Software Developer at Oracle "Far from being just a shallow collection of snippets, this book will leave the attentive reader with a deeper understanding of the inner workings of Python as well as an appreciation for its beauty." - Ben Felder, Pythonista "It's like having a seasoned tutor explaining, well, tricks!" - Daniel Meyer, Sr. Desktop Administrator at Tesla Inc.

Book Python Crash Course

    Book Details:
  • Author : Eric Matthes
  • Publisher : No Starch Press
  • Release : 2015-11-01
  • ISBN : 1593277393
  • Pages : 564 pages

Download or read book Python Crash Course written by Eric Matthes and published by No Starch Press. This book was released on 2015-11-01 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Python Crash Course is a fast-paced, thorough introduction to Python that will have you writing programs, solving problems, and making things that work in no time. In the first half of the book, you’ll learn about basic programming concepts, such as lists, dictionaries, classes, and loops, and practice writing clean and readable code with exercises for each topic. You’ll also learn how to make your programs interactive and how to test your code safely before adding it to a project. In the second half of the book, you’ll put your new knowledge into practice with three substantial projects: a Space Invaders–inspired arcade game, data visualizations with Python’s super-handy libraries, and a simple web app you can deploy online. As you work through Python Crash Course you’ll learn how to: –Use powerful Python libraries and tools, including matplotlib, NumPy, and Pygal –Make 2D games that respond to keypresses and mouse clicks, and that grow more difficult as the game progresses –Work with data to generate interactive visualizations –Create and customize Web apps and deploy them safely online –Deal with mistakes and errors so you can solve your own programming problems If you’ve been thinking seriously about digging into programming, Python Crash Course will get you up to speed and have you writing real programs fast. Why wait any longer? Start your engines and code! Uses Python 2 and 3

Book Python Cookbook

    Book Details:
  • Author : David Beazley
  • Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
  • Release : 2013-05-10
  • ISBN : 1449357350
  • Pages : 1132 pages

Download or read book Python Cookbook written by David Beazley and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2013-05-10 with total page 1132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you need help writing programs in Python 3, or want to update older Python 2 code, this book is just the ticket. Packed with practical recipes written and tested with Python 3.3, this unique cookbook is for experienced Python programmers who want to focus on modern tools and idioms. Inside, youâ??ll find complete recipes for more than a dozen topics, covering the core Python language as well as tasks common to a wide variety of application domains. Each recipe contains code samples you can use in your projects right away, along with a discussion about how and why the solution works. Topics include: Data Structures and Algorithms Strings and Text Numbers, Dates, and Times Iterators and Generators Files and I/O Data Encoding and Processing Functions Classes and Objects Metaprogramming Modules and Packages Network and Web Programming Concurrency Utility Scripting and System Administration Testing, Debugging, and Exceptions C Extensions

Book Practices of the Python Pro

Download or read book Practices of the Python Pro written by Dane Hillard and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2019-12-22 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary Professional developers know the many benefits of writing application code that’s clean, well-organized, and easy to maintain. By learning and following established patterns and best practices, you can take your code and your career to a new level. With Practices of the Python Pro, you’ll learn to design professional-level, clean, easily maintainable software at scale using the incredibly popular programming language, Python. You’ll find easy-to-grok examples that use pseudocode and Python to introduce software development best practices, along with dozens of instantly useful techniques that will help you code like a pro. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the technology Professional-quality code does more than just run without bugs. It’s clean, readable, and easy to maintain. To step up from a capable Python coder to a professional developer, you need to learn industry standards for coding style, application design, and development process. That’s where this book is indispensable. About the book Practices of the Python Pro teaches you to design and write professional-quality software that’s understandable, maintainable, and extensible. Dane Hillard is a Python pro who has helped many dozens of developers make this step, and he knows what it takes. With helpful examples and exercises, he teaches you when, why, and how to modularize your code, how to improve quality by reducing complexity, and much more. Embrace these core principles, and your code will become easier for you and others to read, maintain, and reuse. What's inside Organizing large Python projects Achieving the right levels of abstraction Writing clean, reusable code Inheritance and composition Considerations for testing and performance About the reader For readers familiar with the basics of Python, or another OO language. About the author Dane Hillard has spent the majority of his development career using Python to build web applications. Table of Contents: PART 1 WHY IT ALL MATTERS 1 ¦ The bigger picture PART 2 FOUNDATIONS OF DESIGN 2 ¦ Separation of concerns 3 ¦ Abstraction and encapsulation 4 ¦ Designing for high performance 5 ¦ Testing your software PART 3 NAILING DOWN LARGE SYSTEMS 6 ¦ Separation of concerns in practice 7 ¦ Extensibility and flexibility 8 ¦ The rules (and exceptions) of inheritance 9 ¦ Keeping things lightweight 10 ¦ Achieving loose coupling PART 4 WHAT’S NEXT? 11 ¦ Onward and upward

Book Mastering Python

    Book Details:
  • Author : Rick van Hattem
  • Publisher : Packt Publishing Ltd
  • Release : 2016-04-29
  • ISBN : 1785289136
  • Pages : 486 pages

Download or read book Mastering Python written by Rick van Hattem and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master the art of writing beautiful and powerful Python by using all of the features that Python 3.5 offers About This Book Become familiar with the most important and advanced parts of the Python code style Learn the trickier aspects of Python and put it in a structured context for deeper understanding of the language Offers an expert's-eye overview of how these advanced tasks fit together in Python as a whole along with practical examples Who This Book Is For Almost anyone can learn to write working script and create high quality code but they might lack a structured understanding of what it means to be 'Pythonic'. If you are a Python programmer who wants to code efficiently by getting the syntax and usage of a few intricate Python techniques exactly right, this book is for you. What You Will Learn Create a virtualenv and start a new project Understand how and when to use the functional programming paradigm Get familiar with the different ways the decorators can be written in Understand the power of generators and coroutines without digressing into lambda calculus Create metaclasses and how it makes working with Python far easier Generate HTML documentation out of documents and code using Sphinx Learn how to track and optimize application performance, both memory and cpu Use the multiprocessing library, not just locally but also across multiple machines Get a basic understanding of packaging and creating your own libraries/applications In Detail Python is a dynamic programming language. It is known for its high readability and hence it is often the first language learned by new programmers. Python being multi-paradigm, it can be used to achieve the same thing in different ways and it is compatible across different platforms. Even if you find writing Python code easy, writing code that is efficient, easy to maintain, and reuse is not so straightforward. This book is an authoritative guide that will help you learn new advanced methods in a clear and contextualised way. It starts off by creating a project-specific environment using venv, introducing you to different Pythonic syntax and common pitfalls before moving on to cover the functional features in Python. It covers how to create different decorators, generators, and metaclasses. It also introduces you to functools.wraps and coroutines and how they work. Later on you will learn to use asyncio module for asynchronous clients and servers. You will also get familiar with different testing systems such as py.test, doctest, and unittest, and debugging tools such as Python debugger and faulthandler. You will learn to optimize application performance so that it works efficiently across multiple machines and Python versions. Finally, it will teach you how to access C functions with a simple Python call. By the end of the book, you will be able to write more advanced scripts and take on bigger challenges. Style and Approach This book is a comprehensive guide that covers advanced features of the Python language, and communicate them with an authoritative understanding of the underlying rationale for how, when, and why to use them.

Book Pro Python

    Book Details:
  • Author : Marty Alchin
  • Publisher : Apress
  • Release : 2010-12-28
  • ISBN : 1430227583
  • Pages : 351 pages

Download or read book Pro Python written by Marty Alchin and published by Apress. This book was released on 2010-12-28 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: You’ve learned the basics of Python, but how do you take your skills to the next stage? Even if you know enough to be productive, there are a number of features that can take you to the next level in Python. Pro Python explores concepts and features normally left to experimentation, allowing you to be even more productive and creative. In addition to pure code concerns, Pro Python will develop your programming techniques and approaches, which will help make you a better Python programmer. Not only will this book help your code, it will also help you understand and interact with the many established Python communities, or even start your own. Take your Python knowledge and coding skills to the next level. Write clean, innovative code that will be respected among your peers. Make your code do more with introspection and metaprogramming. Design complete frameworks and libraries (two are included in the book!). For more information, including a link to the source code referenced in the book, please visit http://propython.com/.

Book Python for the Busy Java Developer

Download or read book Python for the Busy Java Developer written by Deepak Sarda and published by Apress. This book was released on 2017-11-24 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are you a seasoned Java developer who wishes to learn Python? Perhaps you’ve just joined a project where a chunk of system integration code is written in Python. Or maybe you need to implement a report generation module in the next sprint and your colleague mentioned that Python would be the perfect tool for the job. In any case, if you are in a situation where you have to pick up the Python programming language overnight, this book is just for you! Hit the ground running and gain a fast-paced overview of what the Python language is all about, the syntax that it uses and the ecosystem of libraries and tools that surround the language. This concise book doesn’t spend time on details from an introductory programming course or document every single Python feature. Instead, Python for the Busy Java Developer is designed for experienced Java developers to obtain sufficient familiarity with the language and dive into coding, quickly. What You'll Learn Discover the fundamentals of the core Python language and how they compare to Java Understand Python syntax and the differences between Python 2.x and 3.x Explore the Python ecosystem, its standard libraries, and how to implement them Who This Book Is For Working programmers who are comfortable with Java or another object-oriented programming language such as C#

Book Programming in Python 3

    Book Details:
  • Author : Mark Summerfield
  • Publisher : Pearson Education
  • Release : 2008-12-16
  • ISBN : 0321606590
  • Pages : 631 pages

Download or read book Programming in Python 3 written by Mark Summerfield and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2008-12-16 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Python 3 is the best version of the language yet: It is more powerful, convenient, consistent, and expressive than ever before. Now, leading Python programmer Mark Summerfield demonstrates how to write code that takes full advantage of Python 3’s features and idioms. The first book written from a completely “Python 3” viewpoint, Programming in Python 3 brings together all the knowledge you need to write any program, use any standard or third-party Python 3 library, and create new library modules of your own. Summerfield draws on his many years of Python experience to share deep insights into Python 3 development you won’t find anywhere else. He begins by illuminating Python’s “beautiful heart”: the eight key elements of Python you need to write robust, high-performance programs. Building on these core elements, he introduces new topics designed to strengthen your practical expertise—one concept and hands-on example at a time. This book’s coverage includes Developing in Python using procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming paradigms Creating custom packages and modules Writing and reading binary, text, and XML files, including optional compression, random access, and text and XML parsing Leveraging advanced data types, collections, control structures, and functions Spreading program workloads across multiple processes and threads Programming SQL databases and key-value DBM files Utilizing Python’s regular expression mini-language and module Building usable, efficient, GUI-based applications Advanced programming techniques, including generators, function and class decorators, context managers, descriptors, abstract base classes, metaclasses, and more Programming in Python 3 serves as both tutorial and language reference, and it is accompanied by extensive downloadable example code—all of it tested with the final version of Python 3 on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.