Download or read book Will the Real natural Trading Partner Please Stand Up written by Maurice W. Schiff and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adherents of the "natural trading partner" hypothesis argue that preferential trade agreements are more likely to improve welfare if participating countries already trade disproportionately with each other. Opponents argue the opposite. Neither side is right. The hypothesis holds up only if two countries are "natural trading partners" in the sense that one country tends to import what the other exports.
Download or read book Will the Real Natural Trading Partner Please Stand Up written by Maurice Schiff and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adherents of the natural trading partner hypothesis argue that preferential trade agreements are more likely to improve welfare if participating countries already trade disproportionately with each other. Opponents argue the opposite. Neither side is right. The hypothesis holds up only if two countries are natural trading partners in the sense that one country tends to import what the other exports.Adherents of the natural trading partner hypothesis argue that preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are more likely to improve welfare if participating countries already trade disproportionately with each other.Opponents of the hypothesis claim that the opposite is true: welfare gains are likely to be greater if participating countries trade less with each other.Schiff shows that neither analysis is correct. The natural trading partner hypothesis can be rescued if it is redefined in terms of complementarity or substitutability in the trade relations of countries, rather than in terms of their volume of trade.Schiff asks not whether a country should form or join a trading bloc but which partner or partners it should select if it does join such a bloc.He shows that the pre-PTA volume of trade is not a useful criterion for selecting a partner. The pre-PTA volume is equal to zero if the partner is an importer of the good sold to the home country and it is indeterminate if the partner is an exporter of that good. Among Schiff's conclusions:The home country is better off with a large partner country. First, a large partner is more likely to satisfy the home country's import demand at the world price. Second, the home country is likely to gain more on its exports to a large partner country, because that partner is likely to continue importing from the world market after formation of the trading bloc. And since the partner charges a tariff on imports from the world market, the home country is more likely to improve its terms of trade by selling to the partner at the higher tariff-inclusive price if the partner is large.The PTA as a whole is likely to be better off if each country imports what the other exports (rather than each country importing what the other imports). Losses are similar but less likely, while gains are both more likely and the same or larger.This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of regional integration. The author may be contacted at [email protected].
Download or read book Privatization and Regulation of the Seaport Industry written by Lourdes Trujillo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Containerized shipping has brought profound changes to maritime transport, including a shift from labor-intensive to more capital-intensive activities. Revising the traditional organization of seaports everywhere will prepare ports for a more competitive market and less financial dependence on governments.
Download or read book Contagion Bank Lending Spreads and Output Fluctuations written by Pierre-Richard Agénor and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A positive historical shock to external spreads can lead to an increase in domestic spreads and a reduction in the cyclical component of output. Shocks to external spreads immediately after the Mexican peso crisis had a sizable effect on movements in output and domestic interest rate spreads in Argentina.
Download or read book How Child Labor and Child Schooling Interact with Adult Labor written by Ranjan Ray and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The link between household poverty and child labor is much stronger in Pakistan than in Peru. Providing good schools in South Asia could help reduce child labor. The link between child labor and adult labor markets varies with gender.
Download or read book Fiscal Adjustment and Contingent Government Liabilities written by Hana Polackova Brixi and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments' contingent liabilities increase fiscal vulnerability, but are omitted in traditional measures of the current deficit. In the Czech Republic this omission may mean that fiscal adjustment has been overstated by 3 to 4 percent of annual GDP, with future budgets having to pay for past guarantees. The stock of existing contingent liabilities in Macedonia could add 2 to 4 percent of GDP to that country's future deficits.
Download or read book Regulating Privatized Infrastructures and Airport Services written by Ofelia Betancor and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Financial Sector Inefficiences and Coordination Failures written by Pierre-Richard Agénor and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The East Asian Crisis written by Warwick J. McKibbin and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Prospective Deficits and the Asian Currency Crisis written by Craig Burnside and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent Asian currency crisis was caused by large prospective fiscal deficits associated with implicit bailout guarantees to failing banking systems. Absent the political will to raise taxes or cut spending, governments must resort to seignorage revenues to pay for the bailout of the banking system. In a world of forward-looking agents, this makes a currency crisis inevitable.
Download or read book The Russian City in Transition written by Martha De Melo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reform in 10 regional capitals along the Volga River is associated with favorable initial conditions. And both reform and favorable initial conditions are associated with relatively successful economic outcomes, except where access to extra resources improves outcomes or where weak government undermines success.
Download or read book Seeking Votes written by Norbert R. Schady and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the literature on political influences on the allocation of discretionary funds predicts, spending by the Peruvian Social Fund, FONCODES, increased significantly before elections. FONCODES projects were also directed at provinces where the marginal political impact of expenditures was likely to be greatest.
Download or read book Bonds and Bridges written by Deepa Narayan-Parker and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Distributional Consequences of Monetary Policy written by Ilker Domaç and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policymakers in Malaysia should weigh the distributional consequences of policy actions. They should also consider measures to alleviate the disproportionate impact that market imperfections have on small and medium-size industries.
Download or read book Corruption Public Finances and the Unofficial Economy written by Simon Johnson and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this sample of 49 Latin America, OECD, and transition economies, it is the ineffective and discretionary administration of tax and regulatory regimes--not higher tax rates alone--as well as corruption, that increases the size of the unofficial economy. And countries with a large unofficial economy tend to grow more slowly.
Download or read book Challenging El Salvador s Rural Health Care Strategy written by Maureen A. Lewis and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low-skilled "health promoters" posted in rural villages are doing little to improve health or health-seeking behaviors. In a supply-driven system, such workers have too few incentives , too little knowledge, and too little supervision. Results can be improved without increasing costs.
Download or read book Coverage Under Old Age Security Programs and Protection for the Uninsured written by Estelle James and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The shift toward social security systems with a tighter link between benefits and contributions will make such systems more fiscally sustainable. But to protect the uninsured and underinsured, such programs should be complemented by better social assistance programs for low-income groups.
