Download or read book Will Immigration Reform Affect the Economic Competitiveness of Labor intensive Crops written by James A. Duffield and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Will Immigration Reform Affect the Economic Competitiveness of Labor intensive Crops written by James A. Duffield and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Potential Impact of Changes in Immigration Policy on U S Agriculture and the Market for Hired Farm Labor written by Steven Zahniser and published by . This book was released on 2012-06-07 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large shifts in the supply of foreign-born, hired farm labor resulting from substantial changes in U.S. immigration laws or policies could have significant economic implications. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the U.S. economy is used to evaluate how changes in the supply of foreign-born labor might affect all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. Two scenarios are considered: an increase in the number of temporary nonimmigrant, foreign-born farmworkers, such as those admitted under the H-2A Temporary Agricultural Program, and a decrease in the number of unauthorized workers in all sectors of the economy. Longrun economic outcomes for agricultural output and exports, wages and employment levels, and national income accruing to U.S.-born and foreign-born, permanent resident workers in these two scenarios are compared with a base forecast reflecting current immigration laws and policies.
Download or read book Impacts of Immigration Reform on Labor intensive Agriculture written by Joseph Christopher Jarrett and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book From the Farm to the City written by Zachariah Judson Rutledge and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades, the United States (U. S.) has experienced a massive influx of low-skilled immigrants. Between 1990 and 2018, the total immigrant population increased from 20 million (8% of the population) to 45 million (14% of the population). However, not all low-skilled sectors of the economy have consistently experienced positive immigrantlabor supply shocks. For example, recent evidence suggests that the agricultural sector has experienced a decline in the supply of immigrant workers. Mexican and Central American immigrants are by far the largest group of low-skilled immigrants in the U. S., comprising half of the immigrant population with a high school education or less. About 80% of Mexican and Central American immigrants have at most a high school diploma, and they are typically employed in low-skilled sectors of the economy, such as agriculture and construction. Estimates suggest that 11 million unauthorized immigrants reside in the U. S., 8 million of whom are Mexican and Central American. The issue of unauthorized immigration has led to a contentious debate, driving a wedge between Americans. Opponents of immigration argue that these immigrants take American jobs, depress the wages of native-born workers (natives), and drain resources from the social welfare system. Proponents argue that these immigrants take low-paying, physically demanding jobs that Americans don't want, which reduces the cost of goods and services, and that immigrants often contribute to the tax base even if they are unauthorized to work. Economists have failed to come to a consensus on the debate, partly because it is difficult to find empirical settings that lend themselves to producing exogenous variation in the supply of immigrants. It is plausible that elements on both sides of the debate are valid to some extent, depending on the outcome of interest and the economic sector under consideration. In this dissertation, I examine how changes in the supply of low-skilled immigrants affect various outcomes in the U. S. and the extent to which these immigrants have been able to achieve economic success. The first chapter examines how a decline in the supply of immigrant farmworkers impacts labor-intensive crop production in the state of California. The second chapter investigates how increased immigration impacts native workers in non-farm sectors of the economy. The third chapter documents the extent to which Mexicans and Central Americans have been able to close the earnings and employment rate gap (relative to native workers) over time. As a whole, this dissertation sheds light on how low-skilled immigration creates winners and losers and documents the extent to which immigrants have been successful in assimilating into the U. S. labor market. Chapter 1 extends the existing farm labor literature, which has found evidence of a declining farm labor supply, by quantifying the impacts such changes have on labor-intensive crop production. Specifically, I provide reduced-form estimates of the effects of shifts in the farm labor supply on the production of hand-harvested fruits and vegetables. Using crop production and employment data from California between 1990 and 2017, I estimate fixed-effects panel regressions linking farm employment (measured at the county-year level) to crop production outcomes (measured at the crop-county-year level). Because I use variation in equilibrium employment, as opposed to exogenous variation in the labor supply, I use an equilibrium displacement model to identify plausible sources of bias that may affect my empirical estimates. This exercise reveals that my point estimates should be interpreted as upper bounds for the effects of interest. Empirically, these bounds indicate that a one percent decrease in the farm labor supply (in terms of the number of workers) causes at most a 0.37% reduction in production in the top 10 producing counties, which together produce 86% of the total value of hand-harvested crops in the state. Production effects are channeled primarily through a reduction in harvested acreage, although there are some effects on yield. I also find that a 1% decrease in the labor supply causes at most a 0.46% decrease in the total value of hand-harvested crop production in the top 5 producing counties (or $600 million). The results from this chapter indicate that a declining farm labor supply could generate economically meaningful consequences for farmers, but that it will likely not devastate the aggregate production of fruits and vegetables in the near future. Chapter 2 analyzes the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of native workers in the U. S. The analysis focuses on workers in U. S. metropolitan statistical areas using U. S. Census and American Community Survey data between 1990 and 2011. We use a set of imperfect instruments to derive new bounds on the short-run impacts ofimmigration on the earnings, employment rate, and full-time employment rate of natives. We focus on nine sectors with higher immigrant penetration and instrument for the sectoral immigrant share using the immigrant share in all other sectors. We find negative effects of immigration on native earnings in sectors where we would most expect to findthem: low-skilled sectors that produce non-traded goods where immigrant penetration has been high in recent decades. We uncover negative effects on native earnings in the construction, food service, and personal service sectors, with upper bounds ranging from -2.9% to -6.6% for each 10 percentage point increase in the immigrant share. Earnings effects in other sectors are not statistically significant. In the six low-skilled sectors we consider, immigration reduces the native employment rate, with effects ranging from -0.6 to -2.0 percentage points for each 10 percentage point increase in the immigrant share. Our findings indicate that increases in the low-skilled immigrant labor supply lead to worse labor market outcomes for some low-skilled native workers in the short run. Chapter 3 investigates whether recently arrived low-skilled immigrants have been more successful than older cohorts at assimilating into the U. S. labor market. Specifically, we use U. S. Census and American Community Survey data between 1970 and 2017 to examine how different Mexican and Central American cohorts of arrival compare to similarly aged and educated natives in terms of their earnings and employment rate over time. We find that, on average, they started with an earnings gap of 40-45 percent and eliminated half of it within 20 years of arrival. Recent cohorts that arrived after 1995 did better than earlier cohorts in terms of the initial gap and the convergence rate. All cohorts achieved employment rates that surpassed that of natives within 20 years of arrival. The most recent cohorts arrived in the U. S. with no employment rate gap. We conclude that Mexican and Central American immigrants enter the U. S. with a strong proclivity toward being employed. However, despite their successful integration into the labor market in terms of achieving gainful employment, they have not reached parity with their native counterparts in terms of earnings.
Download or read book The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-13 with total page 643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration finds that the long-term impact of immigration on the wages and employment of native-born workers overall is very small, and that any negative impacts are most likely to be found for prior immigrants or native-born high school dropouts. First-generation immigrants are more costly to governments than are the native-born, but the second generation are among the strongest fiscal and economic contributors in the U.S. This report concludes that immigration has an overall positive impact on long-run economic growth in the U.S. More than 40 million people living in the United States were born in other countries, and almost an equal number have at least one foreign-born parent. Together, the first generation (foreign-born) and second generation (children of the foreign-born) comprise almost one in four Americans. It comes as little surprise, then, that many U.S. residents view immigration as a major policy issue facing the nation. Not only does immigration affect the environment in which everyone lives, learns, and works, but it also interacts with nearly every policy area of concern, from jobs and the economy, education, and health care, to federal, state, and local government budgets. The changing patterns of immigration and the evolving consequences for American society, institutions, and the economy continue to fuel public policy debate that plays out at the national, state, and local levels. The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration assesses the impact of dynamic immigration processes on economic and fiscal outcomes for the United States, a major destination of world population movements. This report will be a fundamental resource for policy makers and law makers at the federal, state, and local levels but extends to the general public, nongovernmental organizations, the business community, educational institutions, and the research community.
Download or read book Immigration and Immigrants written by Michael Fix and published by Urban Institute Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 1112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1991-10 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agriculture Rural Development Food and Drug Administration and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2011 Part 1B 111 2 Hearings written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 934 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Perceptions of Pesticide Risk written by Michelle Regina Worosz and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agriculture Rural Development Food and Drug Administration and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2013 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 980 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Food and Agricultural Policy Simulator written by J. Michael Price and published by . This book was released on 1927* with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Report of the Commission on Agricultural Workers Hearings and workshops before the Commission on Agricultural Workers 1989 1993 written by United States. Commission on Agricultural Workers and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agriculture Economics Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immigration Policy and the Search for Skilled Workers written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-12-29 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The market for high-skilled workers is becoming increasingly global, as are the markets for knowledge and ideas. While high-skilled immigrants in the United States represent a much smaller proportion of the workforce than they do in countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, these immigrants have an important role in spurring innovation and economic growth in all countries and filling shortages in the domestic labor supply. This report summarizes the proceedings of a Fall 2014 workshop that focused on how immigration policy can be used to attract and retain foreign talent. Participants compared policies on encouraging migration and retention of skilled workers, attracting qualified foreign students and retaining them post-graduation, and input by states or provinces in immigration policies to add flexibility in countries with regional employment differences, among other topics. They also discussed how immigration policies have changed over time in response to undesired labor market outcomes and whether there was sufficient data to measure those outcomes.
Download or read book ARED News written by United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Agriculture and Rural Economy Division and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
