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Book Wiley GAAP 2016

    Book Details:
  • Author : Joanne M. Flood
  • Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
  • Release : 2015-11-23
  • ISBN : 1119106087
  • Pages : 1473 pages

Download or read book Wiley GAAP 2016 written by Joanne M. Flood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-11-23 with total page 1473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complete, cross-referenced GAAP guide, with illustrations, explanations, and examples Wiley GAAP 2016 contains the most comprehensive coverage of all GAAP pronouncements in a single volume, providing professionals with a complete reference to the entire GAAP hierarchy. This new edition includes the latest updates to the standards, along with AICPA ASEC statements of position and a comprehensive cross-reference of accounting topics to the new FASB codification system. All pronouncements are fully explained in detail, including terminology, and practice exercises demonstrate real-world application. Each chapter includes a discussion of perspectives and issues, sources of GAAP, definitions, concepts, rules, and examples, with specific appendices where applicable. This useful guide contains numerous examples and illustrations, and all original pronouncements are referenced to the FASB Current Text. GAAP is constantly being updated, and users require expert interpretation and explanation of relevant principles with every new pronouncement. This book provides clear, comprehensive guidance, including FASB Technical Bulletins, AcSEC Practice Bulletins, FASB Implementation Guides, and AICPA Statements of Position and Accounting Interpretations. Readers will: Refer to GAAP standards and ASEC statements Understand relevant terminology, concepts, and rules Study detailed examples to gain a solid working knowledge of the standards Gain confidence by practicing GAAP applications before using it in the field This guide represents the most complete, comprehensive GAAP reference available, and the digital format allows for instant access to information through the point-and-click Index and Table of Contents. A thorough study and analysis of all US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Wiley GAAP 2016 is the essential reference. /td /tr /table

Book Wiley GAAP 2016

Download or read book Wiley GAAP 2016 written by Joanne M. Flood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-11-23 with total page 1472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complete, cross-referenced GAAP guide, with illustrations, explanations, and examples Wiley GAAP 2016 contains the most comprehensive coverage of all GAAP pronouncements in a single volume, providing professionals with a complete reference to the entire GAAP hierarchy. This new edition includes the latest updates to the standards, along with AICPA ASEC statements of position and a comprehensive cross-reference of accounting topics to the new FASB codification system. All pronouncements are fully explained in detail, including terminology, and practice exercises demonstrate real-world application. Each chapter includes a discussion of perspectives and issues, sources of GAAP, definitions, concepts, rules, and examples, with specific appendices where applicable. This useful guide contains numerous examples and illustrations, and all original pronouncements are referenced to the FASB Current Text. GAAP is constantly being updated, and users require expert interpretation and explanation of relevant principles with every new pronouncement. This book provides clear, comprehensive guidance, including FASB Technical Bulletins, AcSEC Practice Bulletins, FASB Implementation Guides, and AICPA Statements of Position and Accounting Interpretations. Readers will: Refer to GAAP standards and ASEC statements Understand relevant terminology, concepts, and rules Study detailed examples to gain a solid working knowledge of the standards Gain confidence by practicing GAAP applications before using it in the field This guide represents the most complete, comprehensive GAAP reference available, and the digital format allows for instant access to information through the point-and-click Index and Table of Contents. A thorough study and analysis of all US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Wiley GAAP 2016 is the essential reference. /td /tr /table

Book UK GAAP Financial Statement Disclosures Manual

Download or read book UK GAAP Financial Statement Disclosures Manual written by Steven Collings and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-10-17 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical manual for preparing UK GAAP-compliant disclosures UK GAAP Financial Statement Disclosures Manual is the practical handbook accounting professionals need to prepare audit-proof financial statements. The recent establishment of the new UK GAAP has brought significant changes to financial reporting, and this guide collects all of the latest guidelines into one place. Clear, concise and heavily geared toward practical application, this book is designed for easy navigation with stand-alone chapters and real-world examples. You'll find step-by-step guidance for the entire disclosure process, with explicit instruction on what to include, how to include it and why. Financial statements prepared from 2015/2016 in the UK and Republic of Ireland will appear significantly updated, and this manual gives you the guidance you need to understand what's required to achieve full compliance. Insufficient or incorrect disclosures are frequently the reason why financial statements are rendered deficient. This book provides practitioners with a reference and guide for all aspects of financial statement disclosure preparation. Get up to speed on the most recent UK GAAP guidelines Understand the 'what' and 'why' of disclosure statements Study real-world example statements for practical guidance Prepare statements that stand up to auditor and regulator scrutiny Many practitioners fall afoul of regulators' criticisms with subjective, incomplete, omitted or incorrect disclosures, resulting in sanctions being brought against the practitioner or the firm. Financial statement disclosure emphasis is on transparency at a time when changes in the profession require an entirely new method of preparation. For practitioners who need to stay ahead of the curve, UK GAAP Financial Statement Disclosures Manual is the invaluable reference to keep within arm's reach.

Book Interpretation and Application of UK GAAP

Download or read book Interpretation and Application of UK GAAP written by Steven Collings and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-03-16 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get up to date on the latest UK GAAP, with practical application guidance Interpretation and Application of UK GAAP is a comprehensive, practical guide to applying UK GAAP at all levels, for accounting periods commencing on or after January 1, 2015. This book examines all of the core principles for every business, from subsidiaries of major listed companies right down to the very small, owner-managed business. Each chapter includes a list of relevant disclosure requirements to facilitate understanding, and real-world examples bring theory to life to provide guidance toward everyday application. Readers gain practical insight into the preparation of accounts under the EU-adopted IFRS, FRSs 100, 101, and 102, the FRSSE, and the Companies Act 2006, with expert guidance as to which requirements apply in which situations, and to which companies, and the type of disclosure each scenario requires. The book also includes detailed analysis of the planned changes to the Small Companies' Regime which are scheduled to take effect in 2016. With sweeping changes coming into effect from January 1st 2015, financial statement preparers must have a sound appreciation of how the new UK GAAP works. This book provides a complete guide, with the latest regulations and straightforward advice on usage. Understand UK GAAP application at all levels Learn how to handle all relevant key accounting treatments Refer to complete disclosure requirement lists for each topic Get up to date on the latest area-specific practices With new accounting practices in many broad areas including investment property, inventory valuations, deferred tax, fixed assets, and more, auditors and accountants need an awareness of how the new financial reporting regime will affect them. Interpretation and Application of UK GAAP is the most comprehensive reference, with the latest information and practical guidance.

Book International GAAP 2021

Download or read book International GAAP 2021 written by Ernst & Young LLP and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-03-08 with total page 5696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International GAAP 2021 International GAAP 2021 is a detailed guide to interpreting and implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). By setting IFRS in a relevant business context, it provides insights on how complex practical issues should be resolved in the real world of global financial reporting. This book is an essential tool for anyone applying, auditing, interpreting, regulating, studying or teaching IFRS. Written by EY financial reporting professionals from around the world, this three-volume guide to reporting under IFRS provides a global perspective on the application of IFRS. The book explains complex technical accounting issues clearly by setting IFRS in a practical context with numerous worked examples and hundreds of illustrations from the published financial reports of major listed companies from around the world. Volume 1 contains the following chapters and sections: International GAAP The IASB's Conceptual Framework Presentation of financial statements and accounting policies Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations First-time adoption Consolidated financial statements Consolidation procedures and non-controlling interests Separate and individual financial statements Business combinations Business combinations under common control Investments in associates and joint ventures Joint arrangements Disclosure of interests in other entities Fair value measurement Foreign exchange Hyperinflation Intangible assets Property, plant and equipment Investment property Impairment of fixed assets and goodwill Capitalisation of borrowing costs Inventories Index of extracts from financial statements for all three volumes Index of standards for all three volumes Index for all three volumes This book is printed on acid-free paper, responsibly manufactured from well-managed FSC-certified forests and other controlled sources. This material has been prepared for general informational purposes only and is not intended to be relied upon as accounting, tax, legal or other professional advice. Please refer to your advisors for specific advice. ey.com/igaap

Book The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers

Download or read book The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers written by Baruch Lev and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-06-14 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An innovative new valuation framework with truly useful economic indicators The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers shows how the ubiquitous financial reports have become useless in capital market decisions and lays out an actionable alternative. Based on a comprehensive, large-sample empirical analysis, this book reports financial documents' continuous deterioration in relevance to investors' decisions. An enlightening discussion details the reasons why accounting is losing relevance in today's market, backed by numerous examples with real-world impact. Beyond simply identifying the problem, this report offers a solution—the Value Creation Report—and demonstrates its utility in key industries. New indicators focus on strategy and execution to identify and evaluate a company's true value-creating resources for a more up-to-date approach to critical investment decision-making. While entire industries have come to rely on financial reports for vital information, these documents are flawed and insufficient when it comes to the way investors and lenders work in the current economic climate. This book demonstrates an alternative, giving you a new framework for more informed decision making. Discover a new, comprehensive system of economic indicators Focus on strategic, value-creating resources in company valuation Learn how traditional financial documents are quickly losing their utility Find a path forward with actionable, up-to-date information Major corporate decisions, such as restructuring and M&A, are predicated on financial indicators of profitability and asset/liabilities values. These documents move mountains, so what happens if they're based on faulty indicators that fail to show the true value of the company? The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers shows you the reality and offers a new blueprint for more accurate valuation.

Book International GAAP 2017

Download or read book International GAAP 2017 written by Ernst & Young LLP and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-01-06 with total page 5120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IFRSs, the standards set by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), are complex and sometimes obscure. Understanding their implications and applying them appropriately requires something special; and that is why International GAAP® 2017 is the essential tool for anyone applying, auditing, interpreting, regulating, studying and teaching international financial reporting. It provides expert interpretation and practical guidance for busy professionals, and includes, in every chapter, detailed analysis of how complex financial reporting problems can be resolved appropriately and effectively. The International Financial Reporting Group of Ernst & Young includes financial reporting specialists from throughout the world. Complex technical accounting issues are explained clearly in a practical working context that enables immediate understanding of the point at issue. International GAAP® 2017 is the only globally focused work on IFRSs. It is not constrained by any individual country’s legislation or financial reporting regulations, and it ensures an international consistency of approach unavailable elsewhere. It shows how difficult practical issues should be approached in the complex, global world of international financial reporting, where IFRSs have become the accepted financial reporting system in more than 100 countries. This integrated approach provides a unique level of authoritative material for anyone involved in preparing, interpreting or auditing company accounts, for regulators, academic researchers and for all students of accountancy. All aspects of the detailed requirements of IFRS are dealt with on a topic-by-topic basis. Each chapter of International GAAP® 2017 deals with a key area of IFRS and has a common structure for ease of use: an introduction to the background issues; an explanation of relevant principles; a clear exposition of the requirements of IFRS; a discussion of the implications in practice and possible alternative solutions available; worked examples; extracts from real company accounts; a full listing of the required disclosures. “... an important part to play in the process of promoting consistent, comparable and high quality financial reporting under IFRSs ... a book that not only provides an analysis of the requirements of the standards and the principles that they expound, but also presents a unique explanation of how the standards should be interpreted and applied in practice.” - the Chairman of Trustees of the IASC Foundation “A standard reference work” - Financial Times “The definitive guide to financial reporting” - The Times

Book Wiley GAAP 2019

    Book Details:
  • Author : Joanne M. Flood
  • Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
  • Release : 2019-03-08
  • ISBN : 1119511593
  • Pages : 1444 pages

Download or read book Wiley GAAP 2019 written by Joanne M. Flood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-03-08 with total page 1444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most comprehensive guide to FASB Codifications, updated with the latest pronouncements Wiley GAAP 2019 is the essential resource for US GAAP implementation. Covering all codifications by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)—including the latest updates—this book provides clear explanations and practical examples for real-world application of these dynamic guidelines. Each chapter includes relevant sources of GAAP and expert guidance on interpretation, terminology, relevant concepts, and applicable rules, while in-depth discussion on the issues surrounding specific pronouncements offers informative perspective for a variety of scenarios. This user-friendly reference covers every pronouncement currently in effect or being deliberated—including FASB Technical Bulletins, FASB Implementation Guides, AcSEC Practice Bulletins, and AICPA Accounting Interpretations—in a single volume, fully referenced to the FASB Current Text and cross-referenced to the new FASB codification system. Clear and concise without sacrificing depth or rigor, this invaluable resource simplifies research and helps CPAs and other accounting professionals ensure accuracy and compliance. Examine the latest changes to US GAAP standards and practices Gain expert perspectives on the issues surrounding specific pronouncements Learn how the standards translate to common real-world scenarios Clarify implementation through numerous illustrations and real-world examples Staying up-to-date with constantly-evolving guidelines is a challenge, but the requirement for accurate interpretation and appropriate application adds an additional layer of complexity in an area where noncompliance could expose an organization to significant risk. Wiley GAAP 2019 provides the guidance, insight, and perspective accounting professionals need to ensure accurate and up-to-date GAAP implementation.

Book Wiley GAAP 2019

    Book Details:
  • Author : Joanne M. Flood
  • Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
  • Release : 2019-03-06
  • ISBN : 1119511577
  • Pages : 1440 pages

Download or read book Wiley GAAP 2019 written by Joanne M. Flood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-03-06 with total page 1440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most comprehensive guide to FASB Codifications, updated with the latest pronouncements Wiley GAAP 2019 is the essential resource for US GAAP implementation. Covering all codifications by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)—including the latest updates—this book provides clear explanations and practical examples for real-world application of these dynamic guidelines. Each chapter includes relevant sources of GAAP and expert guidance on interpretation, terminology, relevant concepts, and applicable rules, while in-depth discussion on the issues surrounding specific pronouncements offers informative perspective for a variety of scenarios. This user-friendly reference covers every pronouncement currently in effect or being deliberated—including FASB Technical Bulletins, FASB Implementation Guides, AcSEC Practice Bulletins, and AICPA Accounting Interpretations—in a single volume, fully referenced to the FASB Current Text and cross-referenced to the new FASB codification system. Clear and concise without sacrificing depth or rigor, this invaluable resource simplifies research and helps CPAs and other accounting professionals ensure accuracy and compliance. Examine the latest changes to US GAAP standards and practices Gain expert perspectives on the issues surrounding specific pronouncements Learn how the standards translate to common real-world scenarios Clarify implementation through numerous illustrations and real-world examples Staying up-to-date with constantly-evolving guidelines is a challenge, but the requirement for accurate interpretation and appropriate application adds an additional layer of complexity in an area where noncompliance could expose an organization to significant risk. Wiley GAAP 2019 provides the guidance, insight, and perspective accounting professionals need to ensure accurate and up-to-date GAAP implementation.

Book Applying IFRS Standards

Download or read book Applying IFRS Standards written by Ruth Picker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-06-24 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the main concepts of IFRS Standards The fourth edition of Applying IFRS Standards explains the core principles of International Financial Reporting (IFRS) Standards. It also addresses the skills needed to apply the standards in business environments. The book begins with an overview of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and how it establishes accounting standards. The general book topics are then covered in detail and include: income taxes, financial instruments, fair value measurement, property, inventories, employee benefits and more. Discussion questions, exercises and references are provided throughout the book.

Book Interpretation and Application of IPSAS

Download or read book Interpretation and Application of IPSAS written by Caroline Aggestam-Pontoppidan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-02-16 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clear, practical IPSAS guidance, explanation, and examples Interpretation and Application of IPSAS provides practical guidance on the implementation and application of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. This book brings readers up to date on the standards, and describes their proper interpretation and real-world application. Examples and mini-case studies clarify the standards' roles throughout, giving readers a better understanding of complex processes, especially where the IPSAS deviate from IFRS. Readers also gain insight into smoothly navigating the transition for a public sector entity, which is moving to either IPSAS under accrual basis of accounting or to cash accounting IPSAS, plus an overview of IPSAS adoption status and methods around the world. Global public sector accounting is highly diversified, resulting in ongoing moves to harmonise standards worldwide. The IPSAS are international standards that largely follow the IFRS model, but differ in some key areas and include standards in places where IFRS has none. This book provides complete guidance to IPSAS, with clear explanation and expert insight. Understand the meaning and role of each standard Apply the standards to real-world scenarios Manage the process of transition to IPSAS These standards are meant to be followed by all public sector entities, including national and regional governments and local authorities. They've been adopted by the UN, NATO, the European Commission, and others, and either have been or soon will be adopted in Malaysia, Switzerland, Spain, and more.

Book Wiley GAAP 2020

Download or read book Wiley GAAP 2020 written by Joanne M. Flood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-01-24 with total page 1460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most comprehensive guide to FASB Codifications, updated with the latest pronouncements Wiley GAAP 2020 is the essential resource for US GAAP implementation. Covering all codifications by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) - including the latest updates - this book provides clear explanations and practical examples for real-world application of these dynamic guidelines. Each chapter includes relevant sources of GAAP and expert guidance on interpretation, terminology, relevant concepts, and applicable rules, while in-depth discussion on the issues surrounding specific pronouncements offers informative perspective for a variety of scenarios. Staying up-to-date with constantly-evolving guidelines is a challenge. Wiley GAAP 2020 provides the guidance, insight, and perspective accounting professionals need to ensure accurate and up-to-date GAAP implementation.

Book Wiley GAAP 2018

    Book Details:
  • Author : Joanne M. Flood
  • Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
  • Release : 2018-03-06
  • ISBN : 1119396468
  • Pages : 2570 pages

Download or read book Wiley GAAP 2018 written by Joanne M. Flood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-03-06 with total page 2570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get the most comprehensive coverage of the FASB Codification and the latest FASB updates in a single volume Wiley GAAP 2018: Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is a thorough study and analysis of all US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) set forth in the pronouncements of the FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) Codification. All topics are explained with relevant terminology and practice-oriented real world examples. Each chapter is composed of a discussion of perspectives and issues, definitions of terms, concepts, rules, and examples. US GAAP is constantly being updated, and its users require expert interpretation and explanation of the relevant principles. This book provides the most comprehensive coverage of each Codification topic. It contains clear, user-friendly guidance on every pronouncement. Fully up-to-date with all the latest changes, including those to inventory, financial instruments, revenue, and leases Includes more real-world examples and illustrations than competing titles Arranged according to the FASB Codification, all topics are referenced to the Codification Wiley GAAP 2018 renders GAAP more understandable and accessible for research and is designed to reduce the amount of time and effort needed to solve accounting research and implementation issues, making it the best go-to source for CPAs and others working in accounting.

Book Curt Verschoor on Ethics

Download or read book Curt Verschoor on Ethics written by Curtis C. Verschoor and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-07-08 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Curt Verschoor On Ethics is a compilation of the best business ethics columns that will continue for years forward to be of lasting educational value. In a company setting, the columns can function as the basis for discussion on proper business ethics. In academia, the columns can serve as assigned readings over significant ethics events and issues. Some topics that are covered in the columns include: Value of a Strong Ethical Culture Studies of Ethical and Unethical Culture Public and Management Accounting Ethics Ethics of Executive Compensation International Ethics Standards Fraud Case Studies Small Organization Fraud Studies Regulation and Enforcement Whistleblowing Sustainability and Integrated Reporting Tax Avoidance Issues

Book International GAAP 2020

Download or read book International GAAP 2020 written by Ernst & Young LLP and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-02-25 with total page 5440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International GAAP 2020 is a comprehensive guide to interpreting and implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), setting IFRS in a relevant business context, and providing insights into how complex practical issues should be resolved in the real world of global financial reporting. This book is an essential tool for anyone applying, auditing, interpreting, regulating, studying, or teaching IFRS. Written by financial reporting professionals from around the world, this guide to reporting under IFRS provides a global perspective, clearly explaining complex technical accounting issues and setting IFRS in a practical context. Numerous worked examples and hundreds of illustrations from the published financial reports of major listed companies from around the world are included. The 2020 edition has been fully revised and updated with information on the latest IFRS changes and current issues.

Book Wiley GAAP 2018

    Book Details:
  • Author : Joanne M. Flood
  • Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
  • Release : 2018-02-28
  • ISBN : 1119396506
  • Pages : 1482 pages

Download or read book Wiley GAAP 2018 written by Joanne M. Flood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-28 with total page 1482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get the most comprehensive coverage of the FASB Codification and the latest FASB updates in a single volume Wiley GAAP 2018: Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is a thorough study and analysis of all US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) set forth in the pronouncements of the FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) Codification. All topics are explained with relevant terminology and practice-oriented real world examples. Each chapter is composed of a discussion of perspectives and issues, definitions of terms, concepts, rules, and examples. US GAAP is constantly being updated, and its users require expert interpretation and explanation of the relevant principles. This book provides the most comprehensive coverage of each Codification topic. It contains clear, user-friendly guidance on every pronouncement. Fully up-to-date with all the latest changes, including those to inventory, financial instruments, revenue, and leases Includes more real-world examples and illustrations than competing titles Arranged according to the FASB Codification, all topics are referenced to the Codification Wiley GAAP 2018 renders GAAP more understandable and accessible for research and is designed to reduce the amount of time and effort needed to solve accounting research and implementation issues, making it the best go-to source for CPAs and others working in accounting.

Book Wiley GAAP 2016  Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Set

Download or read book Wiley GAAP 2016 Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Set written by Joanne M. Flood and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wiley GAAP 2016: Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Book/CD-ROM Set is a thorough study of all US GAAP set forth in the pronouncements of the FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) and its predecessors. This useful guide also contains AICPA Accounting Standards Executive Committee (AcSEC) Statements of Position. All pronouncements are explained with relevant terminology and practice-oriented real-world examples. Each chapter is composed of a discussion of perspectives and issues, sources of GAAP, a definition of terms, concepts, rules and examples, and, where applicable, specific appendices. The CD-ROM provides instant access to any topic with the point-and-click index and table of contents, and the use of bookmarks for easy reference reminders.