Download or read book Wildland Fire Fighter Principles and Practice written by Joseph D. Lowe and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2020-04-23 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is packaged with Navigate 2 Advantage Access which unlocks a complete eBook, Study Center, homework and Assessment Center, and a dashboard that reports actionable data. Experience Navigate 2 today at www.jblnavigate.com/2. Wildland Fire Fighter: Principles and Practice, Second Edition meets and exceeds the job performance requirements and objectives as outlined in the following National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and National Wildland Coordinating Group (NWCG) standards: • NFPA 1051, Standard for Wildland Firefighting Personnel Professional Qualifications, 2020 Edition (Chapters 4 and 5) • NWCG S-190, Introduction to Wildland Fire Behavior, 2019 Edition • NWCG S-130, Firefighter Training, 2008 Edition • NWCG L-180, Human Factors in the Wildland Fire Service, 2014 Edition From wildland fire service history, to safety, to water supply, to firing operations, this single manual covers everything an NFPA Wildland Fire Fighter I and Wildland Fire Fighter II (NWCG Fire Fighter Type 2 and 1) needs to know. In addition, the Second Edition was significantly updated and reorganized to better serve the Wildland Fire Fighter I and Wildland Fire Fighter II. The program now features two distinct sections. Section 1 includes six chapters, which set the foundation for Wildland Fire Fighter I knowledge and understanding. Section 2 comprises eight chapters, which encompass the higher-level competencies required for Wildland Fire Fighter II. This new organization will allow instructors the flexibility to teach their Wildland Fire Fighter I and II course(s) exactly the way they wish. The features in this text will help students take that extra step toward becoming outstanding wildland fire fighters. These features include: • Refined Table of Contents. Now divided by level, the new table of contents addresses NFPA and NWCG requirements and objectives in an easy-to-follow manner. • New Chapters. New chapters including The Wildland Fire Service, Wildland/Urban Interface Considerations, Tools and Equipment, Human Resources, and Radio Communications ensure a comprehensive understanding of history, safety, and operations. • Scenario-Based Learning. You are the Wildland Fire Fighter and Wildland Fire Fighter in Action case scenarios are found in each chapter to encourage and foster critical-thinking skills. • Practical Tips for Wildland Fire Fighters. The Listen Up! and Did You Know? features provide helpful advice and encouragement. • Skill Drills. This feature provides written step-by-step explanations and visuals for important skills and procedures. This clear, concise format enhances student comprehension of complex procedures. • After-Action Review Section. The end-of-chapter review includes detailed chapter summaries and key terms to reinforce important principles. • Updated photos and illustrations. New and improved photos and illustrations enhance learning with visuals of incidents and training simulations, as well as highlighting advances i
Download or read book Wildland Firefighter Principles and Practice Revised written by Joseph D. Lowe and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2023-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wildland Firefighter: Principles and Practice, Revised Second Edition is packaged with Navigate Advantage access, which unlocks an interactive eBook, study aids and assessments, and a dashboard that reports actionable data. Wildland Firefighter: Principles and Practice, Revised Second Edition meets and exceeds the job performance requirements and objectives as outlined in the following National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and National Wildland Coordinating Group (NWCG) standards: - NFPA 1051, Standard for Wildland Firefighting Personnel Professional Qualifications, 2020 Edition (Chapters 4 and 5) - NWCG S-190, Introduction to Wildland Fire Behavior, 2019 Edition - NWCG S-130, Firefighter Training, 2008 Edition - NWCG L-180, Human Factors in the Wildland Fire Service, 2014 Edition From wildland fire service history, to safety, to water supply, to firing operations, this single manual covers everything a Wildland Fire Fighter I and Wildland Fire Fighter II (NWCG Fire Fighter Type 2 and 1) need to know. In addition, the Second Edition was significantly updated and reorganized to better serve the Wildland Fire Fighter I and Wildland Fire Fighter II. The program now features two distinct sections. Section 1 includes six chapters that set the foundation for Wildland Fire Fighter I knowledge and understanding. Section 2 includes eight chapters that encompass the higher-level competencies required for Wildland Fire Fighter II. This new organization will allow instructors the flexibility to teach their Wildland Fire Fighter I and II course(s) exactly the way they wish. The features in this text will help students take that extra step toward becoming outstanding wildland firefighters: - New Correlation Grids. In Appendix B, a grid identifies the assigned job performance requirements in NFPA 1140, Standard for Wildland Fire Protection, 2022 Edition. Appendix C includes a correlation grid for NWCG-130 Firefighter Training 2022 Edition. - Refined Table of Contents. Now divided by level, the new table of contents addresses NFPA and NWCG requirements and objectives in an easy-to-follow manner. - Comprehensive content. Chapters on The Wildland Fire Service, Wildland/Urban Interface Considerations, Tools and Equipment, Human Resources, and Radio Communications ensure a comprehensive understanding of history, safety, and operations. - Scenario-Based Learning. You are the Wildland Fire Fighter and Wildland Fire Fighter in Action case scenarios in each chapter encourage and foster critical-thinking skills. - Practical Tips for Wildland Fire Fighters. The Listen Up! and Did You Know? features provide helpful advice and encouragement. - Skill Drills. This feature provides written step-by-step explanations and visuals for important skills and procedures. The clear, concise format enhances student comprehension of complex procedures. - After-Action Review Section. The end-of-chapter review includes detailed chapter summaries and key terms to reinforce important principles. - Updated photos and illustrations. New and improved photos and illustrations enhance learning with visuals of incidents and training simulations, as well as highlighting advances in tools and equipment.
Download or read book Wildland Fire Fighter Principles and Practice written by Joseph D. Lowe and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2020-04-23 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is packaged with Navigate 2 Advantage Access which unlocks a complete eBook, Study Center, homework and Assessment Center, and a dashboard that reports actionable data. Experience Navigate 2 today at www.jblnavigate.com/2. Wildland Fire Fighter: Principles and Practice, Second Edition meets and exceeds the job performance requirements and objectives as outlined in the following National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and National Wildland Coordinating Group (NWCG) standards: • NFPA 1051, Standard for Wildland Firefighting Personnel Professional Qualifications, 2020 Edition (Chapters 4 and 5) • NWCG S-190, Introduction to Wildland Fire Behavior, 2019 Edition • NWCG S-130, Firefighter Training, 2008 Edition • NWCG L-180, Human Factors in the Wildland Fire Service, 2014 Edition From wildland fire service history, to safety, to water supply, to firing operations, this single manual covers everything an NFPA Wildland Fire Fighter I and Wildland Fire Fighter II (NWCG Fire Fighter Type 2 and 1) needs to know. In addition, the Second Edition was significantly updated and reorganized to better serve the Wildland Fire Fighter I and Wildland Fire Fighter II. The program now features two distinct sections. Section 1 includes six chapters, which set the foundation for Wildland Fire Fighter I knowledge and understanding. Section 2 comprises eight chapters, which encompass the higher-level competencies required for Wildland Fire Fighter II. This new organization will allow instructors the flexibility to teach their Wildland Fire Fighter I and II course(s) exactly the way they wish. The features in this text will help students take that extra step toward becoming outstanding wildland fire fighters. These features include: • Refined Table of Contents. Now divided by level, the new table of contents addresses NFPA and NWCG requirements and objectives in an easy-to-follow manner. • New Chapters. New chapters including The Wildland Fire Service, Wildland/Urban Interface Considerations, Tools and Equipment, Human Resources, and Radio Communications ensure a comprehensive understanding of history, safety, and operations. • Scenario-Based Learning. You are the Wildland Fire Fighter and Wildland Fire Fighter in Action case scenarios are found in each chapter to encourage and foster critical-thinking skills. • Practical Tips for Wildland Fire Fighters. The Listen Up! and Did You Know? features provide helpful advice and encouragement. • Skill Drills. This feature provides written step-by-step explanations and visuals for important skills and procedures. This clear, concise format enhances student comprehension of complex procedures. • After-Action Review Section. The end-of-chapter review includes detailed chapter summaries and key terms to reinforce important principles. • Updated photos and illustrations. New and improved photos and illustrations enhance learning with visuals of incidents and training simulations, as well as highlighting advances i
Download or read book Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills written by David Schottke and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2014 with total page 1229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Firefighter s Handbook on Wildland Firefighting written by William C. Teie and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text deals with the basics of wildland and forest firefighting. It has been totally revised and is now in full color.
Download or read book Fire Officer written by International Association of Fire Chiefs and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2010 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) And The International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) are pleased to bring you the Second Edition of Fire Officer: Principles and Practice, a modern integrated teaching and learning system For The Fire Officer I and II levels. Fire officers need to know how to make the transition from fire fighter to leader. Fire Officer: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is designed to help fire fighters make a smooth transition to fire officer. Covering the entire scope of NFPA 1021, Standard for Fire Officer Professional Qualifications, 2009 Edition, Fire Officer combines current content with dynamic features and interactive technology to better support instructors and help prepare future fire officers for any situation that may arise. Safety is Principle! the Second Edition features a laser-like focus on fire fighter safety. Reducing fire fighter injuries and deaths requires the dedicated efforts of every fire fighter, fire officer, fire department, And The entire fire community working together. it is with this goal in mind that we have integrated the 16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives developed by the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation into the text. Likewise, In each of the chapters, actual National Fire Fighter Near-Miss Reporting System cases are discussed to drive home safety And The lessons learned from those incidents. Some of the guiding principles added To The new edition include: Description of the “Everybody Goes Home” And The National Fire Fighter Near-Miss Reporting System, including over a dozen company officer near-miss examples throughout the text. Description of the IAFC/IAFF Firefighter Safety and Deployment Study. The latest fire fighter death and injury issues as reported by the NFPA® National Fallen Firefighters Foundation, IAFC, and IAFF, including results of a thirty-year retrospective study. Changes in fire-ground accountability and rapid intervention practices. Results of National Institute of Standards and Technology research on wind-driven fires, thermal imaging cameras, and fire dynamics as related to fire fighter survival. The latest developments in crew resource management. The Second Edition also reflects the latest developments in: Building a personal development plan through education, training, self-development, and experience, including a description of the Fire and Emergency Services Higher Education (FESHE) program. The impact of blogs, video sharing, and social networks. How to budget for a grant. Changes in the National Response Framework and National Incident Management System. Additional items related to fire fighter safety and health are included. Click here to view a sample chapter from Fire Officer: Principles and Practice, Second Edition .
Download or read book First In Last Out written by John Salka and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2005-02-22 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does it take to lead people into a burning building? How do the leaders of the New York City Fire Department develop so much loyalty, trust, and grace under pressure that their subordinates will risk their very lives for them? As a high-ranking officer of the FDNY, John Salka is an expert at both practicing and teaching high-stakes leadership. In First In, Last Out, he explains the department’s unique strategies and how they can be adopted by leaders in any field—as he has taught them to organizations around the country. In a tough-talking, no-nonsense style, Salka uses real-world stories to convey leadership imperatives such as: first in, last out—your people need to see you taking the biggest risk, as the first one to enter the danger zone and the last to leave manage change—the fire you fought yesterday is not the one you’ll be fighting tomorrow communicate aggressively—a working radio is worth more than 20,000 gallons of water create an execution culture—focus your people on the flames, not the smoke commit to reality—never allow the way you would like things to be to color how things are develop your people—let them feel a little heat today or they’ll get burned tomorrow Illustrated by harrowing real-life situations, the principles in First In, Last Out will help managers become more confident, coherent, and commanding. On the web: http://www.firstinleadership.com
Download or read book Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide written by NWCG and published by NWCG Training Branch. This book was released on 2014-06-06 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide is a revision of what used to be called the Fireline Handbook, PMS 410-1. This guide has been renamed because, over time, the original purpose of the Fireline Handbook had been replaced by the Incident Response Pocket Guide, PMS 461. As a result, this new guide is aimed at a different audience, and it was felt a new name was in order.
Download or read book Fire Service Instructor written by and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Wildland Firefighting Practices written by Joseph D. Lowe and published by Cengage Learning. This book was released on 2001 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new, well-illustrated text describes in detail all aspects of wildland firefighting. Written in a clear, "how to" style by a seasoned fire officer, it provides a comprehensive explanation of all the skills a firefighter needs to operate effectively against any type of wildland blaze. Step-by-step photographs of actual operations make it easy for the student to understand the material; illustrations and graphs reinforce the learning process. This text leaves students with a complete understanding of the challenges they will face - and with the skills and confidence to meet the challenges of being a wildland firefighter. (Keywords: Firefighting)
Download or read book Trench Rescue written by C. V. Martinette (Jr.) and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2015-10-14 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of Trench Rescue: Principles and Practice to NFPA 1006 and 1670 provides a comprehensive introduction to trench rescue, focusing on the knowledge and skills required to effectively perform rescues in a variety of trench environments. The text meets and exceeds the coverage of: - NFPA 1006, 2013 Edition, Chapter 8: Trench Rescue - NFPA 1006, 2017 Edition, Chapter 6: Trench Rescue - NFPA 1670, 2014 Edition, Chapter 11: Trench and Excavation Search and Rescue - OSHA 1926, Subpart P, Excavations The Third Edition is the most comprehensive trench rescue resource on the market, delivering updated information on soil assessment, trench protection, shoring techniques, and more. Each chapter identifies Trench Rescue Level I and Trench Rescue Level II content accordingly. Early chapters build the foundation of trench rescue knowledge, with discussion of rescue systems, incident management, and trench components and physics. Later chapters explore how and when to implement protective systems, rescue victims, and lead a rescue team. The Third Edition features: - Scenario-based learning through You Are the Trench Rescuer and Trench Rescuer in Action scenarios and questions to encourage critical thinking - Helpful hints and guidance through Tip boxes and Voices of Experience essays - Detailed, step-by-step instructions for shoring trenches, correlated to NFPA 1006 objectives
Download or read book Fire Service Ethics written by H. Scott Walker and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2018-11-14 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fire Service Ethics is the first textbook specifically developed to help fire service personnel deal with ethical dilemmas. Firefighters and fire service leaders will find benefit from this important tool to aid them in dealing with complex issues. No other profession places such discretionary burden on its practitioners as the fire service. The military, law enforcement, the medical profession, and legal profession all provide a robust set of ethical policies and guidelines to their members. Fire Service Ethics provides the foundation for creating ethical boundaries. Fire Service Ethics meets and exceeds the course outcomes and course objectives for the National Fire Academy FESHE Model Curriculum Bachelor's (Non-Core) course called Fire Service Ethics (C0303). It is also well suited for fire officer and administration development programs. Section 1 of the book is entitled Foundations. Its four chapters are intended to provide the reader with the basic understanding of ethics necessary to master the material in the succeeding three sections. Chapter 1 is recommended for all readers, as it addresses the important questions of ethical relevance to the fire service. Chapters 2, 3 & 4 are grounded in academic approaches to ethics and are specifically intended to be used in college courses. The material within the sections encourages critical analysis of ethical systems, and understanding of the basics of human behavior. Section 2 of the book is entitled Ethics on The Line. Its chapters address issues directly related to rank-and-file firefighters, and company officers. The section also deals with diversity; first as an abstract concept, and then as it applies specifically to the fire service. Section 2 is intended to serve dual purposes. First, it is designed to be included in an academic curriculum aimed at future firefighters. Secondly, Section 2 - combined with Section 4 - encompasses the majority of material appropriate for inclusion in fire service training programs. Section 3 of the text is dedicated to Administrative Ethics. The chapters within the section explore ethics issues faced by fire chiefs and senior administrative personnel. Included within the section are chapters on the building and maintenance of an ethical work culture, the ethical responsibilities associated with administration, and finally, ethics laws. Section 3 - combined with Sections 1 and 4 - is especially appropriate for officer development programs and collegiate programs in fire administration. Section 4 of the book is entitled Applied Ethics. The three chapters within the section deal with the application of ethics on the personal and department level. Included within the section are chapters on ethical decision-making, mechanisms by which unethical behavior is engaged, and a review of current ethical issues affecting local fire departments. Section 4 is universal in its application and should be used in all collegiate programs, as well as in firefighter and fire
Download or read book Fire Inspector Principles and Practice written by William Jenaway and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2011-08-12 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Complete Fire Inspector I and II Training Solution! Fire inspectors need to know how to interpret and apply national and local codes and standards in the office and in the field. Fire Inspector: Principles and Practice is designed to prepare fire inspectors to ensure the highest standards of fire and life safety in their communities. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) are pleased to bring you Fire Inspector: Principles and Practice, a modern integrated teaching and learning system for the fire inspector. This textbook meets and exceeds the job performance requirements for level I and II fire inspectors from Chapters 4 and 5 of NFPA 1031, Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire Inspector and Plan Examiner, 2009 Edition. Fire Inspector: Principles and Practice is built on a solid foundation of the basics: building construction, fire growth, and types of occupancies. This fundamental knowledge is presented in a concise, understandable writing style that is easy to digest and recall. The solid foundation of fire and building knowledge then branches out to show the fire inspector how abstract concepts and codes will be concretely applied on a daily basis. This is the text that truly prepares fire inspectors for the real world.
Download or read book Fire Department Incident Safety Officer written by Dodson and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2015-08-21 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of Fire Department Incident Safety Officer has been thoroughly updated to cover the latest trends, information, and best-practices needed by current and aspiring Incident Safety Officers (ISO’s). Developed in partnership with the Fire Department Safety Officer’s Association and based on the 2015 Edition of NFPA 1521, Standard for Fire Department Safety Officer Professional Qualifications, this authoritative resource focuses uniquely on the roles, responsibilities, and duties for fire service officers assigned to the incident command staff position of safety officer. From smoke reading to alternative energy sources to green construction buildings, Fire Department Incident Safety Officer, Third Edition is loaded with up-to-date information needed to keep fire department members safe, including: A new chapter dedicated to the Incident Safety Officer at Training Drills and Special Events Entire chapters devoted to important topics like reading smoke, reading buildings,
Download or read book Wildland Fire Behaviour written by Mark A. Finney and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2021-11-01 with total page 675 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wildland fires have an irreplaceable role in sustaining many of our forests, shrublands and grasslands. They can be used as controlled burns or occur as free-burning wildfires, and can sometimes be dangerous and destructive to fauna, human communities and natural resources. Through scientific understanding of their behaviour, we can develop the tools to reliably use and manage fires across landscapes in ways that are compatible with the constraints of modern society while benefiting the ecosystems. The science of wildland fire is incomplete, however. Even the simplest fire behaviours – how fast they spread, how long they burn and how large they get – arise from a dynamical system of physical processes interacting in unexplored ways with heterogeneous biological, ecological and meteorological factors across many scales of time and space. The physics of heat transfer, combustion and ignition, for example, operate in all fires at millimetre and millisecond scales but wildfires can become conflagrations that burn for months and exceed millions of hectares. Wildland Fire Behaviour: Dynamics, Principles and Processes examines what is known and unknown about wildfire behaviours. The authors introduce fire as a dynamical system along with traditional steady-state concepts. They then break down the system into its primary physical components, describe how they depend upon environmental factors, and explore system dynamics by constructing and exercising a nonlinear model. The limits of modelling and knowledge are discussed throughout but emphasised by review of large fire behaviours. Advancing knowledge of fire behaviours will require a multidisciplinary approach and rely on quality measurements from experimental research, as covered in the final chapters.
Download or read book State of Fire written by Charles Vaught and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-02 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In June of 2013, on summer break from my first year of college, I started a job as a wildland firefighter with the Highlands 20, an initial attack handcrew, based out of the Sinlahekin Valley in North Central Washington. I had never before thought of fighting wildfire, but my bank account was in dire straits and, truth be told, so was my ego. However, I didn't start that summer looking for personal growth, I started it with nineteen other men, each of us looking for a seasonal gig that paid well. I was already a man and thought that I knew quite a bit about myself, about the world at large. But as that summer, and that fire season progressed; I found out that I still had so much to learn; I was both a rookie to wildland firefighting and a rookie in life. Through the trials of day-to-day life on the fireline, living and fighting wildfire with my fire crew, through the adrenaline, the danger, the laughter, the smoke, the blisters, I came to understand that it was far more than a paycheck that I was earning. I was learning, for the first time in a long while, who I really was and what I was made of. I was proving my worth to the fire crew. I was proving my worth to myself. This book evolved out of experiences from my four summers of fighting wildfire as well as to a promise I made to my fellow Highlands 20 crewmembers. I promised them that I would write a book about wildland fire fighting. At the time I had no idea what that would entail. But I knew what it would not. It would not be a book about hero-izing the exploits of wildland firefighters. No, bullshitting the reader with portrayals of wildland firefighters as faultless demigods with the morals of saints, the work ethic of Navy SEALs, and the looks of A-list Hollywood actors was never my intention. I make no claim to have been a perfect wildland firefighter, or to have never felt fear when putting my life on the line in battles with Nature. I know for a fact that there are many other fire crews that saw more action and were in far greater danger than the Highlands 20 or I ever were. This book is by no means the definitive book about wildland firefighting. That book would be impossible to write, as every person who fought wildfire has their own experiences that vary greatly from my own. What I have found is that are no two fire seasons alike. And that my time spent on the fireline was a perfect balance of danger and laughter, of bravery and childlike awe, of crassness and brotherhood, of selflessness and evolution.State of Fire is neither an ultimate description of wildland firefighting nor a book of fire-filled heroism, so you might be asking then, what is its purpose? This is a book about wildland firefighting and the indelible marks it leaves on a person's soul. This book is about finding commonality by going through hardship with strangers, who soon become closer than family. It's about what can be learned from camaraderie, and what happens when you separate men from society and normalcy for months at a time. It's about love and loss, and the rebirth of one's self through the testing of mental, emotional, and physical strength. It is about coming to terms with one's limitations, and why challenges of every shade should not be shunned, but embraced. It is about finding meaning and worth, where once there was none. And most importantly, why these lessons were not only significant for me, but for everyone who picks up this book. This book represents - my path to, of, and away from wildland firefighting. It should be noted that State of Fire is a collection of nine essays. Each essay deals with a different aspect of wildland firefighting. Therefore it does not have to be read in chronological order, as each essay is independent of the next. To honor all wildland firefighters, especially those who have lost their lives on the job, I will be donating 10% of all books sold to the Wildland Firefighter Foundation (wffoundation.org).
Download or read book Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub Sahara Africa written by Johann Georg Goldammer and published by African Minds. This book was released on 2004 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Africa is a fire continent. Since the early evolution of humanity, fire has been harnessed as a land-use tool. Many ecosystems of Sub-Sahara Africa that have been shaped by fire over millennia provide a high carrying capacity for human populations.
