Download or read book Why Do Different Countries Use Different Currencies written by Mr.Thomas Krueger and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1998-02-01 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During long periods of history, countries have pegged their currencies to an international standard (such as gold or the U.S. dollar), severely restricting their ability to create money and affect output, prices, or government revenue. Nevertheless, countries generally have maintained their own currencies. The paper presents a model where agents have heterogeneous preferences—that are private information—over goods of different national origin. In this environment, it may be optimal for countries to have different currencies; we also identify conditions where separate national currencies do not expand the set of optimal allocations. Implications for a currency union in Europe are discussed.
Download or read book Dominant Currency Paradigm A New Model for Small Open Economies written by Camila Casas and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most trade is invoiced in very few currencies. Despite this, the Mundell-Fleming benchmark and its variants focus on pricing in the producer’s currency or in local currency. We model instead a ‘dominant currency paradigm’ for small open economies characterized by three features: pricing in a dominant currency; pricing complementarities, and imported input use in production. Under this paradigm: (a) the terms-of-trade is stable; (b) dominant currency exchange rate pass-through into export and import prices is high regardless of destination or origin of goods; (c) exchange rate pass-through of non-dominant currencies is small; (d) expenditure switching occurs mostly via imports, driven by the dollar exchange rate while exports respond weakly, if at all; (e) strengthening of the dominant currency relative to non-dominant ones can negatively impact global trade; (f) optimal monetary policy targets deviations from the law of one price arising from dominant currency fluctuations, in addition to the inflation and output gap. Using data from Colombia we document strong support for the dominant currency paradigm.
Download or read book Wholesale Prices in Canada written by Canada. Department of Labour and published by . This book was released on 1911 with total page 984 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book How Global Currencies Work written by Barry Eichengreen and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-26 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A powerful new understanding of global currency trends, including the rise of the Chinese yuan At first glance, the history of the modern global economy seems to support the long-held view that the currency of the world’s leading power invariably dominates international trade and finance. But in How Global Currencies Work, three noted economists overturn this conventional wisdom. Offering a new history of global finance over the past two centuries and marshaling extensive new data to test current theories of how global currencies work, the authors show that several national monies can share international currency status—and that their importance can change rapidly. They demonstrate how changes in technology and international trade and finance have reshaped the landscape of international currencies so that several international financial standards can coexist. In fact, they show that multiple international and reserve currencies have coexisted in the past—upending the traditional view of the British pound’s dominance before 1945 and the U.S. dollar’s postwar dominance. Looking forward, the book tackles the implications of this new framework for major questions facing the future of the international monetary system, including how increased currency competition might affect global financial stability.
Download or read book Pragmatic Capitalism written by Cullen Roche and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the importance of the global economy, and provides insights for getting the most out of investments to achieve financial success.
Download or read book Cash Use Across Countries and the Demand for Central Bank Digital Currency written by Mr.Tanai Khiaonarong and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-03-01 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The level and trend in cash use in a country will influence the demand for central bank digital currency (CBDC). While access to digital currency will be more convenient than traveling to an ATM, it only makes CBDC like a bank debit card—not better. Demand for digital currency will thus be weak in countries where cash use is already very low, due to a preference for cash substitutes (cards, electronic money, mobile phone payments). Where cash use is very high, demand should be stronger, due to a lack of cash substitutes. As the demand for CBDC is tied to the current level of cash use, we estimate the level and trend in cash use for 11 countries using four different measures. A tentative forecast of cash use is also made. After showing that declining cash use is largely associated with demographic change, we tie the level of cash use to the likely demand for CBDC in different countries. In this process, we suggest that one measure of cash use is more useful than the others. If cash is important for monetary policy, payment instrument competition, or as an alternative payment instrument in the event of operational problems with privately supplied payment methods, the introduction of CBDC may best be introduced before cash substitutes become so ubiquitous that the viability of CBDC could be in doubt.
Download or read book Exorbitant Privilege written by Barry Eichengreen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-01-07 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is, as a critic of U.S.
Download or read book Cross Border Currency Exposures written by Luciana Juvenal and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides a dataset on the currency composition of the international investment position for a group of 50 countries for the period 1990-2017. It improves available data based on estimates by incorporating actual data reported by statistical authorities and refining estimation methods. The paper illustrates current and new uses of these data, with particular focus on the evolution of currency exposures of cross-border positions.
Download or read book Elite Tennis written by Svetoslav S Elenkov and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-16 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you seek to achieve the very best in the sport of tennis you'll find in Elite Tennis the most important lessons, tips, and perspective that a player will need on that journey. Based on years of experience as a player, and later a teacher of the game, Svetoslav Elenkov answers the question all competitors ask at some point: How do I become a Great tennis player? In this book he'll go over, in depth, his Principles: Starting young Learning the learning process---technique, awareness, control Communication between you and your body Fitness & diet The periodization of Peak performance Discipline and consistency in making time. And to break it down into further detail, Slav gives first-hand, professional advice on: How much, where and what you should practice Specialized areas like strategy for singles & doubles Tournament preparation and environmental awareness Monetary costs throughout The passion to endure And personal anecdotes: 'Lessons from the Tour'.
Download or read book One Currency Two Markets written by Edwin L.-C. Lai and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-07-08 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic analysis of the future of the international monetary system and the USD, and the rising importance of the RMB.
Download or read book Dealing with Multiple Currencies in Transitional Economies written by Giovanni Capannelli and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the transitional economies of Cambodia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Viet Nam (the CLV countries), foreign currencies such as the US dollar commonly circulate in addtion to the local currency. National authorities must consider the costs and benefits of such a system, especially in relation to monetary and exchange policies' effect on their development priorities. "This pioneering study is an important contribution to understanding the underpinnings of the Mekong economies' dynamism...Highly recommended." -- Hal Hill, H.W. Arndt Professor of Southeast Asian Economies, Austratlian National University While dealing with multiple currencies is ultimately an issue of national economic policy, the CLV countries could benefit from greater regional cooperation on monetary and financial issues. They would be able to exploit economies of scale, introduce best practices, and facilitate the adoption of common regulatory standards. Greater regional dialogue on monetary policy could also help the CLV countries find a solution to the so-called multiple-currency phenomenon and reap more benefits from their increasing regional economic interdependence. This study, conducted by a team of economists from the Asian Development Bank, academics, and personnel from CLV finance ministries and central banks, explores the issues of multiple currencies and regional monetary cooperation among the economies of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the context of increasing regional economic interdependence. It reviews the main issues related to the monetary and exchange rate policy decisions taken by CLV national authorities, and discusses the options and opportunities available for enhancing monetary and financial stability in the ASEAN region.
Download or read book The Armchair Economist written by Steven E. Landsburg and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-05-10 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air bags cause accidents, because well-protected drivers take more risks. This well-documented truth comes as a surprise to most people, but not to economists, who have learned to take seriously the proposition that people respond to incentives. In The Armchair Economist, Steven E. Landsburg shows how the laws of economics reveal themselves in everyday experience and illuminate the entire range of human behavior. Why does popcorn cost so much at the cinema? The 'obvious' answer is that the owner has a monopoly, but if that were the whole story, there would also be a monopoly price to use the toilet. When a sudden frost destroys much of the Florida orange crop and prices skyrocket, journalists point to the 'obvious' exercise of monopoly power. Economists see just the opposite: If growers had monopoly power, they'd have raised prices before the frost. Why don't concert promoters raise ticket prices even when they are sure they will sell out months in advance? Why are some goods sold at auction and others at pre-announced prices? Why do boxes at the football sell out before the standard seats do? Why are bank buildings fancier than supermarkets? Why do corporations confer huge pensions on failed executives? Why don't firms require workers to buy their jobs? Landsburg explains why the obvious answers are wrong, reveals better answers, and illuminates the fundamental laws of human behavior along the way. This is a book of surprises: a guided tour of the familiar, filtered through a decidedly unfamiliar lens. This is economics for the sheer intellectual joy of it.
Download or read book S Chand s ISC Commerce For Class XI 2021 Edition written by C B Gupta and published by S. Chand Publishing. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commerce
Download or read book What is the Economy written by Joe Richards and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-18 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why are houses so expensive? Is our banking system going to collapse again? Should we be worried that robots are going to take all our jobs? And just what exactly is the economy anyway? Economists and politicians would have you believe it is a rarified topic best left to 'the experts'. The experts are wrong. This book uncovers what people really mean when they talk about 'the economy', taking the word off its pedestal and showing that it's just a lens for seeing the world around us. That, at its heart, economics is about you, and the society you're a part of. Explaining key concepts in economics in relation to how they directly affect your life – from your money to your home, your workplace to your future – What is the Economy? drags the obscure world of economics kicking and screaming towards the everyday and equips you with clarity and understanding.
Download or read book Virtual Currencies and Beyond written by Mr.Dong He and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-01-20 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New technologies are driving transformational changes in the global financial system. Virtual currencies (VCs) and the underlying distributed ledger systems are among these. VCs offer many potential benefits, but also considerable risks. VCs could raise efficiency and in the long run strengthen financial inclusion. At the same time, VCs could be potential vehicles for money laundering, terrorist financing, tax evasion and fraud. While risks to the conduct of monetary policy seem less likely to arise at this stage given the very small scale of VCs, risks to financial stability may eventually emerge as the new technologies become more widely used. National authorities have begun to address these challenges and will need to calibrate regulation in a manner that appropriately addresses the risks without stifling innovation. As experience is gained, international standards and best practices could be considered to provide guidance on the most appropriate regulatory responses in different fields, thereby promoting harmonization and cooperation across jurisdictions.
Download or read book The Dollar Trap written by Eswar S. Prasad and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2015-08-25 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why the dollar is—and will remain—the dominant global currency The U.S. dollar's dominance seems under threat. The near collapse of the U.S. financial system in 2008–2009, political paralysis that has blocked effective policymaking, and emerging competitors such as the Chinese renminbi have heightened speculation about the dollar’s looming displacement as the main reserve currency. Yet, as The Dollar Trap powerfully argues, the financial crisis, a dysfunctional international monetary system, and U.S. policies have paradoxically strengthened the dollar’s importance. Eswar Prasad examines how the dollar came to have a central role in the world economy and demonstrates that it will remain the cornerstone of global finance for the foreseeable future. Marshaling a range of arguments and data, and drawing on the latest research, Prasad shows why it will be difficult to dislodge the dollar-centric system. With vast amounts of foreign financial capital locked up in dollar assets, including U.S. government securities, other countries now have a strong incentive to prevent a dollar crash. Prasad takes the reader through key contemporary issues in international finance—including the growing economic influence of emerging markets, the currency wars, the complexities of the China-U.S. relationship, and the role of institutions like the International Monetary Fund—and offers new ideas for fixing the flawed monetary system. Readers are also given a rare look into some of the intrigue and backdoor scheming in the corridors of international finance. The Dollar Trap offers a panoramic analysis of the fragile state of global finance and makes a compelling case that, despite all its flaws, the dollar will remain the ultimate safe-haven currency.
Download or read book Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2016 Financial Management written by Anju Bala and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2017-01-06 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master the world of financial management with Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2016 About This Book Familiarize yourself with Dynamics NAV and get up to date with the latest release – this is an invaluable tool for financial management Learn how to use reporting tools that will help you to make the right decisions at the right time Explore features inside the sale and purchase areas as well as functionalities including payments, budgets, cash flow, fixed assets, and business intelligence Who This Book Is For This book will appeal to financers and accountants who are using Dynamics NAV as their ERP and financial management system. Dynamics NAV consultants and project managers will find it useful for their daily work. What You Will Learn Handle complete business processes for purchases and sales in Dynamics NAV. Use the banking features and the reconciliation process to gain greater insights into a company's financial status. Report data in a meaningful way that provides the company with insightful analysis. Set up dimensions and link them with master tables and journals. Work with multi-currency and intercompany postings. Receive and send documents electronically. Manage complete Fixed Asset by Setup, transactions, budgets, and Fixed Asset Reporting. In Detail Microsoft Dynamics NAV is a global Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solution that provides small and mid-size businesses with greater control over their finances and a way to simplify their supply chain, manufacturing, and operations. Microsoft Dynamics NAV Financial Management explains all you need to know in order to successfully handle your daily financial management tasks. This book walks you through all the improvements in the latest release and shows you how to apply them in your workplace. You will learn about functionalities including sales and purchase processes, payments, bank account management, reporting taxes, budgets, cash flow, fixed assets, cost accounting, inventory valuation, workflows, sending and receiving electronic documents, and business intelligence. This book comprehensively covers all the financial management features inside the latest version of Dynamics NAV and follows a logical schema. By the time you're finished this book you will have learned about budgets, cash flow management, currencies, intercompany postings, and accounting implications in areas such as jobs, services, warehousing, and manufacturing. Style and approach This book is an in-depth, practical tutorial demonstrating both the basic and more advanced concepts of financial management in Dynamics NAV.
