Download or read book Ethical Relativity written by Edward Westermarck and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2022-11-22 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Edward Westermarck grounds ethics in the biological underpinnings of emotion and makes arguments for both psychological and ethical relativism. According to Westermarck, conventional moral judgments are based on moral sentiments, which are neutral moral feelings. Because moral standards are rooted in emotion, Westermarck concludes that they cannot be objective.
Download or read book Morality Made Visible written by Otto Pipatti and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-04-01 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While highly respected among evolutionary scholars, the sociologist, anthropologist and philosopher Edward Westermarck is now largely forgotten in the social sciences. This book is the first full study of his moral and social theory, focusing on the key elements of his theory of moral emotions as presented in The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas and summarised in Ethical Relativity. Examining Westermarck’s evolutionary approach to the human mind, the author introduces important new themes to scholarship on Westermarck, including the pivotal role of emotions in human reciprocity, the evolutionary origins of human society, social solidarity, the emergence and maintenance of moral norms and moral responsibility. With attention to Westermarck’s debt to David Hume and Adam Smith, whose views on human nature, moral sentiments and sympathy Westermarck combined with Darwinian evolutionary thinking, Morality Made Visible highlights the importance of the theory of sympathy that lies at the heart of Westermarck’s work, which proves to be crucial to his understanding of morality and human social life. A rigorous examination of Westermarck’s moral and social theory in its intellectual context, this volume connects Westermarck’s work on morality to classical sociology, to the history of evolutionism in the social and behavioural sciences, and to the sociological study of morality and emotions, showing him to be the forerunner of modern evolutionary psychology and anthropology. In revealing the lasting value of his work in understanding and explaining a wide range of moral phenomena, it will appeal to scholars of sociology, anthropology and psychology with interests in social theory, morality and intellectual history.
Download or read book The Origin And Development Of The Moral Ideas Volume II written by Edward Westermarck and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2022-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Download or read book Animals in the Sociologies of Westermarck and Durkheim written by Salla Tuomivaara and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-04 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores why animals, at some point, disappeared from the realm and scope of sociology. The role of sociology in the construction of a science of the ‘human’ has been substantial, building representations of the human sphere of life as unique. Within the sociological tradition however, animals have often been invisible, even non-existent. Through in-depth comparisons of the texts of prominent early sociologists Emile Durkheim and Edward Westermarck, Tuomivaara shows that despite this exclusion, representations of animals and human-animal relations were far more varied in early works than in the later sociological cannon. Addressing a significant gap in the interdisciplinary field of animal studies, Tuomivaara presents a close reading of the historical treatment of animals in the works of Durkheim and Westermarck to determine how the human-animal boundary was established in sociological theory. The diverse forms in which animals and ‘the animal’ appear in the works of early classical sociology are charted and explored, alongside the sociological themes that bring animals into these texts. Situated in contemporary theory, from critical animal studies to posthumanism, this important book lays the groundwork for a disciplinary shift away from this sharp human-animal dualism.
Download or read book Westermarck s Ethics written by Timothy Stroup and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The History of Human Marriage written by Edward Westermarck and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Inbreeding Incest and the Incest Taboo written by Arthur P. Wolf and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why is incest widely prohibited? Why does the scope of the prohibition vary from society to society? Why does incest occur despite the prohibition? What are the consequences? To reexamine these questions, this book brings together contributions from the fields of genetics, behavioral biology, primatology, biological and social anthropology, philosophy, and psychiatry.
Download or read book The Origins Of Human Social Nature written by Otto Pipatti and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ethics Origin and Development written by Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin (kni͡azʹ) and published by . This book was released on 1924 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Incest Avoidance and the Incest Taboos written by Arthur P. Wolf and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-16 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do most people never have sex with close relatives? And why do they disapprove of other people doing so? Incest Avoidance and Incest Taboos investigates our human inclination to avoid incest and the powerful taboo against incest found in all societies. Both subjects stir strong feelings and vigorous arguments within and beyond academic circles. With great clarity, Wolf lays out the modern assumptions about both, concluding that all previous approaches lack precision and balance on insecure evidence. Researchers he calls "constitutionalists" explain human incest avoidance by biologically-based natural aversion, but fail to explain incest taboos as cultural universals. By contrast, "conventionalists" ignore the evolutionary roots of avoidance and assume that incest avoidant behavior is guided solely by cultural taboos. Both theories are incomplete. Wolf tests his own theory with three natural experiments: bint'amm (cousin) marriage in Morocco, the rarity of marriage within Israeli kibbutz peer groups, and "minor marriages" (in which baby girls were raised by their future mother-in-law to marry an adoptive "brother") in China and Taiwan. These cross-cultural comparisons complete his original and intellectually rich theory of incest, one that marries biology and culture by accounting for both avoidance and taboo.
Download or read book Practical Ethics written by Peter Singer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-02-21 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For thirty years, Peter Singer's Practical Ethics has been the classic introduction to applied ethics. For this third edition, the author has revised and updated all the chapters and added a new chapter addressing climate change, one of the most important ethical challenges of our generation. Some of the questions discussed in this book concern our daily lives. Is it ethical to buy luxuries when others do not have enough to eat? Should we buy meat from intensively reared animals? Am I doing something wrong if my carbon footprint is above the global average? Other questions confront us as concerned citizens: equality and discrimination on the grounds of race or sex; abortion, the use of embryos for research and euthanasia; political violence and terrorism; and the preservation of our planet's environment. This book's lucid style and provocative arguments make it an ideal text for university courses and for anyone willing to think about how she or he ought to live.
Download or read book Systems of Ethics and Value Theory written by William S. Sahakian, Ph.D and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 1963-01-01 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the extensive study, Systems of Ethics and Value Theory, author William S. Sahakian deconstructs these two complex philosophical systems for a scholarly audience. He covers topics from self-realizationism to free will to dignity with careful analysis and reasoning. His astute contributions to the fields of ethics and value theory provide excellent introductions and open up readers' minds to the complex philosophical concepts and arguments.
Download or read book Marriage and Morals written by Bertrand Russell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-12-14 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1985. Marriage and Morals won Bertrand Russell the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950. With his customary wit and clarity, Russell explores the changing role of marriage, the codes of sexual ethics and the question of population. By what codes should we live our sexual lives? Every aspect, from the origin of marriage to the values of a healthy sex life, from the influence of religion, psychoanalysis and taboos to the possibilities of eugenics, receives the incisive scrutiny of Russell’s intellect. Here is the Passionate Sceptic at his most vigorous.
Download or read book The Futility of Philosophical Ethics written by James Kirwan and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-02-24 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Futility of Philosophical Ethics puts forward a novel account of the grounds of moral feeling with fundamental implications for philosophical ethics. It examines the grounds of moral feeling by both the phenomenology of that feeling, and the facts of moral feeling in operation – particularly in forms such as moral luck, vicious virtues, and moral disgust – that appear paradoxical from the point of view of systematic ethics. Using an analytic approach, James Kirwan engages in the ongoing debates among contemporary philosophers within metaethics and normative ethics. Instead of trying to erase the variety of moral responses that exist in philosophical analysis under one totalizing system, Kirwan argues that such moral theorizing is futile. His analysis counters currently prevalent arguments that seek to render the origins of moral experience unproblematic by finding substitutes for realism in various forms of noncognitivism. In reasserting the problematic nature of moral experience, and offering a theory of the origins of that experience in unavoidable individual desires, Kirwan accounts for the diverse manifestations of moral feeling and demonstrates why so many arguments in metaethics and normative ethics are necessarily irresolvable.
Download or read book In Search of the Ethical written by Abraham Edel and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on 1993-01-01 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The twentieth century has been rich in the variety of its ethical theories. Since the turn of the century, contending philosophical positions have tended to view ethics either as spiritual and separate from the natural world or as a function of bodily or material forces. Although both factions had roots in older philosophies, the speed and complexity of modern development, in science and technology engendered a multiplicity of smaller schools within traditonal domains. Li the fifth volume of "Science, Ideology, and Value, "Abraham Edel offers a consideration of some of the major moral theories of this troubled century and a guide to their historical development and context. In treating the newer and distinctively twentieth-century philosophical schools, Edel concentrates on movements rather than on the individual philosopher's rounded theory. The treatment of John Dewey comes in a chapter on pragmatic tests and ethical insights, while that of Edward Alexander Westermarck comes in a larger discussion of ethical relativism. Edel's consideration of John Rawls and Alasdair Maclntyre provides a broader lesson in the problems and pitfalls of dealing with ethical ideas apart from history and social context. Edel obse/ves that while the concepts of morality, and the theories in which they are enmeshed, have been familiar subject matter of ethical theory, the one topic that has been little explored is changes over time in ethical practice. While the fact of different moralities and the rise and fall of a given morality have been dealt with in a historical vein, how such changes have impacted the theory of ethics as such has received only limited treatment. Edel devotes significant space to this topic, noting that the study of moral change may yield both a deeper understanding of the functioning of morality within the social culture as well as new vistas on the function of ethical theories themselves.
Download or read book Morality and Cultural Differences written by John W. Cook and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1999-01-28 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scholars who defend or dispute moral relativism, the idea that a moral principle cannot be applied to people whose culture does not accept it, have concerned themselves with either the philosophical or anthropological aspects of relativism. This study shows that in order to arrive at a definitive appraisal of moral relativism, it is necessary to understand and investigate both its anthropological and philosophical aspects. Carefully examining the arguments for and against moral relativism, Cook exposes not only that anthropologists have failed in their attempt to support relativism with evidence of cultural differences, but that moral absolutists have been equally unsuccessful in their attempts to refute it. He argues that these conflicting positions are both guilty of an artificial and unrealistic view of morality and proposes a more subtle and complex account of morality.
Download or read book Ethical Subjectivism and Expressivism written by Neil Sinclair and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-10 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethical subjectivists hold that moral judgements are descriptions of our attitudes. Expressivists hold that they are expressions of our attitudes. These views cook with the same ingredients – the natural world, and our reactions to it – and have similar attractions. This Element assesses each of them by considering whether they can accommodate three central features of moral practice: the practicality of moral judgements, the phenomenon of moral disagreement, and the mind-independence of some moral truths. In the process, several different versions of subjectivism are distinguished (simple, communal, idealising, and normative) and key expressivist notions such as 'moral attitudes' and 'expression' are examined. Different meanings of 'subjective' and 'relative' are examined and it is considered whether subjectivism and expressivism make ethics 'subjective' or 'relative' in each of these senses.
