Download or read book Water Scarcity and Violent Conflict in Nigeria written by Naval Postgraduate Naval Postgraduate School and published by . This book was released on 2019-06 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there has been an abundance of research into answering the question of whether water scarcity causes conflict, there has not been as much research done on the contribution of water scarcity into escalation of regional conflicts. Within Nigeria there are two examples of water scarcity and conflict occurring in close proximity: the Niger Delta, and a violent conflict over oil pollution, and the ongoing threat of Boko Haram in the Lake Chad region, where water grows increasingly scarce. This study seeks to find how water scarcity in these two regions may be influencing armed conflict. To answer this question, a process-tracing method is adopted to better parse out each step along the path from scarcity to conflict. The major finding is that water scarcity works as an amplifier to conflict, especially when livelihoods are disrupted and when the government fails to take appropriate action.
Download or read book Water Scarcity and Violent Conflict in Nigeria Lake Chad Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta Threat of Boko Haram Ogoni and MOSOP Study Water Works as Amplifier to Conflict Disrupting Livelihoods written by U S Military and published by . This book was released on 2019-08-18 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there has been an abundance of research into answering the question of whether water scarcity causes conflict, there has not been as much research done on the contribution of water scarcity into escalation of regional conflicts. Within Nigeria there are two examples of water scarcity and conflict occurring in close proximity: the Niger Delta, and a violent conflict over oil pollution, and the ongoing threat of Boko Haram in the Lake Chad region, where water grows increasingly scarce. This study seeks to find how water scarcity in these two regions may be influencing armed conflict. To answer this question, a process-tracing method is adopted to better parse out each step along the path from scarcity to conflict. The major finding is that water scarcity works as an amplifier to conflict, especially when livelihoods are disrupted and when the government fails to take appropriate action.I. Introduction * A. Significance of the Research Question * B. Literature Review * 1. Water Scarcity as a Direct Cause of Conflict * 2. Water Scarcity and State Institutions * 3. Water Scarcity and Migration * 4. Water Scarcity and Negative Impact on Livelihoods * C. Potential Explanations and Hypotheses * D. Research Design * E. Thesis Overview * II. The Lake Chad Basin and Boko Haram * A. Introduction and Overview * B. Lake Chad and Regional Water Security * C. Mitigating Lake Recession * D. Overview of Conflict * E. Socio-Economics of the Lake Chad Basin * F. Regional Livelihoods and the Pull of Extremism * G. Discussion * III. Oil Pollution and Violence in the Niger Delta * A. Introduction * B. Oil Discovery and Early Development * C. Oil Pollution and Its Impacts * D. Socioeconomic Impacts of Oil on Livelihoods * E. Legal Challenges for Delta Communities * F. Ogoni and MOSOP Case Study * G. Current Events * H. Conclusion and Findings * IV. Conclusion * A. Findings * B. Suggestions for Further Research. * C. Policy SolutionsThis compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.Water is one of the world's most precious resources, and it is becoming increasingly scarce in many places around the globe. One country in particular facing water scarcity is Nigeria. In the Nigerian portion of the African Sahel, local populations struggle to find adequate clean drinking water. According to a Brookings Institution Report, Lake Chad has shrunk by nearly 90% since its most recent highpoint in the 1960s. Concomitantly, Nigeria has seen a rise in violence between groups of pastoral farmers as well as increased insurgent activity from Boko Haram. Furthermore, insurgent groups in the Niger Delta are engaged in activities to undermine the oil industry that has polluted the environment there with impunity for decades. The research question motivating this thesis is: how has water scarcity contributed to violence in Nigeria? There are some environmental security researchers who state that water scarcity may lead directly to conflict. In reality, the role that water scarcity plays in rates of armed conflict is more nuanced. Conflict does not always occur where water scarcity exists. However, in Nigeria, there are several cases in which water scarcity and conflict are occurring in tandem.
Download or read book Water Security and U S Foreign Policy written by David Reed and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-06-26 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prosperity and national security of the United States depend directly on the prosperity and stability of both partner and competing countries around the world. Today, U.S. interests are under rising pressure from water scarcity, extreme weather events and water-driven ecological change in key geographies of strategic interest to the U.S. Those water-driven stresses are undermining economic productivity, weakening governance systems and fraying social cohesion in scores of countries and, in the process, undermining the vitality of rural livelihoods, fostering local and ethnic conflicts, driving broad migratory movements and contributing to the growth of insurgencies and terrorist networks. While the U.S. intelligence community has steadily expanded natural resource concerns in their global threat analyses, our overseas development assistance remains locked into provision of water and hygienic services rather than responding to the full sweep of global water challenges including governance and policy failures, growing conflicts over water and the need for promoting sustainable transboundary water arrangements in partner countries. A fundamental departure from the past is urgently needed. Based on 18 case studies, Water, Security and U.S. Foreign Policy provides an analytical framework to help policy makers, scholars and researchers studying the intersection of U.S. foreign policy with the environment and sustainability issues, interpret the impacts of water-driven social disruptions on the stability of partner governments and U.S. interests abroad. The book also delivers specific recommendations to reorient U.S. development and diplomatic engagements that can forestall and prevent social disruptions and ensuing threats to U.S. prosperity and national security.
Download or read book Inequality Grievances and Civil War written by Lars-Erik Cederman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-08-26 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that political and economic inequalities following group lines generate grievances that in turn can motivate civil war. Lars-Erik Cederman, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug offer a theoretical approach that highlights ethnonationalism and how the relationship between group identities and inequalities are fundamental for successful mobilization to resort to violence. Although previous research highlighted grievances as a key motivation for political violence, contemporary research on civil war has largely dismissed grievances as irrelevant, emphasizing instead the role of opportunities. This book shows that the alleged non-results for grievances in previous research stemmed primarily from atheoretical measures, typically based on individual data. The authors develop new indicators of political and economic exclusion at the group level, and show that these exert strong effects on the risk of civil war. They provide new analyses of the effects of transnational ethnic links and the duration of civil wars, and extended case discussions illustrating causal mechanisms.
Download or read book Water and Conflict Incorporating Peacebuilding Into Water Development written by Jason Gehrig and published by Catholic Relief Services. This book was released on 2009-08-14 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water is a simple but necessary part of life. Yet much of the world's population lacks adequate clean water, either because of physical scarcity or because they are denied equitable access to water resources. Such conditions inevitably breed conflict. Water-related violence is common in many parts of the world and is generally expected to increase in the years ahead.This document is intended to assist water development practitioners, civil society peacebuilders and human rights advocates seeking to integrate water and peacebuilding in their work. The purpose is twofold: to furnish a conceptual framework for understanding problems of scarcity and equity, and to provide practical guidance and tools for action.The text distills an extensive literature on water, conflict, and cooperation produced in recent years by researchers and development practitioners. Case studies and reflections are included to keep theory grounded in reality.
Download or read book Environment Scarcity and Violence written by Thomas F. Homer-Dixon and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-07-01 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Earth's human population is expected to pass eight billion by the year 2025, while rapid growth in the global economy will spur ever increasing demands for natural resources. The world will consequently face growing scarcities of such vital renewable resources as cropland, fresh water, and forests. Thomas Homer-Dixon argues in this sobering book that these environmental scarcities will have profound social consequences--contributing to insurrections, ethnic clashes, urban unrest, and other forms of civil violence, especially in the developing world. Homer-Dixon synthesizes work from a wide range of international research projects to develop a detailed model of the sources of environmental scarcity. He refers to water shortages in China, population growth in sub-Saharan Africa, and land distribution in Mexico, for example, to show that scarcities stem from the degradation and depletion of renewable resources, the increased demand for these resources, and/or their unequal distribution. He shows that these scarcities can lead to deepened poverty, large-scale migrations, sharpened social cleavages, and weakened institutions. And he describes the kinds of violence that can result from these social effects, arguing that conflicts in Chiapas, Mexico and ongoing turmoil in many African and Asian countries, for instance, are already partly a consequence of scarcity. Homer-Dixon is careful to point out that the effects of environmental scarcity are indirect and act in combination with other social, political, and economic stresses. He also acknowledges that human ingenuity can reduce the likelihood of conflict, particularly in countries with efficient markets, capable states, and an educated populace. But he argues that the violent consequences of scarcity should not be underestimated--especially when about half the world's population depends directly on local renewables for their day-to-day well-being. In the next decades, he writes, growing scarcities will affect billions of people with unprecedented severity and at an unparalleled scale and pace. Clearly written and forcefully argued, this book will become the standard work on the complex relationship between environmental scarcities and human violence.
Download or read book Environmental Peacemaking written by Ken Conca and published by Woodrow Wilson Center Press. This book was released on 2002-11-13 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eight contributions written by professors of political science, government, and politics as well as researchers and program directors for environmental change, energy, and security projects provide insight into the process of environmental peacemaking, based on their experiences in a variety of international regions. An initial chapter makes a case for the process; successive chapters address the Baltic, South Asia, the Aral Sea basin, southern Africa, the Caspian Sea, and the US-Mexican border. Annotation (c)2003 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).
Download or read book Water Conservation Reuse and Recycling written by Academy of Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Iran and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-03-01 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December 2002, a group of specialists on water resources from the United States and Iran met in Tunis, Tunisia, for an interacademy workshop on water resources management, conservation, and recycling. This was the fourth interacademy workshop on a variety of topics held in 2002, the first year of such workshops. Tunis was selected as the location for the workshop because the Tunisian experience in addressing water conservation issues was of interest to the participants from both the United States and Iran. This report includes the agenda for the workshop, all of the papers that were presented, and the list of site visits.
Download or read book Out of Sight written by Jacob D. Kurtzer and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-10-15 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nigeria represents one of the United States’ most important relationships in Africa. Despite U.S. security sector and humanitarian assistance programs, ten years of violent insurgency in northeast Nigeria have led to massive humanitarian needs for more than seven million people, and the crisis shows no signs of abating. Ongoing restrictions by the government of Nigeria on humanitarian action threaten U.S. policy goals of improved humanitarian outcomes and a reduction in the presence of violent terrorist organizations. This report unpacks the challenges for humanitarian actors, the role of the United States and other donor institutions in meeting humanitarian needs, and the effectiveness of the Nigerian government’s response. Jacob D. Kurtzer provides concrete recommendations for mitigating the civilian impact of the conflict in northeast Nigeria.
Download or read book Hydropolitics in the Third World written by Arun P. Elhance and published by US Institute of Peace Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With more than 50 percent of the world's landmass covered by river basins shared by two or more states, competition over water resources has always had the potential to spark violence. And growing populations and accelerating demands for fresh water are putting ever greater pressures on already scarce water resources. In this wide-ranging study, Arun Elhance explores the hydropolitics of six of the world's largest river basins. In each case, Elhance examines the basin's physical, economic, and political geography; the possibilities for acute conflict; and efforts to develop bilateral and multilateral agreements for sharing water resources. The case studies lead to some sobering conclusions about impediments to cooperation but also to some encouraging ones--among them, that it may not be possible for Third World states to solve their water problems by going to war, and that eventually even the strongest riparian states are compelled to seek cooperation with their weaker neighbors.
Download or read book The International Politics of Mass Atrocities written by David R. Black and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-01-04 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the Darfur crisis to address wider debates within IR theory including: the "responsibility to protect", humanitarian intervention, sovereignty, peacekeeping, relationships between the world’s great powers, and international mediation.
Download or read book Water Scarcity and Conflict in African River Basins written by Mahlakeng Khosi Mahlakeng and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-03-31 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents a critical and comparative analysis of the hydropolitical landscape of African transboundary river basins which, for much of the past century, have been affected by water scarcity. River and lake basins can become a source of tension and conflict due to a complicated mix of environmental, demographic, diplomatic, historical and geopolitical factors. This book, however, specifically focuses on the important, and often under looked, role played by scarcity in generating or exacerbating conflicts in shared river basins. Asserting that transboundary river basins tie states into a web of interdependence, this book raises awareness of how water scarcity, or the depletion of water resources, complicates this relationship as nations are forced to look beyond their own borders to meet the demand for water to satisfy multiple needs. Taking a comparative approach, it examines three shared basins: the Orange-Senqu, the Nile and the Niger River basins. While situated in different regions, all three basins are marked by serious environmental challenges that are detrimental to combustible hydropolitics over such shared water resources and they provide fascinating insights into the links between climate variability and change, water resources, human security, conflict, adaptation and regime capacity. Overall, this book argues that conflict over transboundary resources can be prevented given the establishment of norms, rules, and the role of external actors that help regulate state behaviour and control their impacts. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of water resource management, hydropolitics, environmental conflict, resource scarcity and international relations. It will also be of interest to policymakers involved in transboundary water resource governance.
Download or read book Water Wars written by Vandana Shiva and published by North Atlantic Books. This book was released on 2016-07-26 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acclaimed author and award-winning scientist and activist Vandana Shiva lucidly details the severity of the global water shortage, calling the water crisis “the most pervasive, most severe, and most invisible dimension of the ecological devastation of the earth.” She sheds light on the activists who are fighting corporate maneuvers to convert the life-sustaining resource of water into more gold for the elites and uses her knowledge of science and society to outline the emergence of corporate culture and the historical erosion of communal water rights. Using the international water trade and industrial activities such as damming, mining, and aquafarming as her lens, Shiva exposes the destruction of the earth and the disenfranchisement of the world's poor as they are stripped of rights to a precious common good. Revealing how many of the most important conflicts of our time, most often camouflaged as ethnic wars or religious wars, are in fact conflicts over scarce but vital natural resources, she calls for a movement to preserve water access for all and offers a blueprint for global resistance based on examples of successful campaigns. Featuring a new introduction by the author, this edition of Water Wars celebrates the spiritual and traditional role water has played in communities throughout history and warns that water privatization threatens cultures and livelihoods worldwide.
Download or read book Water Management in Africa and the Middle East written by International Development Research Centre (Canada) and published by IDRC. This book was released on 1996 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water Management in Africa and the Middle East: Challenges and Opportunities
Download or read book Ebb and Flow written by Esha Zaveri and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-10-22 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Migration shapes the lives of those who move and transforms the geographies and economies of their points of departure and destinations alike. The water sector, and the availability of water itself, implicitly and explicitly shape migration flows. Ebb and Flow: Volume 1. Water, Migration, and Development presents new global evidence to advance our understanding of how fluctuations in water availability, as induced by rainfall shocks, influence internal migration, and hence regional development. It finds that cumulative water deficits result in five times as much migration as water excess does. But there are important nuances in why and when these events lead to migration. Where there is extreme poverty and migration is costly, water deficits are more likely to trap people than induce them to migrate. Water shocks can also influence who migrates. Workers leaving regions because of water deficits are often less advantaged than typical migrants and bring with them lower skills, raising important implications for the migrants themselves and receiving regions. Cities are the destination of most internal migrants, but even here, water scarcity can haunt them. Water shortages in urban areas, which lead to so-called day zero events, can significantly slow urban growth and compound the vulnerability of migrants. No single policy can be completely effective at protecting people and their assets from water shocks. Instead, the report puts forth a menu of overlapping and complementary policy options that target both people and places to improve livelihoods and turn water-induced crises into opportunities for growth. A key message is that policies that focus on reducing the impacts of water shocks must be complemented by strategies that broaden opportunities and build the longterm resilience of communities. Doing so will give individuals more agency to determine the best outcome for themselves and to thrive wherever they may choose to locate.
Download or read book Migration and its interdependencies with water scarcity gender and youth employment written by Miletto, Michela and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-25 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
