Download or read book Water rhyolite Interaction in the Yellowstone Hydrothermal System written by Jeffrey Todd Cullen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In caldera-hosted rhyolitic hydrothermal systems, thermal waters, which are expelled to the surface through geysers and hot springs, provide a window into the conditions of water-rock interaction and element source/transport pathways of the dissolved components. By conducting hydrothermal experiments, we can constrain element behaviors during water-rock (W-R) interaction which enhances our ability to accurately interpret natural thermal waters and thus gain insights into processes occurring at depth in the hydrothermal system. This dissertation focuses on constraining elemental and isotopic behaviors during water rock interactions under conditions appropriate of continental, rhyolitic-caldera-hosted hydrothermal systems; more specifically the Yellowstone Hydrothermal System. In Chapter 2, I conduct water-rhyolite experiments over a temperature range of 150°C-350°C to constrain element leaching behaviors at each temperature, the secondary minerals formed, and how the secondary minerals control the concentrations of certain essential proxy fluid-mobile trace elements (Cl, F, Br, Li, and B). The experiments show rhyolite obsidian is stable at T ≤ 250°C. No alteration occurs and F is mobilized readily out of the rock by hydration exchange reactions. Cl and B are not leached from the rock. At T ≥ 275 °C, the rhyolite is completely broken down and recrystallized to the zeolite, ferrierite. Fluorine has affinity for the zeolite and is removed from solution into this phase, whereas Cl and B are completely leached from the rock and remain in solution. Li is moderately fluid mobile over the entire temperature range. In Chapter 3, I investigate the Cl, Li, and B stable isotope behaviors of the experimental materials in order to determine whether these isotopes fractionate during water rock interaction. The experimental results are compared with natural Yellowstone thermal waters from Upper Geyser Basin (UGB). The results indicate that Cl and B isotopes fractionate negligibly during leaching and during precipitation of ferrierite at T ≥ 275 °C. 7Li is only preferentially released into solution during leaching at T ≤ 250°C. The Cl, Li, and B isotope compositions of Upper Geyser Basin (UGB) waters reflect the leaching from host rhyolites with little to no fractionation. Elemental ratios suggest a small fraction of Cl and perhaps Li are derived from a magmatic source. In Chapter 4, I generate aqueous geochemical data from an extensive suite of Yellowstone thermal waters we collected between 2014 and 2016 (n = 141) from 11 separate geyser basins/thermal areas in the Yellowstone Hydrothermal System to uncover chemical correlations between thermal areas and water types across the entire system. Data are in good agreement with the experimental results. delta37Cl, values are relatively uniform throughout, and indicate leaching from host rhyolites. In alkaline-chloride dominant thermal areas, delta7Li, and delta11B values indicate leaching of host rhyolites with minimal fractionation and/or interaction with preciously altered rhyolites. In acid-SO4 and mixed SO4-Cl areas, delta7Li, and delta11B values are consistent with fractionation due to interaction with secondary clay minerals. Higher resolution investigation of UGB thermal waters reveals spatial correlations with compositions and inferred reservoir equilibrium temperatures.

Download or read book Simulation of Water rock Interaction in the Yellowstone Geothermal System Using TOUGHREACT written by P. F. Dobson and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yellowstone geothermal system provides an ideal opportunity to test the ability of reactive transport models to accurately simulate water-rock interaction. Previous studies of the Yellowstone geothermal system have characterized water-rock interaction through analysis of rocks and fluids obtained from both surface and downhole samples. Fluid chemistry, rock mineralogy, permeability, porosity, and thermal data obtained from the Y-8 borehole in Upper Geyser Basin were used to constrain a series of reactive transport simulations of the Yellowstone geothermal system using TOUGHREACT. Three distinct stratigraphic units were encountered in the 153.4 m deep Y-8 drill core: volcaniclastic sandstone, perlitic rhyolitic lava, and nonwelded pumiceous tuff. The main alteration phases identified in the Y-8 core samples include clay minerals, zeolites, silica polymorphs, adularia, and calcite. Temperatures observed in the Y-8 borehole increase with depth from sub-boiling conditions at the surface to a maximum of 169.8 C at a depth of 104.1 m, with near-isothermal conditions persisting down to the well bottom. 1-D models of the Y-8 core hole were constructed to determine if TOUGHREACT could accurately predict the observed alteration mineral assemblage given the initial rock mineralogy and observed fluid chemistry and temperatures. Preliminary simulations involving the perlitic rhyolitic lava unit are consistent with the observed alteration of rhyolitic glass to form celadonite.

Download or read book Simulation of Water rock Interaction in the Yellowstone Geothermal System Using TOUGHREACT written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yellowstone geothermal system provides an ideal opportunity to test the ability of reactive transport models to simulate the chemical and hydrological effects of water-rock interaction. Previous studies of the Yellowstone geothermal system have characterized water-rock interaction through analysis of rocks and fluids obtained from both surface and downhole samples. Fluid chemistry, rock mineralogy, permeability, porosity, and thermal data obtained from the Y-8 borehole in Upper Geyser Basin were used to constrain a series of reactive transport simulations of the Yellowstone geothermal system using TOUGHREACT. Three distinct stratigraphic units were encountered in the 153.4 m deep Y-8 drill core: volcaniclastic sandstone, perlitic rhyolitic lava, and nonwelded pumiceous tuff. The main alteration phases identified in the Y-8 core samples include clay minerals, zeolites, silica polymorphs, adularia, and calcite. Temperatures observed in the Y-8 borehole increase with depth from sub-boiling conditions at the surface to a maximum of 169.8 C at a depth of 104.1 m, with near-isothermal conditions persisting down to the well bottom. 1-D models of the Y-8 core hole were constructed to simulate the observed alteration mineral assemblage given the initial rock mineralogy and observed fluid chemistry and temperatures. Preliminary simulations involving the perlitic rhyolitic lava unit are consistent with the observed alteration of rhyolitic glass to form celadonite.

Download or read book Hydrothermal Processes Above the Yellowstone Magma Chamber written by Lisa A. Morgan and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Home to more than 10,000 thermal features, Yellowstone has experienced over 20 large hydrothermal explosions producing craters from 100 to over 2500 meters in diameter during the past 16,000 years. Using new mapping, sampling, and analysis techniques, this volume documents a broad spectrum of ages and geologic settings for these events and considers additional processes and alternative triggering mechanisms that have not been explored in previous studies. Although large hydrothermal explosions are rare on the human time scale, the potential for future explosions in Yellowstone is not insignificant, and events large enough to create a 100-m-wide crater might be expected every 200 years. This work presents information useful for determining the timing, distribution, and possible causes of these events in Yellowstone, which will aid in the planning of monitoring strategies and the anticipation of hydrothermal explosions."--Publisher's description.

Download or read book Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Hydrothermal Water Interaction in Sentinel Meadows Yellowstone National Park written by Natalie Smeltz and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hydrothermal system in Yellowstone National Park offers a unique opportunity to study the complex interaction between the magmatically-driven, superheated fluids and meteorically sourced water in the near subsurface. This study aims to image the geologic structure, conduits for hydrothermal fluid flow, and investigate mixing between hot hydrothermal fluids and cold meteoric water below Sentinel Meadows, a hydrothermally influenced drainage in Lower Geyser Basin. To do this we employ the use of electrical resistivity and seismic refraction lines, ground-based magnetics, and airborne electromagnetics. We address the following questions: 1) What are the large-scale spatial relationships between ascending hydrothermal fluids and geologic units? 2) Where does the hydrothermal water feeding Sentinel Meadows originate? 3) Does mixing of hydrothermal water and cold meteorically derived groundwater in Sentinel Meadows occur prior to discharge at the hot springs? 4) Are the cold springs at the margin of Sentinel Meadows the result of mixing waters? From our geophysical investigation we find that cold springs are likely connected to the shallow groundwater system and subsurface impermeable rhyolites have partial control over the large-scale flow paths of hydrothermal fluids. We compare the geophysical results and spatial relations of the hot springs to Cl− and SO42− concentrations in Yellowstone waters to determine that cold springs are not the result of mixing waters and mixing occurs prior to discharge in all hot springs in Sentinel Meadows. From our interpretations we propose an updated conceptual model for Sentinel Meadows showing the interactions between the shallow cold meteoric water and hot hydrothermal waters.

Download or read book Dynamics of the Yellowstone Hydrothermal System written by Shaul Hurwitz and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field is characterized by extensive seismicity, episodes of uplift and subsidence, and a hydrothermal system that comprises more than 10,000 thermal features, including geysers, fumaroles, mud pots, thermal springs, and hydrothermal explosion craters. The diverse chemical and isotopic compositions of waters and gases derive from mantle, crustal, and meteoric sources and extensive water-gas-rock interaction at variable pressures and temperatures. The thermal features are host to all domains of life that utilize diverse inorganic sources of energy for metabolism. The unique and exceptional features of the hydrothermal system have attracted numerous researchers to Yellowstone beginning with the Washburn and Hayden expeditions in the 1870s. Since a seminal review published a quarter of a century ago, research in many fields has greatly advanced our understanding of the many coupled processes operating in and on the hydrothermal system. Specific advances include more refined geophysical images of the magmatic system, better constraints on the time scale of magmatic processes, characterization of fluid sources and water-rock interactions, quantitative estimates of heat and magmatic volatile fluxes, discovering and quantifying the role of thermophile microorganisms in the geochemical cycle, defining the chronology of hydrothermal explosions and their relation to glacial cycles, defining possible links between hydrothermal activity, deformation, and seismicity; quantifying geyser dynamics; and the discovery of extensive hydrothermal activity in Yellowstone Lake. Discussion of these many advances forms the basis of this review.

Download or read book The Boron Isotope Systematics of the Yellowstone National Park Wyoming Hydrothermal System written by M. Ross Palmer and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Boron concentrations and isotope compositions have been measured in fourteen hot spring waters, two drill hole waters, and unaltered rhyolite flow, and hydrothermally altered rhyolite from the geothermal system in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.

Download or read book Hydrothermal Activity in the Southwest Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field written by Shaul Hurwitz and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past two decades, the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service have studied hydrothermal activity across the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field (YPVF) to improve the understanding of the magmatic?hydrothermal system and to provide a baseline for detecting future anomalous activity. In 2017 and 2018 we sampled water and gas over a large area in the southwest YPVF and used Landsat 8 thermal infrared data to estimate radiative heat flow. Most of the thermal activity in this region is in close proximity to the Yellowstone Caldera boundary. Springs and fumaroles discharge from a variety of lithologies, including some of the youngest rhyolites in the YPVF. Gas compositions and helium isotope ratios of most samples resemble those in other parts of the YPVF. The waters have meteoric origins, and tritium was detected in several samples. Thermal waters from some areas have compositions that plot along a line connecting thermal and nonthermal water endmember compositions. The thermal water endmember equilibrated at 160°C?170°C, lower than waters in Yellowstone's geyser basins. Heat discharged by springs and fumaroles originates from within the Yellowstone Caldera and is transported laterally by advection, mainly along the base of rhyolite flows that cover the inferred caldera boundaries.

Download or read book Geologic Field trip Guide to the Volcanic and Hydrothermal Landscape of the Yellowstone Plateau written by Lisa A. Morgan and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2017 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Hydrothermal Alteration in Research Drill Hole Y 3 Lower Geyser Basin Yellowstone National Park Wyoming written by Keith E. Bargar and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Behavior of Nuclear Waste Elements During Hydrothermal Alteration of Glassy Rhyolite in an Active Geothermal System written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The behavior of a group of nuclear waste elements (U, Th, Sr, Zr, Sb, Cs, Ba, and Sm) during hydrothermal alteration of glassy rhyolite is investigated through detailed geochemical analyses of whole rocks, glass and mineral separates, and thermal waters. Significant mobility of U, Sr, Sb, Cs, and Ba is found, and the role of sorption processes in their observed behavior is identified. Th, Zr, and Sm are relatively immobile, except on a microscopic scale. 9 references, 2 figures, 2 tables.

Download or read book Hydrothermal Water rock Reaction Modeling with Microbial Considerations Rabbit Creek Area Yellowstone National Park WY written by Shanna Law and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water-rock reactions at depth are the main control on aqueous hydrothermal chemistries of hot springs and other thermal features. Thermophilic microbes living in the hydrothermal system are a secondary control on aqueous hydrothermal chemistries and are expected to have increasing influence as spring temperatures decrease. The Rabbit Creek area of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) is an ideal case study for investigating the geologic and biologic controls on aqueous hydrothermal chemistries due to the proximity of the drill core Y-5 to geochemically diverse hydrothermal features (17.3°C to 92.2°C ± 0.1°C; field pH values 6.50 to 9.60 ± 0.05). The modeling program EQ3/6 was used to compare expected and predicted hydrothermal aqueous chemical speciations of hydrothermal features in the Rabbit Creek area. The expected aqueous chemical speciations were found using EQ3 to speciate initial measured concentrations of dissolved major ions and trace elements from each thermal feature. EQ3/6 was used to predict local water-rock reactions by interacting local meteoric water with the summarized mineralogy of the altered rhyolitic tuff of drill core Y-5. The EQ3/6 model was cooled, depressurized, and calibrated to the aqueous chemistry of a proximal, near boiling spring expected to have negligible microbial activity (based on low extracted DNA yields of ~5 ng DNA/g of sediment). The calibrated EQ3/6 water-rock reaction model was further cooled to the measured temperature of each hydrothermal feature analyzed to predict changes in aqueous chemical speciation. Speciated chemistries of springs were generally similar to predictions from modeled water-rock interactions, but differences increased as temperatures cooled. The EQ3/6 predictions for most springs showed deficiencies in silica, aluminum, and sulfur compared to EQ3 speciations, which could be improved by adding H2S (g) to the system and allowing for supersaturation in the models. Variations in calcium in the thermal features were expected to be a function of plagioclase remaining unsaturated and being more variable in the Y-5 subsurface than the other minerals. Discrepancies in pH between field measurements, EQ3 speciated pH, and EQ3/6 predicted pH values for each feature represent disequilibrium. Part of the disequilibrium in cooler features (

Download or read book Hydrothermal Processes Above the Yellowstone Magma Chamber written by Lisa A. Morgan and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrothermal explosions are violent and dramatic events resulting in the rapid ejection of boiling water, steam, mud, and rock fragments from source craters that range from a few meters up to more than 2 km in diameter; associated breccia can be emplaced as much as 3 to 4 km from the largest craters. Hydrothermal explosions occur where shallow interconnected reservoirs of steam- and liquid-saturated fluids with temperatures at or near the boiling curve underlie thermal fields. Sudden reduction in confining pressure causes fluids to flash to steam, resulting in significant expansion, rock fragmentation, and debris ejection. In Yellowstone, hydrothermal explosions are a potentially significant hazard for visitors and facilities and can damage or even destroy thermal features. The breccia deposits and associated craters formed from hydrothermal explosions are mapped as mostly Holocene (the Mary Bay deposit is older) units throughout Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and are spatially related to within the 0.64-Ma Yellowstone caldera and along the active Norris-Mammoth tectonic corridor.

Download or read book Water resources Investigations Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Potential Geothermal Development in the Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Resources Area Montana on the Thermal Features of Yellowstone National Park written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book U S Geological Survey Professional Paper written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Chemical Analysis of Thermal Waters in Yellowstone National Park Wyoming 1960 65 written by Jack James Rowe and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An evaluation of the mineral potential of the area.