Download or read book Water Consumption Footprint and Land Requirements of Large scale Alternative Diesel and Jet Fuel Production written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Middle distillate (MD) transportation fuels, including diesel and jet fuel, make up almost 30% of liquid fuel consumption in the United States. Alternative drop-in MD and biodiesel could potentially reduce dependence on crude oil and the greenhouse gas intensity of transportation. However, the water and land resource requirements of these novel fuel production technologies must be better understood. This analysis quantifies the lifecycle green and blue water consumption footprints of producing: MD from conventional crude oil; Fischer-Tropsch MD from natural gas and coal; fermentation and advanced fermentation MD from biomass; and hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids MD and biodiesel from oilseed crops, throughout the contiguous United States. We find that FT MD and alternative MD derived from rainfed biomass have lifecycle blue water consumption footprints of 1.6 to 20.1Lwater/LMD, comparable to conventional MD, which ranges between 4.1 and 7.4 Lwater/LMD. feedstock-to-fuel production pathway. Alternative MD derived from irrigated biomass has a lifecycle blue water consumption footprint potentially several orders of magnitude larger, between 2.7 and 22600 Lwater/LMD. Alternative MD derived from biomass has a lifecycle green water consumption footprint between 1.1 and 19200 Lwater/LMD. Results are disaggregated to characterize the relationship between geo-spatial location and lifecycle water consumption footprint. We also quantify the trade-offs between blue water consumption footprint and areal MD productivity, which ranges from 490 to 4200 LMD/ha, under assumptions of rainfed and irrigated biomass cultivation. Finally, we show that if biomass cultivation for alternative MD is irrigated, the ratio of the increase in areal MD productivity to the increase in blue water consumption footprint is a function of geo-spatial location and feedstock-to-fuel production pathway.
Download or read book Water Consumption Footprint and Land Requirements of Alternative Diesel and Jet Fuel written by Mark Douglas Staples and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Renewable Fuels Standard 2 (RFS2) is an important component of alternative transportation fuels policy in the United States (US). By mandating the production of alternative fuels, RFS2 attempts to address a number of imperfections in the transportation fuels market: US economic vulnerability to volatile prices; security and environmental externalities; and a lack of investment in alternatives to petroleum-derived fuels. Although RFS2 aims to reduce the climate impact of transportation fuels, the policy raises a number of additional environmental concerns, including the water and land resource requirements of alternative fuel production. These factors should be considered in order to determine the overall environmental viability of alternatives to petroleum-derived transportation fuels. Middle distillate (MD) fuels, including diesel and jet fuel, are of particular interest because they currently make up almost 30% of liquid fuel consumption in the US, and alternative MD fuels could potentially satisfy 21 of the 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels mandated by RFS2 in 2022. This thesis quantifies the lifecycle blue (surface and ground) water consumption footprint of MD from conventional crude oil; Fischer-Tropsch (FT) MD from natural gas and coal; fermentation and advanced fermentation (AF) MD from biomass; and hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) MD and biodiesel from oilseed crops, in the US. FT and rainfed biomass-derived MD have lifecycle blue water consumption footprints between 1.4 and 18.1 lwater/lMD, comparable to conventional MD, between 4.1 and 7.5 lwater/lMD. Irrigated biomass-derived MD has a lifecycle blue water consumption footprint potentially several orders of magnitude larger, between 2.5 and 5300 lwater/lMD. Results are geospatially disaggregated, and the trade-offs between blue water consumption footprint and areal MD productivity, between 490 and 3710 lMD/ha, are quantified under assumptions of rainfed and irrigated biomass cultivation.
Download or read book Green Aviation written by Emily S. Nelson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aircraft emissions currently account for ~3.5% of all greenhouse gas emissions. The number of passenger miles has increased by 5% annually despite 9/11, two wars and gloomy economic conditions. Since aircraft have no viable alternative to the internal combustion engine, improvements in aircraft efficiency and alternative fuel development become essential. This book comprehensively covers the relevant issues in green aviation. Environmental impacts, technology advances, public policy and economics are intricately linked to the pace of development that will be realized in the coming decades. Experts from NASA, industry and academia review current technology development in green aviation that will carry the industry through 2025 and beyond. This includes increased efficiency through better propulsion systems, reduced drag airframes, advanced materials and operational changes. Clean combustion and emission control of noise, exhaust gases and particulates are also addressed through combustor design and the use of alternative fuels. Economic imperatives from aircraft lifetime and maintenance logistics dictate the drive for "drop-in" fuels, blending jet-grade and biofuel. New certification standards for alternative fuels are outlined. Life Cycle Assessments are used to evaluate worldwide biofuel approaches, highlighting that there is no single rational approach for sustainable buildup. In fact, unless local conditions are considered, the use of biofuels can create a net increase in environmental impact as a result of biofuel manufacturing processes. Governmental experts evaluate current and future regulations and their impact on green aviation. Sustainable approaches to biofuel development are discussed for locations around the globe, including the US, EU, Brazil, China and India.
Download or read book Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-08-09 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary human activities that release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere are the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) to generate electricity, the provision of energy for transportation, and as a consequence of some industrial processes. Although aviation CO2 emissions only make up approximately 2.0 to 2.5 percent of total global annual CO2 emissions, research to reduce CO2 emissions is urgent because (1) such reductions may be legislated even as commercial air travel grows, (2) because it takes new technology a long time to propagate into and through the aviation fleet, and (3) because of the ongoing impact of global CO2 emissions. Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research develops a national research agenda for reducing CO2 emissions from commercial aviation. This report focuses on propulsion and energy technologies for reducing carbon emissions from large, commercial aircraftâ€" single-aisle and twin-aisle aircraft that carry 100 or more passengersâ€"because such aircraft account for more than 90 percent of global emissions from commercial aircraft. Moreover, while smaller aircraft also emit CO2, they make only a minor contribution to global emissions, and many technologies that reduce CO2 emissions for large aircraft also apply to smaller aircraft. As commercial aviation continues to grow in terms of revenue-passenger miles and cargo ton miles, CO2 emissions are expected to increase. To reduce the contribution of aviation to climate change, it is essential to improve the effectiveness of ongoing efforts to reduce emissions and initiate research into new approaches.
Download or read book Biojet Fuel Current Technology and Future Prospect written by Arindam Kuila and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biokerosene written by Martin Kaltschmitt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-09 with total page 758 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed overview of aspects related to the overall provision chain for biokerosene as part of the global civil aviation business. Starting with a review of the current market situation for aviation fuels and airplanes and their demands, it then presents in-depth descriptions of classical and especially new types of non-edible biomass feedstock suitable for biokerosene provision. Subsequent chapters discuss those fuel provision processes that are already available and those still under development based on various biomass feedstock materials, and present e.g. an overview of the current state of the art in the production of a liquid biomass-based fuel fulfilling the specifications for kerosene. Further, given the growing interest of the aviation industry and airlines in biofuels for aviation, the experiences of an air-carrier are presented. In closing, the book provides a market outlook for biokerosene. Addressing a broad range of aspects related to the pros and cons of biokerosene as a renewable fuel for aviation, the book offers a unique resource.
Download or read book Biofuels for Aviation written by Christopher Chuck and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-06-02 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels for Aviation: Feedstocks, Technology and Implementation presents the issues surrounding the research and use of biofuels for aviation, such as policy, markets, certification and performance requirements, life cycle assessment, and the economic and technical barriers to their full implementation. Readers involved in bioenergy and aviation sectors—research, planning, or policy making activities—will benefit from this thorough overview. The aviation industry’s commitment to reducing GHG emissions along with increasing oil prices have sparked the need for renewable and affordable energy sources tailored to this sector’s very specific needs. As jet engines cannot be readily electrified, turning to biofuels is the most viable option. However, aviation is a type of transportation for which traditional biofuels, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, do not fulfill key fuel requirements. Therefore, different solutions to this situation are being researched and tested around the globe, which makes navigating this scenario particularly challenging. This book guides readers through this intricate subject, bringing them up to speed with its current status and future prospects both from the academic and the industry point of view. Science and technology chapters delve into the technical aspects of the currently tested and the most promising technology in development, as well as their respective feedstocks and the use of additives as a way of adapting them to meet certain specifications. Conversion processes such as hydrotreatment, synthetic biology, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction and Fisher-Tropsch are explored and their results are assessed for current and future viability. Presents the current status of biofuels for the aviation sector, including technologies that are currently in use and the most promising future technologies, their production processes and viability Explains the requirements for certification and performance of aviation fuels and how that can be achieved by biofuels Explores the economic and policy issues, as well as life cycle assessment, a comparative techno-economic analysis of promising technologies and a roadmap to the future Explores conversion processes such as hydrotreatment, synthetic biology, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction and Fisher-Tropsch
Download or read book Water Footprint of Aviation Fuel Synthesis by the Fischer Tropsch Process Using Sugar Cane Waste Landfill Gas as Feedstocks written by Slim Menzli and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent spikes in oil prices have spurred an already bullish demand on biofuels as a source of alternative energy. However, the unprecedented price records set simultaneously by staple food have raised high concerns about potential impacts of biofuels on the global agricultural landscape as fuel and food markets are being inextricably coupled. The revival of interest in the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process comes into full force since it offers a promising way to produce carbon-neutral liquid fuels which are readily usable with today's existing infrastructure. The FT synthesis offers the possibility of using crop waste as feedstock instead of the crop itself thus avoiding the risk of further straining water and land resources while helping to alleviate the national energy bill and to achieve independence from foreign oil. As the airline industry is the hardest-hit sector with fuel jumping ahead of labor as the primary cost item, this thesis investigates the prospects of the FT process to transform sugar cane waste (namely bagasse, tops and green leaves) and landfill gas in order to produce kerosene (C12H26) as jet fuel for civil aviation. Established chemical correlations and thermodynamics of chemical reactions are used to assess the water footprint inherent to kerosene production using the above feedstocks at optimal conditions of temperature, pressure, catalyst and reactor type. It has been estimated that 9 to 19 gallons of water are needed for every gallon of kerosene produced. In addition, for the case of sugar cane, less land area per unit energy is required compared to ethanol production since all non-food waste of the plant can be used to produce FT fuel as opposed to ethanol which would utilize only the sugar (food) portion of the plant. This translates into a much lower water footprint for irrigation and consequently a lower water footprint overall.
Download or read book Sustainable jet fuel for aviation written by Wormslev, Erik C.;Pedersen, Jakob Louis;Eriksen, Christian;Bugge, Rasmus;Skou, Nicolaj and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2016-08-29 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study assesses to what extent the production and use of advanced sustainable jet fuel may contribute to GHG reduction and mitigation, and identifies the commercial potential for initiating and scaling up advanced sustainable jet fuel production at a Nordic level. The report explores as well on how to most efficiently use the available Nordic know-how, feedstock and production facilities. The report draws on the latest available reports and statistics, as well as interviews with stakeholders and experts across the Nordic countries, concludes on identifying the most matured technologies, the Nordic opportunities and challenges, and ideas to mitigate the barriers within the Nordic private and public sectors.
Download or read book Ground water Depletion Across the Nation written by James R. Bartolino and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Innovations in Materials Manufacturing Fabrication and Environmental Safety written by Mel Schwartz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-11-24 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When people make a call on a cellphone, drive a car, or turn on a computer, few truly appreciate the innovations in material selection, technology, and fabrication that were required to make it all possible. Innovations in Materials Manufacturing, Fabrication, and Environmental Safety explores expected developments in analysis, design, testing, and
Download or read book Sustainability of Bio jetfuel in Malaysia written by Maxime Goralski and published by . This book was released on 2016-06-27 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aviation represents a small but growing share of global CO2 emissions (2-3%), and Southeast Asia is where this industry grows the fastest. The industry targets 50% reduction in net CO2 emission by 2050, and will need at least 2 million tonnes of biofuel by 2020. The book examines various pathways from biomass to bio-jetfuel. It assesses potential ligno-cellulosic biomass and other non-aviation biofuels in Malaysia. Oil palm, paddy, rubberwood, sugarcane, coconut, and wood feedstocks are detailed, analysed and quantified. The best feedtsocks for bio-jetfuel are ranked according to their sustainability. Life Cycle Analysis is detailed with the case of paddy. Logistics and transportation botlenecks are discussed, with detailed costs and maps. The socio-political at Malaysia and international scale are examined in order to put these results in perspective. References are grouped according to their geographical relevance: Malaysia, or General. The book has a subject index.
Download or read book ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF LIQUID TRANSPORTATION BIOFUELS DERIVED FROM ALGAE AND OILSEED written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Liquid transportation biofuels are viewed as a promising alternative to fossil fuels to address energy security and climate change mitigation. Algae biomass and rapeseed were considering among the promising sources for renewable diesel and hydrotreated renewable jet (HRJ) fuel production. However, there are many challenges and technical barriers to implementation of a viable commercial process to produce biofuels from algae/oilseed. Biofuels production must typically go through a complicated series of unit processes for cultivation, harvesting, oil extraction, conversion, and other logistical steps. The impacts of their production pathway in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, land use impact, fossil energy demand have not been comprehensively studied and concerns have been raised about that large-scale biofuel production may place pressure on fresh water supplies and water quality, biodiversity, soil quality, and other sustainability impacts. Chapter 2 investigated the GHG emission impacts of algae biofuel when evaluating several potential uses for the lipid-extracted algae (LEA) generated as a co-product of algae biofuel production to substitute for the use of animal feed. Results indicated that the benefit from displacing animal feed does not outweigh the incremental burdens associated with replacing the requirements that LEA currently satisfies associated with the biofuel process, resulting in higher GHG emissions for the algae biofuels life cycle. Chapter 3 assessed the LUC impacts using IPCC Tier 1 methodology to assess potential emissions resulting from the conversion of proposed algae facility sites in the U.S. Gulf Coast. Direct LUC impacts appear to be important, which is roughly 6.3% and 12.5% of the total GHG emission over the entire algae renewable diesel life cycle without considering the LUC. Chapter 4 investigated the environmental impacts associated with the novel algae harvesting and oil extraction technologies. Results show that all novel technologies appear to have the potential to provide at least modest decreases in GHG compared to current default algae process technologies. The selection of a particular technology for a unit operation can have consequences that affect other stages of the full biofuels life cycle, both upstream and downstream from the unit operation in question. Chapter 5 developed a life cycle water footprint (WF) analysis informed by inputs from multiple models for rapeseed HRJ fuel production in North Dakota, and evaluated the environmental impacts on water utilization and water quality due to large scale jet production. WF analysis, when combined with water-focused LCA, can be an effective system analysis tool for water sustainability. Discussions also carried out the importance of incorporating allocation within a life cycle approach when conducting biofuel WF analysis. Chapter 6 employed a model-based approach to conduct LCA of HRJ fuel produced from rotation of rapeseed with grain crops (mostly wheat) to replace the fallow period. Results show that introducing fuel oilseeds to existing crop rotations have significant advantages in terms of GHG emissions reductions compared to the current cropping practices. SOC sequestration and N2O emissions vary along the oilseed price points, and are influenced by the fertilizer application, tillage system, crop rotations, and other management actions. The total energy demand for rapeseed HRJ production is larger than fossil jet fuel, however, most of the energy inputs are from renewable biomass and HRJ requires less fossil energy comparing to fossil jet. These results provide some insights on the potential impacts of expanded biofuel production systems in regional and national contexts compared to the current cropping systems and answered the questions of what is the best practice to enhance the sustainability of biofuel production.
Download or read book Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-18 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels made from algae are gaining attention as a domestic source of renewable fuel. However, with current technologies, scaling up production of algal biofuels to meet even 5 percent of U.S. transportation fuel needs could create unsustainable demands for energy, water, and nutrient resources. Continued research and development could yield innovations to address these challenges, but determining if algal biofuel is a viable fuel alternative will involve comparing the environmental, economic and social impacts of algal biofuel production and use to those associated with petroleum-based fuels and other fuel sources. Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels was produced at the request of the U.S. Department of Energy.
Download or read book Towards Sustainable Aviation written by Paul Upham and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-06-25 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aviation is integral to the global economy but it is also one of the main obstacles to environmentally sustainable development. It is one of the world's fastest growing - and most polluting - industries. What can be done to retain the economic and other benefits it brings, without the associated pollution, noise, congestion and loss of countryside? In this volume, industry, policy and research experts examine how to address the problems, and what it would take to achieve genuinely sustainable aviation - looking at technological, policy and demand-management options. Without far-reaching changes the problems caused by aviation can only multiply and worsen. This work seeks to take an important step in diagnosing the problems and in pointing towards their solutions.
Download or read book Geoengineering Parts I II and III written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007) and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Techno economic Energy and Environmental Life Cycle Analyses of Renewable Jet Fuel Production from Pennycress written by Seyed Hashem Mousavi Avval and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. aviation industry consumed ~98 billion liters of fossil jet fuel (worth ~$42 billion) in 2017, which was ~2.3% of the total energy used in the U.S. and caused the same percentage of U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Given the high contribution of aviation industry to energy use and GHG emissions, as well as the recent international commitments to reduce non-renewable energy use and GHG emissions, replacing fossil jet fuel with renewable jet fuel is gaining interest. Several oilseeds, including canola, camelina, soybean, and carinata, have been approved as potential jet fuel feedstocks. Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), a new oilseed crop, has distinctive advantages as a potential jet fuel feedstock, as: (1) it can be planted as winter annual crop in corn-soybean rotation in the Midwestern U.S., without additional land requirement, and provide ecosystem services; and (2) pennycress grain has high oil content (25-36%) with acceptable quality for the conversion to jet fuel. However, feasibility and sustainability of commercial jet fuel production from pennycress has not been evaluated. Thus, the main objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the techno-economics, and life cycle energy and environmental impacts of hydroprocessed renewable jet fuel (HRJ) production from pennycress. The specific objectives included: evaluate pennycress production potential in Ohio and identify the suitable sites for the biorefineries; evaluate the techno-economics of HRJ production from pennycress; and assess the life cycle energy and environmental impacts of HRJ production from pennycress. Pennycress production potential in Ohio was estimated using a resource assessment model developed using the Geographic Information System (GIS). In addition, the best locations to establish the HRJ biorefineries were identified using location-allocation technique based on the GIS model. A stochastic techno-economic model for pennycress production, harvest and post-harvest logistics, pennycress oil extraction and conversion to HRJ was developed. The HRJ biorefinery capacity was considered based on the U.S. small-scale biodiesel plants, as it is expected that the initial commercial biobased HRJ plants will be of smaller size. The capacity of HRJ biorefinery for this analysis was considered to be 5 MGPY (~18.9 million L/yr (MLPY)) in Ohio. Technical feasibility was evaluated by estimating resources, equipment and facility requirements. Economic analysis included the estimation of capital and operating costs, minimum selling price (MSP), return on investment, and net present value. The net energy gain was evaluated by determining the energy inputs and outputs during its life cycle. In addition, the potential environmental impacts of HRJ production from pennycress were evaluated using the life cycle assessment approach. To test the robustness of the results by incorporating data variabilities, uncertainty analysis was conducted using Monte-Carlo simulations. Potential land for pennycress production in Ohio was estimated to be ~0.6 million ha, which could annually produce ~1.1 million t pennycress grain as feedstock to produce ~210 MLPY HRJ, depending on the pennycress yield, oil content and conversion efficiencies. In addition, the optimum locations for 12 biorefineries, each at 18.9 MLPY HRJ capacity, were identified. Total cost of production and logistics was estimated to be 170-230 $/t (90% central range (CR)), which was considerably lower than the production and logistics costs of the other competitive oilseeds, such as canola, carinata and camelina; and it was highly sensitive to pennycress grain yield. The HRJ production cost was highly sensitive to pennycress grain price ($/kg), and production capacity. MSP of HRJ was estimated to be $1.2/L, which was comparable to the MSP of HRJ from similar oilseeds, including camelina and canola; however, it could be further improved by supplying pennycress grain at a lower price, as well as increasing the oil content and biorefinery capacity. Global warming potential of pennycress-based HRJ (35-49 kgCO2eq/GJ HRJ, (90% CR)) was lower than that of petroleum-based jet fuel (89 kgCO2eq/GJ); and it was ~60% less than that of canola-based HRJ production, comparable to that of sunflower (~42 kgCO2eq/GJ), and in the lower range of GHG emissions of renewable jet fuel production from poplar, a lignocellulosic biomass, (32-73 kgCO2eq/GJ). Pennycress production had the highest contribution to the total energy use and environmental impacts, mainly due to the use of nitrogen fertilizer in the field, and fuel for machinery operations. The outcomes of this study are useful for identifying the key drivers towards sustainable establishment of pennycress-based HRJ production in Ohio and the Midwestern U.S. They contribute to identifying the performance targets needed to reach the viability of pennycress-based HRJ production, which can help the local farmers through making additional economic benefits. The outcomes of this study can also help policy makers identify suitable policies for establishing the energy-efficient and environment-friendly alternative jet fuel, as well as the potential investors to supply pennycress-based HRJ at the competitive price.
