Download or read book Visualization of the Intracellular HIV 1 Replication Cycle written by Ryan David Stultz and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sequence of events from HIV-1 entry through transcription of proviral DNA is not well understood. While many studies have attempted to investigate these post-fusion events, the unstable nature of intracellular HIV-1 particles has made biochemical analyses difficult. Developments in imaging techniques have given a glimpse of intracellular HIV-1 particles during active infection, but few of these attempts have connected both the early and late events of HIV-1 infection in primary human target cells. Even fewer of these attempts effectively visualized actively transcribing viruses that contribute to productive infection. Here, we developed a method to visualize HIV DNA reverse transcription (RT) products by incorporation and fluorescent labeling of the thymidine analog 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) in infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). We observed distinct EdU puncta in the cytoplasm and nuclei of infected cells which increased in number following depletion of the dNTPase SAMHD1. Interestingly, we found HIV-1 capsid associated with HIV-1 DNA in the cytoplasm and nuclei of infected MDM. Our assay also represented improvements upon current qPCR techniques in measuring the efficiency of nuclear import of two CA mutants, N74D and Q63A/67A, and showed marked sensitivity in detecting intranuclear HIV-1 genomes in productively and non-productively infected MDM. Because we were able to track nuclear HIV-1 DNA through productive infection of MDM, we were interested in whether we could identify actively transcribing proviruses. Using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) we were for the first time able to image actively transcribing proviruses through colocalization of both HIV-1 DNA and HIV-1 RNA. These transcribing proviruses were further confirmed through colocalization of nuclear HIV-1 DNA and RNA with specific HIV-1 transcription factors. Modification of our newly developed RNA FISH technique to monitor HIV-1 transcription in productively infected and reactivated, HIV-latently infected CD4 T cells identified specific intranuclear foci of HIV-1 RNAs. These foci correlated with the number of proviral integration sites in latently infected cell lines, suggesting RNA FISH detects sites of proviral transcription in these cells. Overall, our novel HIV-1 imaging techniques allow for stable labeling and monitoring of functional HIV-1 complexes within infected cells during cytoplasmic transit, nuclear import, and transcription.
Download or read book Scanning Electron Microscopy for the Life Sciences written by Heide Schatten and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to modern scanning electron microscopy instrumentation, methodology and techniques, highlighting novel applications to cell and molecular biology.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Trafficking Inside Cells written by Nava Segev and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-05-30 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the past, present and future of the intra-cellular trafficking field, which has made a quantum leap in the last few decades. It details how the field has developed and evolved as well as examines future directions.
Download or read book SARS MERS and other Viral Lung Infections written by David S. Hui and published by European Respiratory Society. This book was released on 2016-06-01 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viral respiratory tract infections are important and common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the past two decades, several novel viral respiratory infections have emerged with epidemic potential that threaten global health security. This Monograph aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome and other viral respiratory infections, including seasonal influenza, avian influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus, through six chapters written by authoritative experts from around the globe.
Download or read book Virus Dynamics Mathematical Principles of Immunology and Virology written by Martin Nowak and published by Oxford University Press, UK. This book was released on 2000-11-23 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This groundbreaking book describes the emerging field of theoretical immunology, in particular the use of mathematical models to describe the spread of infectious diseases within patients. It reveals fascinating insights into the dynamics of viral and other infections, and the interactions between infectious agents and immune responses. Structured around the examples of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B, Nowak and May show how mathematical models can help researchers to understand the detailed dynamics of infection and the effects of antiviral therapy. Models are developed to describe the dynamics of drug resistance, immune responses, viral evolution and mutation, and to optimise the design of therapy and vaccines. - ;We know, down to the tiniest details, the molecular structure of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Yet despite this tremendous accomplishment, and despite other remarkable advances in our understanding of individual viruses and cells of the immune system, we still have no agreed understanding of the ultimate course and variability of the pathogenesis of AIDS. Gaps in our understanding like these impede our efforts towards developing effective therapies and preventive vaccines. Martin Nowak and Robert M May describe the emerging field of theoretical immunology in this accessible and well- written text. Using mathematical modelling techniques, the authors set out their ideas about how populations of viruses and populations of immune system cells may interact in various circumstances, and how infectious diseases spread within patients. They explain how this approach to understanding infectious diseases can reveal insights into the dynamics of viral and other infections, and the interactions between infectious agents and immune responses. The book is structured around the examples of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B virus, although the approaches described will be more widely applicable. The authors use mathematical tools to uncover the detailed dynamics of the infection and the effects of antiviral therapy. Models are developed to describe the emergence of drug resistance, and the dynamics of immune responses, viral evolution, and mutation. The practical implications of this work for optimisation of the design of therapy and vaccines are discussed. The book concludes with a glance towards the future of this fascinating, and potentially highly useful, field of study. - ;... an excellent introduction to a field that has the potential to advance substantially our understanding of the complex interplay between virus and host - Nature
Download or read book Non Canonical Autophagy written by Giulia Petroni and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-04-21 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-canonical Autophagy: Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Implications outlines the differences between 'canonical' and 'non-canonical' forms of autophagy, highlighting the discoveries concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying these unconventional forms of autophagy and the advancements in pathophysiological features of 'non-canonical' autophagy. The book discusses all forms of 'non-canonical' autophagy and the complexity of autophagy-dependent cell death. Readers will gain a better understanding of mechanisms underlying 'non-canonical' autophagy so that they can interpret the biological effects of autophagy correctly and identify reliable, novel and effective treatment strategies. - Presents the most advanced information surrounding the molecular mechanisms underlying non-canonical autophagy - Outlines the increasing evidence regarding the involvement of non-canonical autophagy in multiple physiological and pathological processes - Discusses the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators and the obstacles that have limited their development
Download or read book HIV 1 Integrase written by Nouri Neamati and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-10 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Despite numerous review articles and isolated book chapters dealing with HIV-1 integrase, there has not been a single source for those working to devise anti-AIDS drugs against this promising target. But this book fills that gap and offers a valuable introduction to the field for the interdisciplinary scientists who will need to work together to design drugs that target HIV-1 integrase.
Download or read book Foamy Viruses written by Axel Rethwilm and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-05-12 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aberrant replication pathway of foamy viruses distinguishes them from all other retroviruses. Many details have been accumulated over the past ten or so years. Most of the findings on foamy viruses were obtained by research on a single virus isolate previously called "human foamy virus", which appeared to be the first to be investigated on a molecular level. However, to the editor's knowledge, genuine human foamy viruses do not exist, but several trans-species transmissions of different simian foamy viruses from monkeys and apes to human hosts.
Download or read book The HIV 1 Envelope Glycoproteins written by Rogier Willem Sanders and published by Amsterdam University Press. This book was released on 2003-12-01 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for a vaccine against HIV is obvious, but the development of an effective vaccine has met with frustrations. The HIV envelope glycoproteins, residing in the viral membrane, are the sole viral proteins exposed on the outside of virus particles and.
Download or read book The Machinery of Life written by David S. Goodsell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A journey into the sub-microscopic world of molecular machines. Readers are first introduced to the types of molecules built by cells: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. Then, in a series of distinctive illustrations, the reader is guided through the interior world of cells, exploring the ways in which molecules work in concert to perform the processes of living. Finally, the author shows us how vitamins, viruses, poisons, and drugs each have their effects on the molecules in our bodies. David Goodsell, author and illustrator, has prepared a fascinating introduction to biochemistry for the non-specialist. His book combines a lucid text with an abundance of drawings and computer graphics that present the world of cells and their components in a truly unique way.
Download or read book Metallomics written by Yasumitsu Ogra and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-01 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on recent topics in metallomics, a study of the metallome, or metal-containing biomolecules. Metals can induce various physiological and toxicological effects in a very small amounts, in other words, the concentrations of biometals are very low in organisms. Thus, analytical techniques for a trace amount of metal are crucial to understand the biological and toxicological functions of metals.This volume begins with an overview of metallomics including the history and development of the field. Subsequent parts provide basic and advanced techniques for metallomics. Speciation and imaging of metals are basic approaches to reveal the function of the metallome. The applications of speciation using an HPLC hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS) and flow cytometry ICP-MS are described. As advanced approaches, the applications using a micro-flow injection-ICP-MS, an ICP-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, an ICP-sector field mass spectrometer, and an ICP-multi-collector mass spectrometer are mentioned. For the imaging of metals, basic principles and applications of several techniques such as scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy and ICP-MS equipped with laser ablation (LA-ICP-MS) are presented. Speciation analyses using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) are also introduced. The last part highlights the medical and pharmaceutical applications of metallomics. Molecular biological approaches to reveal the effects of toxic metals, metal functions in brain and neurodegenerative diseases, and metallodrugs are explained. The topic of metal transporters is also presented.
Download or read book Microtubules in vivo written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-09-24 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microtubules: in vivo includes chapters by experts around the world on many aspects of microtubule imaging in living and fixed cells; assays to study microtubule function in a wide array of model organisms and cultured cells; high resolution approaches to study of the cytoskeleton. The authors share their years of experience, outlining potential pitfalls and critical factors to consider in experimental design, experimental implementation and data interpretation. - Includes chapters by experts around the world on many aspects of microtubule imaging in living and fixed cells; assays to study microtubule function in a wide array of model organisms and cultured cells; high resolution approaches to study of the cytoskeleton - The authors share their years of experience, outlining potential pitfalls and critical factors to consider in experimental design, experimental implementation and data interpretation
Download or read book Manipulation of the host cell by viral auxiliary proteins written by Nadine Laguette and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-05-07 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Productive HIV infection requires completion of all the steps of the replication cycle, the success of which largely relying on the multiple interactions established by viral proteins with cellular partners. Indeed, cellular and viral fates are intertwined and this interplay may involve rerouting of cellular factors/pathways to the benefit of the viral life cycle. To gain a foothold into host cells, HIV has to take advantage of available cellular factories and overcome the numerous potential blocks opposed to its replication while ensuring cellular survival. Viral auxiliary proteins are a perfect paradigm to illustrate the complexity of the relationship between HIV and its host. Although these accessory proteins are mostly unnecessary for viral replication in permissive cells in vitro, they play a crucial role in regulating viral spread ex vivo in non-permissive cells and in vivo in hosts. Most accessory proteins are pleiotropic and instrumental in the counteraction of restriction factors and proteins involved in innate immune response. Several proteins of the “intrinsic” immune system that detect the presence of the assailant and initiate a subsequent immune response, as well as restriction factors that are directly devoted to arresting the replication cycle at precise steps have been characterized. Despite the numerous cellular mechanisms dedicated to preventing viral replication, HIV is able to efficiently replicate in humans. Indeed, as a master regulator of cellular machineries and processes, not only has HIV evolved strategies to avoid triggering of pattern recognition receptors, but HIV has also elaborated ways to counteract host restriction factors, thereby overcoming the hurdles that oppose efficient replication. This review collection is dedicated to the manipulation of host cells by HIV-1 and HIV-2, with a particular focus on viral accessory proteins.
Download or read book HIV Protocols written by Vinayaka R. Prasad and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2008-12-08 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite major advances in HIV treatment, many areas require more study, in order to create efficacious, potent antiretrovirals that can suppress viral load completely and durably without toxic side effects, to define unknown drug targets and fine-tune known targets, and to better understand the interplay between viral and host factors. In "HIV Protocols, Second Edition", expert researchers provide clear, state-of-the-art methods for the study of HIV. Directed toward three specific goals, this text aims to document up-to-date protocols for select aspects of HIV biology, to bring together both virological and immunological approaches in a single, convenient volume, and to present a comprehensive account of a range of techniques not available in any existing HIV protocol book. As a volume in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series, the chapters include brief introductions to the subject, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and Notes sections containing priceless tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, "HIV Protocols, Second Edition" is an ideal guide to the wide array of techniques used in fundamental or applied research into the biology and pathogenesis of HIV-1.
Download or read book HIV Protocols written by Vinayaka R. Prasad and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fluorescent Proteins II written by Gregor Jung and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-05 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluorescent proteins are intimately connected to research in the life sciences. Tagging of gene products with fluorescent proteins has revolutionized all areas of biosciences, ranging from fundamental biochemistry to clinical oncology, to environmental research. The discovery of the Green Fluorescent Protein, its first, seminal application and the ingenious development of a broad palette of fluorescence proteins of other colours, was consequently recognised with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2008. Fluorescent Proteins II highlights the physicochemical and biophysical aspects of fluorescent protein technology beyond imaging. It is tailored to meet the needs of physicists, chemists and biologists who are interested in the fundamental properties of fluorescent proteins, while also focussing on specific applications. The implementations described are cutting-edge studies and exemplify how the physical and chemical properties of fluorescent proteins can stimulate novel findings in life sciences.
