Download or read book Variation of mechanical properties in oak boards and its effect on glued laminated timber written by Cristóbal Tapia Camú and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2022-03-23 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The renewable material wood and hereof derived structural engineered wood products (EWPs) is widely acknowledged as being the major pillar of sustainable building constructions. Due to an increasing availability and high mechanical performance the wood resource hardwoods has been gaining traction for the use in EWPs, typically dominated by softwoods. Wood, being a naturally grown material, exhibits a pronounced variation in its mechanical properties, presenting marked differences not only between species, but also between individual trees and locally throughout the stem of each tree. Glued laminated timber (GLT) reduces this variation by vertical glue-stacking previously finger-jointed boards to form a highly homogenized wooden beam. This configuration reduces considerably the variation of the observed global mechanical properties of GLT with respect to the individual boards. However, the rather complex material composition of GLT prohibits the derivation of an analytical relation between local (e.g. intra board and finger-joints) and global properties, thus numerical approaches need to be applied. This work addresses the need for an improved understanding and modeling approach of the variability of stiffness and strength along and between boards, and the resulting impact on the size-effect of GLT made of oak.
Download or read book Materials and Joints in Timber Structures written by Simon Aicher and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-25 with total page 815 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the contributions from the RILEM International Symposium on Materials and Joints in Timber Structures that was held in Stuttgart, Germany from October 8 to 10, 2013. It covers recent developments in the materials and the joints used in modern timber structures. Regarding basic wooden materials, the contributions highlight the widened spectrum of products comprising cross-laminated timber, glulam and LVL from hardwoods and block glued elements. Timber concrete compounds, cement bonded wood composites and innovative light-weight constructions represent increasingly employed alternatives for floors, bridges and facades. With regard to jointing technologies, considerable advances in both mechanical connections and glued joints are presented. Self-tapping screws have created unprecedented options for reliable, strong as well as ductile joints and reinforcement technologies. Regarding adhesives, which constitute the basis of the jointing/laminating technology of modern timber products, extended options for tailor-made bonding solutions have to be stated. Apart from melamine-urea and phenolic-resorcinol adhesives, one-component-polyurethanes, emulsion isocyanate polymers and epoxies offer a wide range of possibilities. The contributions dealing with experimental and numerical investigations on static, cyclic and seismic behavior of structures clearly reveal the enhanced potential of modern timber construction for reliable and sustainable buildings and bridges of the new millennium. The book is structured in nine thematic areas, being I) Structures II) Mechanical Connections III) Glued Joints and Adhesives IV) Timber and Concrete/Cement/Polymer Composites V) Cyclic, Seismic Behavior VI) Hardwood, Modified Wood and Bamboo VII) Cross-Laminated Timber VIII) Properties and Testing of Wood IX) Glulam
Download or read book The Encyclopedia of Wood written by The United States Department of Agriculture and published by Skyhorse Publishing Inc.. This book was released on 2007-05-17 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information on adhesive bonding, biodeterioration, control of moisturecontent, preservation, fire safety, specialty treatments, and much...
Download or read book General Technical Report FPL written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications written by United States. Superintendent of Documents and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1092 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: February issue includes Appendix entitled Directory of United States Government periodicals and subscription publications; September issue includes List of depository libraries; June and December issues include semiannual index
Download or read book Timber Engineering written by Sven Thelandersson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-03-14 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Timber construction is one of the most prevalent methods of constructing buildings in North America and an increasingly significant method of construction in Europe and the rest of the world. Timber Engineering deals not only with the structural aspects of timber construction, structural components, joints and systems based on solid timber and engineered wood products, but also material behaviour and properties on a wood element level. Produced by internationally renowned experts in the field, this book represents the state of the art in research on the understanding of the material behaviour of solid wood and engineered wood products. There is no comparable compendium currently available on the topic - the subjects represented include the most recent phenomena of timber engineering and the newest development of practice-related research. Grouped into three different sections, 'Basic properties of wood-based structural elements', 'Design aspects on timber structures' and 'Joints and structural assemblies', this book focuses on key issues in the understanding of: timber as a modern engineered construction material with controlled and documented properties the background for design of structural systems based on timber and engineered wood products the background for structural design of joints in structural timber systems Furthermore, this invaluable book contains advanced teaching material for all technical schools and universities involved in timber engineering. It also provides an essential resource for timber engineering students and researchers, as well as practicing structural and civil engineers.
Download or read book Materials for Architects and Builders written by Arthur R. Lyons and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2007 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bricks and brickwork -- Blocks and blockwork -- Lime, cement and concrete -- Timber and timber products -- Ferrous and non-ferrous metals -- Bitumen and flat roofing materials -- Glass -- Ceramic materials -- Stone and cast stone -- Plastics -- Glass-fibre reinforced plastics, cement and gypsum -- Plaster and board materials -- Insulating materials -- Energy-saving materials and components -- Recycled and ecological materials -- Sealants, gaskets and adhesives -- Paints, wood stains, varnishes and colour.
Download or read book Annual Departmental Reports written by Canada. Dominion Bureau of Statistics and published by . This book was released on 1927 with total page 950 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Annual Report of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year written by Canada. Department of the Interior and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fabricate 2024 written by Bob Sheil and published by UCL Press. This book was released on 2024-04-04 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fabricate 2024: Creating Resourceful Futures is the fifth volume in the series of Fabricate publications. The first conference – ‘Making Digital Architecture’ – explored the ways in which technology, design and industry are shaping the world around us. Since then, we have become finely attuned to the negative impacts of this shaping. The 2024 conference, hosted in Copenhagen, sets focus on the pressing need to develop new models for architectural production that rethink how resource is deployed, its intensity, its socio-ecological origins and sensitivity to environment. This book features the work of designers, engineers and makers operating within the built environment. It documents disruptive approaches that reconsider how fabrication can be leveraged to address our collective and entangled challenges of resource scarcity, climate emergency and burgeoning demand. Exploring case studies of completed buildings and works-in-progress, together with interviews with leading thinkers, this edition of Fabricate offers a plurality of tangible models for design and production that set a creative and responsible course towards resourceful futures.
Download or read book Annual Report of Research at the Forest Products Laboratory written by Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Annual Report written by Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book BONDING HARDWOOD LUMBER FOR CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a prefabricated engineered wood product that are made of at least three orthogonal layers of graded sawn lumber or structural composite lumber (SCL) that are laminated by gluing with structural adhesives. The concept of CLT has been developed into a global adaptable building material. The advancement rates of CLT as mass building material in production volume and distribution has unwrapped up new opportunities for hardwood species, which traditionally have not been extensively used for structural engineering applications. The objectives of this research are to provide key information on engineering performance, as well as baseline data on the adhesion properties of bonding northern hardwood species and their environmental impacts. The methodology used in this study followed specific standard guidelines including; the Standard for performance-rated CLT panels (ANSI/APA PRG-320-2012; 2016), the Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading (ASTM D905), Standard Practice for Estimating the Percentage of Wood Failure in Adhesive Bonded Joints (ASTM D5266), the Standard Specification for Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use Under Exterior Exposure Conditions (ASTM D2559), Test Methods for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (AITC Test 2007) and ISO 14044 on the environmental management- life cycle assessment requirements and guidelines. The results showed that bonding strength is positively related to wood density; high density diffuse-porous species (such as hard maple and yellow birch) have low percentage of wood failure when used in single species or mixed with each other for CLT production. The average bonding shear strength of cross-laminated mixed hardwoods was 5% (P85%) from the small block test was very high. Although, there was record of individual hard maple sample blocks recording very low percentage wood failure (>25%). The results from the bending tests are promising since the experimental results show that both hard maple CLT and hard maple-spruce hybrid CLT meets and exceed the shear and bending strength requirements in ANSI/APA PRG-320-2012 CLT Grade E3. The major failure modes found were shear failure, bottom splint and delamination.25%). The results from the bending tests are promising since the experimental results show that both hard maple CLT and hard maple-spruce hybrid CLT meets and exceed the shear and bending strength requirements in ANSI/APA PRG-320-2012 CLT Grade E3. The major failure modes found were shear failure, bottom splint and delamination. Finally, the cradle-gate life cycle analysis of hardwood and softwood CLT indicated that resorcinol (PRF) and hardwood combinations have the highest environmental impact (10300 and 60900 Kg CO2 eq; 1890000 MJ and 1140000 MJ of total energy consumed respectively). Comparably, softwood has less environmental impact compared to hardwood in CLT manufacturing and melamine base adhesive has a reduction of 34% of energy demand and 11% in GWP when bonded with softwood compared to a combination with hardwoods bonded with resorcinol. Over 70% of the energy in CLT was from non-renewable sources.
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 1364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture with Subject Index written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 762 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 1732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Efficient Utilization of Red Maple Lumber in Glued laminated Timber Beams written by John J. Janowiak and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The feasibility of utilizing cant-sawn hardwood lumber, which would not usually be desired for furniture manufacture, was studied for the manufacture of structural glued-laminated (glulam) timber. Two red maple beam combinations were evaluated: (1) a glulam combination designed with E-rated lumber in 25 percent of the outer laminations (top and bottom) and No. 3 grade lumber in 50 percent of the center laminations and (2) a wide-width glulam combination with laminations made from nominal 2- by 4- and 2- by 6-in. No. 2 grade lumber laid edge-to-edge having staggered end joints (termed 2 by 4/2 by 6 glulam combination). Test results of 42 red maple glulam beams showed that it was feasible to develop structural glulam timber from cant-sawn lumber. The glulam combinations made from E-rated lumber exceeded the target design bending stress of 2,400 lb/in2 and met the target modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 1.8 Ã 106 lb/in2. In addition, the 2 by 4/2 by 6 glulam combination exceeded published design stresses for vertically laminated bending strength, MOE in both the horizontally and vertically laminated orientations, and horizontal shear stress in the vertically laminated orientation. Based on the results of the 2 by 4/2 by 6 glulam combination, it was determined that edge gluing the laminations to form wide-width lumber is not required to achieve targeted strength and stiffness levels. Data analysis showed that ASTM D3737 procedures developed for softwood species accurately predict beam stiffness and provide conservative bending and horizontal shear strength estimates for red maple glulam beams. Also, it was shown that results from ASTM D143 shear-block tests could be used to accurately predict horizontal shear strength of 2 by 4 and 2 by 6 red maple glulam beams.