Download or read book Utilizing Indian Ocean Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy of Miocene Sediments to Investigate Tectonic and Climatic Forcing During the Evolution of the Himalayas written by Jarrett W. Cruz and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The geological history of Himalayans and Tibetan Plateau is important for understanding how our planet evolves, and how geological structures can have local and global effects on climate and floral and faunal evolution of a system. This thesis presents how biostratigraphy of calcareous nannofossils can be a vital tool when attempting to identify timing of sedimentological events captured within cores recovered from deep below the ocean floor. Here I utilize nannofossil biostratigraphy from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 354 Sites 1451 and 1450 drilled in the Eastern Bengal Fan to investigate the paleogeographic setting and evolution of the Himalayans. This is done by linking autogenetic characteristics of calcareous nannofossils to allogenic and autogenic processes directed by tectonic and climatic forcing. More specifically, this study uses biostratigraphy to identify nannofossils observed in sediments collected to produce a data set for assigning a biostratigraphic zonal scheme. The biostratigraphy is used as a baseline for calculating sedimentation rates and errors, relate sedimentation rates and turbidite frequencies to tectonic and climatic forcing and understanding the paleo environment. Biostratigraphy is a vital tool for identifying events directed by tectonic and climatic forcing and in turn, to test and support or reject other groups of researchers' hypotheses. Expedition 354 Site 1451 was successful at recording nannofossil markers from the Holocene (0 Ma) to the Miocene-Oligocene boundary (23 Ma). The Gradstein and others (2012) Time Scale was utilized to assign ages to the Martini (1971) and Okada and Bukry (1980) nannofossil zonal schemes. Sixty-one biostratigraphic events assigned by sixty-five marker species were observed delineating sixty-one zones/subzones discussed herein. The ages range from recently deposited (Holocene) to older than 57.4 million years (Paleogene). I utilize the biostratigraphic ages to analyze seven events representing pulses in turbiditic activity throughout the Miocene. Once the events were outlined, I compared each one to proposed tectonic and climatic events outlined in current published research in order to see whether they can be supported or rejected. Three of these events indicate the influence of significant tectonic forcing displaying nearly double the average sedimentation rate. The first event occurred around 6.1-8.2 Ma in the central Himalayans and has a strong source signal from the Ganges river system. The second and third events occurred around 8.3-10.9 Ma in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and projects a strong source signal from the Brahmaputra river system. The fourth and fifth events can be linked to a monsoon activity and occurred around 10.8-13.5 Ma. The sixth event occurred around 14.1-14.91 Ma during the Middle Miocene cooling event and may have been influenced by a long-term sea level low. The seventh event occurred around 15.80-17.95 Ma during the Early to Middle Miocene climate optimum during a long-term sea level high. Site 1451 Holes A and B were drilled from sea floor to 1181.3 m below the sea floor with 86% recovery from Hole A and 29% recovery from hole B resulting in 628.9 m of total sediment collected. There were 245.1 meters of turbiditic sediment identified within the cores. This accounts for 38.9% of the total collected sediment. The lowermost turbidite sequence is assigned an age range of 15.80 to 17.95 Ma. Radiolarian blooms are identified in 18.2 m of sediment before any recorded turbidites. There are 5.47 m of volcanic ash layers denoting 8 identifiable volcanic events. There were also 40.85 m of plant fragment inclusions observed within the cores. These plant fragment inclusions were deposited between 0.29-1.26 Ma and 8.68+ Ma, leaving a gap in plant-fragment inclusions from 1.26-8.68 Ma. The commencement of significant plant fragment deposition correlates with the onset of the monsoons and activity of crustal thickening around 15-18 million years ago. In order to get a better understanding of the variation in depositional characteristics, 125 post cruise samples were analyzed from Site 1450 to correlate Pleistocene and Pliocene depositional patterns to Site 1451. Site 1450 biostratigraphy highlights a more expanded Pleistocene and Pliocene sections than Site 1451 with different sedimentation rates during the Pliocene/Pleistocene interval. This analysis highlights the variation in depositional characteristics from the two locations across the Bengal Fan head and hints to a possible reorganization of depositional patterns from source river systems around 5 Ma. This research has increased the resolution of proposed tectonic and climatic forcing events during the evolution of the Himalayan and Tibetan Plateau. Tectonic uplift in the central Himalayas initiated around 7.42+ Ma, and around 9.69-10.97 Ma in the Tibetan Plateau. Climatic forcing occurred around 14.91 to 15.8 Ma, altering sedimentation patterns in the Indian Ocean. Onset of turbidite deposition at site 1451 around 15.8 to 17.95 Ma confirms Early Miocene evolution of the Himalayas.
Download or read book Indian Ocean Geology and Biostratigraphy written by James R. Heirtzler and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1977 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 1716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Calcareous Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy and Paleoclimatic History of the Late Neogene Sediments of the Northwest Florida Continental Shelf written by Min-Pen Chen and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Miocene Ocean written by James P. Kennett and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 1985 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy of the Early Miocene to Middle Eocene Interval written by David Waghorn and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Calcareous Nannofossil Records of Miocene Sea Level at the Marion Plateau South Eastern Australia and the Pliocene Pliestocene Formation of Cold Water Carbonate Mounds North Eastern Atlantic Continental Margin written by Emily Browning and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The revised age models for the upper Oligocene to middle Miocene interval of the Marion Plateau have been used to identify eleven sequence boundaries and sequences sets at the Marion Plateau; MSA1.2 (23.1 Ma), MSA1.4 (22.1 Ma), MSA2.1 (21.2 Ma), MSB1.1 (18.4 Ma), MSB1.2 (17.3 Ma), MSB2.1 (16.5 Ma), MSB2.2 (15.6 Ma), MSB2.3 (14.8 Ma), MSB3.1 (13.6 Ma), MSB3.2 (12.9 Ma), and MSB3.3 (11.8 Ma). The complementary Miocene oxygen isotope events Mi1, Mi1a, Mi1aa, Mi2, Mi2b, Mi3a, Mi3, Mi4, Mi5a, Mi5, and Mi6 are recognized in the Marion Plateau sequences. In addition correlation to sequences on the New Jersey margin, the Gulf of Papua, Great Australian Bight, and McMurdo Sound Antarctica indicate that these sequences are controlled by glacio-eustasy, primarily the increase of ice volume on Antarctica. Changes in the preservation, assemblage structure and diversity of calcareous nannofossils as well as %planktic foraminifera, %neritics coincide with transgressive phases and sequence boundaries. The principles of 'highstand shedding' are illustrated at the Marion Plateau by enhanced preservation of calcareous nannofossil, deposition of glauconite, unconformities and condensed intervals associated with early to middle Miocene sequence boundaries. Variations in surface water nutrient and temperature conditions at the Marion Plateau throughout the Miocene coincide with climatic events of the early Miocene (23 - 17 Ma), the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (17.6 - 15.4 Ma), and Middle Miocene Climatic Transition (14.8 - 13.8 Ma), and the stepwise growth of ice sheets on Antarctica. Calcareous nannofossil communities show evidence for precessional and eccentricity orbital forcing during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, as well as a significantly cooler surface water mass at the Marion Plateau coinciding with the onset of the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition and Mi3a (14.8 Ma) glacial event. Changes in surface water fertility and temperature during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum agree with other studies that posit growth of significant ice volume on Antarctica starting as early as ~17.35 Ma. Further evidence for significant cooling at the Mi3a (14.8 Ma) glacial event agrees with studies suggesting a step-wise cooling for the formation of a semi- permanent Antarctic ice sheet and thermohaline circulation, starting first at 14.8 Ma (Mi3a) and intensifying at 13.9 Ma (Mi3).
Download or read book Nannofossil Biostratigraphy written by Bilal U. Haq and published by Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company. This book was released on 1984 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy and Paleoceanography of Late Cretaceous Indian Ocean written by Im Chul Shin and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Late Oligocene Through Late Miocene Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy and Biochronology written by Gunnar Olafsson and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy of the Early Miocene to Middle Eocene Interval 2790 M to TD written by David Waghorn and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Miocene Climate Transitions in the Southwest Pacific Tasmania Interpretations Based on Calcareous Nannofossils written by Kristeen Lynn McGonigal Roessig and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation interprets the calcareous nannofossil assemblage data, coupled with robust age models, geochemical and sedimentological data, in order to reconstruct the paleoceanographic conditions in the Tasmanian Gateway during the Miocene. Comparisons between study sites in the Tasmanian Gateway, as well as with other Miocene sections, provides a detailed view of changing paleoceanographic conditions in the Tasmanian region as Australia and Antarctica continued to separate, the ACC and oceanic fronts in the Southern Ocean fully developed and ice volume on Antarctica waxed and waned.
Download or read book Neogene Paleoceanography of Western Australia written by Gabriel Tagliaro and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the Neogene period, between 23 and 2.58 million years ago, dramatic changes in tectonic and climatic patterns affected ocean currents, sea level, and sedimentation on the continents and in the oceans. A global warm period in the early Miocene ended when ice-sheet expansion on the Antarctic continent lowered global temperatures in the middle and late Miocene. Global temperatures rebounded during the Pliocene, succeeded by a return to cooling conditions in the Pleistocene. These Neogene climatic events are important because they represent some of the best past analogues to modern and future climate change. The study of Neogene sedimentary archives therefore constitutes a research opportunity to elucidate the effects that warming climates will have on Earth's oceans and atmosphere. The Australian continent was particularly affected by the Neogene reorganization of climate and tectonics as the northward movement of the Australian plate shifted the continent to warmer sub-tropical climates. This work reconstructs the paleoceanography and paleoclimate evolution of the Western Australian margin during the Neogene, based on detailed examination of sedimentary archives drilled by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) between 2015 and 2017. Together, these cores form a latitudinal transect of Western Australia and represent the most complete Neogene stratigraphic record in the Southeast Indian Ocean. Results indicate that sedimentation patterns in both shallow and deep-water areas adapted to the displacement of the continent towards lower latitudes and were highly vulnerable to changes in Antarctic climate throughout the period. Biological productivity and aeolian input increased in the Subantarctic Ocean during the early Miocene warming as the Southern Westerlies amplified under warmer temperatures (Chapter 3). In the late Miocene, the continued opening of the Southern Ocean and the transition to colder Antarctic temperatures was accompanied by intensification of deep ocean circulation that formed extensive contourite drifts and ferromanganese crusts in the deep sea (Chapter 4). On the Northwest Shelf, a middle Miocene arid sabkha environment transitioned to a humid environment that accompanied early Pliocene warming, forming a perennial deltaic environment resulting from the southward displacement of Intertropical Convergence Zone towards northern Australia (Chapter 2). The data and interpretations presented in this dissertation shed light on the environmental impacts of changing temperatures on continental margins and on paleoenvironmental sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 forcing
Download or read book The Biology of the Indian Ocean written by B. Zeitzschel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains the proceedings of a Symposium held at the University of Kiel, Germany, from 31 March to 6 April, 1971. The Symposium was organized by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the Marine Productivity section of the International Biological Programme (IBPIPM) with the assistance of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the International Association of Biological Oceanography (IABO). The aim of the Symposium was to summarize present knowledge of the biology of the Indian Ocean. Twenty-two presentations by invited speakers reviewed the research work carried out during the International Indian Ocean Expedition (lIOE) 1959 -1965, the first cooperative project coordinated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). In addition, reports were presented of postexpedition examination of material and of more recent investigations relevant to the aims of the lIOE. In keeping with the aims of "Ecological Studies", the present volume contains much new information and some synthesis, all directed towards obtaining an understanding of the functioning and organization of the ecosystem of the Indian Ocean. The plan of the Symposium was to present the relevant meteorological, physical, chemical and geological background and to follow this with the various aspects of biological oceanography. Because of the uneven stage of development of the different disciplines, the papers included in this volume vary in their analytical level.
Download or read book Description Correlation and Depositional History of Miocene Sediments Outcropping Along North Taranaki Coast written by P. R. King and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book External Controls on Deep water Depositional Systems written by SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) and published by SEPM Soc for Sed Geology. This book was released on 2009 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accompanying CD-ROM contains digital version of this publication.
Download or read book The Tectonic and Climatic Evolution of the Arabian Sea Region written by Peter D. Clift and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2002 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Arabian Sea region has several features that make it the best area for studies of climate and palaeoceanographic responses to tectonic activity, most notably in the context of the South Asian monsoon and its relationship to the growth of high topography in the adjacent Himalayas and Tibet. The papers range from high resolution, holocene palaeoceanographic studies of the Pakistan margin to regional tectonic reconstructions of the ocean basin and surrounding margins throughout the Cenozoic.
