Download or read book Using Earth Observation and Ground based Data to Improve Modelled CO2 and CH4 Fluxes from Peatlands written by N. L. MacBean and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peatlands are an important store of carbon; they contain ~15-30% of the world's soil C while covering only ~3% of the land area. They are also the largest natural source of methane (CH4), but the global estimate is highly uncertain. Here, this issue is addressed by developing a combined data - modelling framework to provide optimal estimates of CO2 and CH4 fluxes from an upland UK peat site. An Observing Systems Simulation Experiment (OSSE), using a Bayesian inversion method, is implemented to investigate the CH4, NEP and soil moisture observation temporal frequency and uncertainty required to accurately constrain model parameters and to estimate model predictive uncertainty. The OSSE is used to examine the impact of parameter correlations, bias in low-resolution observations, and unknown model error. The highly model-sensitive parameters are constrained by almost all observations, with a corresponding improvement in model predictive uncertainty. However there is high degree of model equifinality. Biased observations and unaccounted-for model error can result in false confidence in inaccurate model predictions. The OSSE results demonstrate the importance of performing a synthetic experiment prior to using actual data. Finally, real data are used to calibrate the model, which is then used to determine the net CO2 and CH4 flux for the site. The results highlight a possible source of error in the model. It is suggested this is because of an inaccurate representation of the coupling between CO2 and CH4, due to an unaccounted for lag in the methanotrophic activity. This has significant implications for CH4 flux modelling, as many models use a similar formulation for CH4 dynamics. Results are compared with satellite and ground-based measurement characteristics and recommendations are made for the observation and modelling of ecosystems at small spatial scales. This information is useful for modellers, space agencies and field biologists.
Download or read book Using Earth Observation and Ground based Date to Improve Modelled C02 and CH4 Fluxes from Peatlands written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Carbon Cycling in Northern Peatlands written by Andrew J. Baird and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-03 with total page 779 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 184. Carbon Cycling in Northern Peatlands examines the role that northern peatlands play in regulating the atmospheric carbon budget. It summarizes current research in four interconnected areas: large-scale peatland dynamics and carbon cycling; plant and microbial dynamics and their effect on carbon fluxes to the atmosphere; methane accumulation in, and loss from, peatlands; and water and dissolved carbon fluxes through peatlands. The volume highlights include A thorough assessment of the challenges involved in incorporating carbon cycling in northern peatlands into global climate models; A conceptual model to examine the partitioning of terminal carbon mineralization into production of CO2 and CH4; A comprehensive review of the evidence for the accumulation of methane in deep and shallow peat; and A description of the hydrologic changes induced by peat harvesting and associated challenges in restoring altered peatlands to their natural hydrologic regime. Carbon Cycling in Northern Peatlands will be of interest to research scientists and graduate and undergraduate students, particularly those who wish to know more about the role of peatlands in the global carbon cycle and their role as modifiers of climate.
Download or read book Assessing the Impacts of Land Use Change and Ecological Restoration on CH4 and CO2 Fluxes in the Sacramento San Joaquin Delta California written by Sara Helen Knox and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California was drained for agriculture and human settlement circa 1850, resulting in extreme rates of soil subsidence and CO2 emissions due to peat oxidation. As a result of this prolonged ecosystem carbon imbalance where ecosystem respiration exceeded primary productivity, much of the land surface in the Delta now lies 5 to 8 m below sea level. To help reverse subsidence and convert Delta ecosystems from net carbon sources to carbon sinks, land managers have begun converting drained agricultural lands back to flooded ecosystems including wetlands and irrigated rice paddies. However, this comes at the cost of increased CH4 emissions, a much more potent greenhouse gas than CO2. To evaluate the impacts of drained to flooded land-use change on the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of CO2 and CH4 in the Delta, I conducted a full year of simultaneous eddy covariance measurements at two conventional drained agricultural peatlands (a pasture and a corn field) and three flooded land-use types (a rice paddy and two restored wetlands). This research showed that the drained sites were large CO2 and greenhouse gas (GHG) sources. However, this study also found that converting drained agricultural peat soils to flooded rice paddies or wetlands can help reduce or reverse soil subsidence and reduce GHG emissions, despite the potential for considerably higher CH4 emissions. In particular, wetlands offer the greatest potential for reversing subsidence since both restored wetlands were large net carbon sinks. Since natural and managed ecosystems can exhibit large year-to-year variation in CO2 and CH4 exchange, I analyzed 6.5 years of measurements from the irrigated rice paddy to investigate the factors affecting CH4 fluxes across diel to interannual timescales and quantify interannual variability in CO2 and CH4 budgets. Using wavelet analysis, I found that photosynthesis induced the diel pattern in CH4 flux, but soil temperature influenced its amplitude. At the seasonal scale, linear and neural network models indicated that photosynthesis and water levels were the dominant factors regulating daily average CH4 fluxes. However, across years, much of the variability in annual and growing season CH4 sums was driven by soil temperature. Soil temperature also strongly influenced ecosystem respiration, resulting in large interannual variability in the net carbon budget at the paddy. This study emphasizes the need for long-term, continuous measurements particularly under changing climatic conditions. With a growing interest in including wetlands in carbon markets worldwide due to their ability to accumulate large amounts of carbon, there is a need for models that can accurately and cheaply predict wetland CO2 and CH4 fluxes. In the final chapter of this dissertation, I combined eddy covariance CO2 fluxes measurements, flux footprint analysis, and near-surface (i.e. digital cameras) or satellite remote sensing data to investigate the potential of using the light use efficiency approach to accurately and cost-effectively model photosynthesis in wetland systems. Through this analysis, I showed that digital camera and Landsat imagery can be used to model carbon uptake in wetlands, providing inexpensive means of monitoring carbon cycling in these environments that can be used in carbon markets. By measuring trace gas exchange across multiple sites for multiple years, this dissertation provides new and important insights on the impacts of land use change in the Delta, improves our understanding of factors influencing CO2 and CH4 fluxes from agricultural and restored wetlands across diel to interannual timescales, and presents cost-effective and accurate ways of estimating photosynthesis in restored wetlands by combining flux measurements with near-surface and satellite remote sensing. This work helps bridge understanding between biometeorology, biogeochemistry and climate policy, and provides valuable information to help inform management decisions regarding carbon and water management of the Delta.
Download or read book Carbon Fluxes from Tropical Peatlands written by Alison May Hoyt and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia have sequestered carbon over thousands of years and are an important global carbon stock. In natural peat swamp forests, high water levels inhibit decomposition due to anoxic conditions. However, they are being rapidly deforested and drained, releasing stored carbon to the atmosphere. In this thesis, we investigate the carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from both pristine and degraded peat swamp forests in Borneo using field measurements, modeling and remote sensing. We first study methane fluxes from natural peatlands. We use an isotope-based mass transport model to evaluate the extent of methane production, transport and oxidation. We find an order of magnitude more methane is produced than surface fluxes suggest. This dissolved methane is transported belowground to the rivers and streams draining peatlands. However, much of this methane is oxidized before reaching the atmosphere. We then study CO2 emissions from peatlands. At the local scale, we use automated soil respiration chambers to assess how CO2 emissions depend on temperature and water table. At a regional scale, we use remote sensing to investigate carbon losses due to peatland degradation. Drainage of peatlands enables peat decomposition and results in subsidence of the land surface. We track this subsidence using InSAR satellite data and use it to quantify regional CO2 emissions. The spatial resolution of our technique allows us to uncover correlations with past and present land uses and peatland hydrology.
Download or read book Tropical Peatland Ecosystems written by Mitsuru Osaki and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an excellent resource for scientists, political decision makers, and students interested in the impact of peatlands on climate change and ecosystem function, containing a plethora of recent research results such as monitoring-sensing-modeling for carbon–water flux/storage, biodiversity and peatland management in tropical regions. It is estimated that more than 23 million hectares (62 %) of the total global tropical peatland area are located in Southeast Asia, in lowland or coastal areas of East Sumatra, Kalimantan, West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Brunei, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak and Southeast Thailand. Tropical peatland has a vital carbon–water storage function and is host to a huge diversity of plant and animal species. Peatland ecosystems are extremely vulnerable to climate change and the impacts of human activities such as logging, drainage and conversion to agricultural land. In Southeast Asia, severe episodic droughts associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, in combination with over-drainage, forest degradation, and land-use changes, have caused widespread peatland fires and microbial peat oxidation. Indonesia's 20 Mha peatland area is estimated to include about 45–55 GtC of carbon stocks. As a result of land use and development, Indonesia is the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases (2–3 Gtons carbon dioxide equivalent per year), 80 % of which is due to deforestation and peatland loss. Thus, tropical peatlands are key ecosystems in terms of the carbon–water cycle and climate change.
Download or read book BOREAS TGB 5 CO2 CH4 and CO Chamber Flux Data Over the NSA written by Roger Burke and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Peatlands mapping and monitoring written by The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2020-03-01 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integration of peatlands into land-use monitoring systems is central to the conservation of their carbon storage – be they conserved, degraded or restored. Healthy peatlands mitigate climate change, enhance adaptive capacity and maintain ecosystem services and biodiversity. Albeit peatlands are starting to receive a high level of attention and the scientific basis for their monitoring has quickly developed over the last few years. Robust and practical approaches and tools for developing and integrating peatland-monitoring into national monitoring and reporting frameworks is an important opportunity for countries to limit global warming to 2 °C.
Download or read book Advancing Airborne Remote Sensing of CO2 and CH4 Emissions from Point Sources written by Jakob Borchardt and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global mean surface temperature (GMST) on Earth in the period 2011 - 2020 has increased ∼ 1.1 °C above preindustrial temperatures. This temperature change results mainly from the increased radiative forcing due to increased levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, especially CO2 and CH4. For an efficient reduction of CO2 and CH4 emissions, their locations and emission strengths have to be known. Additionally, emission reductions must be monitored, and new satellite sensors must be validated. Airborne remote sensing instruments allow observing dedicated regions for source detection, emission monitoring, and satellite validation. However, new instruments and methods to infer gas concentrations from the acquired data are needed to advance the airborne remote sensing of greenhouse gases. In this thesis, three research questions were studied: Is it possible to apply the weighting function modified differential optical absorption spectroscopy (WFM-DOAS) retrieval method to hyperspectral data to infer greenhouse gas emissions? Is the observation and quantification of emissions improved with a new imaging instrument specifically designed for that task? And can the retrieval of greenhouse gases from airborne remote sensing measurements be improved by taking scattering in the atmosphere into account? The first question was studied by applying the WFM-DOAS retrieval to AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral data (spectral resolution ∼ 5.5 nm) acquired during the ABoVE measurement campaign in Canada and a data set containing the observation of a coal mine ventilation shaft plume. In the data set, multiple methane emission plumes could be detected, and the emissions were estimated for five of them. Additionally, the influence of different surface types on the retrieval results was studied. For some surface types, the biases reached ±5 - 10 %, while the retrieval precision was 2 - 5% total column increase. The second question was examined by developing, building, and deploying the MAMAP2DLight instrument successfully. It is an imaging airborne remote sensing spectrometer with ∼ 1.1nm spectral resolution covering the absorption bands of CO2 and CH4 between 1560 and 1690 nm. It observes 28 ground scenes with a spatial resolution of 22 × 6m2, creating an image of the ground while flying over it. The total column precision was 0.28% after binning to 100×100m2 ground scenes, and 0.7% unbinned. During the first measurement flight over the coal-fired power plant Jänschwalde in Eastern Germany in June 2021, the CO2 emission plume was mapped successfully, and emissions of 10.3 Mt CO2 yr-1 were estimated, which were close to the emission estimate based on activity data of 11.6 Mt CO2 yr-1. For the third question, a forward model adapted to the airborne geometry was implemented in the optimal estimation-based Fast atmOspheric traCe gAs retrievaL (FOCAL AIR). It included a parametrized treatment of scattering. Nevertheless, the Jacobian of the forward model could be calculated analytically for all atmospheric parameters, reducing the computational resources needed for the retrieval. In synthetic measurements, treating scattering parametrized reduced errors compared to an absorption-only forward model by up to 50 %. Additionally, applying the FOCAL AIR retrieval and the WFM-DOAS on the MAMAP data set acquired over the power plant Jänschwalde in May 2018, different FOCAL AIR retrieval configurations were tested. With the best retrieval configuration, an emission of 18.6 Mt CO2 yr-1 was estimated for the power plant Jänschwalde, close to the emission estimate from WFM-DOAS retrieval results of 19.4 Mt CO2 yr-1.
Download or read book Intermediate scale Community level Flux of CO2 and CH4 in a Minnesota Peatland written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peatland measurements of CO2 and CH4 flux were obtained at scales appropriate to the in situ biological community below the tree layer to demonstrate representativeness of the spruce and peatland responses under climatic and environmental change (SPRUCE) experiment. Surface flux measurements were made using dual open-path analyzers over an area of 1.13 m2 in daylight and dark conditions along with associated peat temperatures, water table height, hummock moisture, atmospheric pressure and incident radiation data. Observations from August 2011 through December 2014 demonstrated seasonal trends correlated with temperature as the dominant apparent driving variable. The S1-Bog for the SPRUCE study was found to be representative of temperate peatlands in terms of CO2 and CH4 flux. Maximum net CO2 flux in midsummer showed similar rates of C uptake and loss: daytime surface uptake was -5 to -6 μmol m-2 s-1 and dark period loss rates were 4-5 μmol m-2 s-1 (positive values are carbon lost to the atmosphere). Maximum midsummer CH4-C flux ranged from 0.4 to 0.5 μmol m-2 s-1 and was a factor of 10 lower than dark CO2-C efflux rates. Midwinter conditions produced near-zero flux for both CO2 and CH4 with frozen surfaces. Integrating temperature-dependent models across annual periods showed dark CO2-C and CH4-C flux to be 894 ± 34 and 16 ± 2 gC m-2 y-1, respectively. Net ecosystem exchange of carbon from the shrub-forb-Sphagnum-microbial community (excluding tree contributions) ranged from -3.1 gCO2-C m-2 y-1 in 2013, to C losses from 21 to 65 gCO2-C m-2 y-1 for the other years.
Download or read book Terrestrial Carbon Observation written by Global Terrestrial Observing System (Organization) and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2002 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term 'terrestrial carbon' refers to carbon contained in vegetation or soil stocks. The global carbon cycle plays an important role in sustaining agricultural productivity, biodiversity and forest ecosystems processes. This report presents the results of a workshop, held in Canada in February 2000 and organised by the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) in collaboration with the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). The workshop was designed to review existing data and observation requirements regarding terrestrial carbon, identify major gaps and propose solutions.
Download or read book Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Heterotrophic CO2 and CH4 Fluxes in a Peatland with Deep Soil Warming and Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project was funded from June 15, 2012 through June 15, 2015, with a no-cost extension until Sept. 15, 2016. Our project focused on a whole-ecosystem warming and enhanced atmospheric CO2 experiment in the S1 Bog in Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota, USA called "Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Climatic and Environmental Change" (SPRUCE; http://mnspruce.ornl.gov). Construction of substantial infrastructure required for these treatments was beyond our control and led to a staggered initiation of experimental treatments at this site. Deep peat heating (DPH) was instituted in June 2014, whole-ecosystem warming began in August 2015, and the CO2 enhancement began in June 2016. Prior to the initiation of the experimental treatments, we completed a large amount of research to better understand factors controlling anaerobic carbon (C) cycling, and particularly methane (CH4) dynamics, in northern peatlands in an effort to put the SPRUCE project in a broader context. We additionally focused extensively on the DPH treatment, which provided a unique opportunity to isolate warming effects on the vast reservoir of permanently anaerobic C stored in peatlands below the water table.
Download or read book Earth Observation of Ecosystem Services written by Domingo Alcaraz-Segura and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-11-12 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A balanced review of differing approaches based on remote sensing tools and methods to assess and monitor biodiversity, carbon and water cycles, and the energy balance of terrestrial ecosystem. Earth Observation of Ecosystem Services highlights the advantages Earth observation technologies offer for quantifying and monitoring multiple ecosystem functions and services. It provides a multidisciplinary reference that expressly covers the use of remote sensing for quantifying and monitoring multiple ecosystem services. Rather than exhaustively cover all possible ecosystem services, this book takes a global look at the most relevant remote sensing approaches to estimate key ecosystem services from satellite data. Structured in four main sections, it covers carbon cycle, biodiversity, water cycle, and energy balance. Each section contains a review of conceptual and empirical methods, techniques, and case studies linking remotely sensed data to the biophysical variables and ecosystem functions associated with key ecosystem services. The book identifies relevant issues and challenges of assessment, presents cutting-edge sensing techniques, uses globally implemented tools to quantify ecosystem functions, and presents examples of successful monitoring programs. Covering recent developments undertaken on the global and national stage from Earth observation satellite data, it includes valuable lessons and recommendations and novel ways to improve current global monitoring systems. The book delineates the use of Earth observation data so that it can be used to quantify, map, value, and manage the valuable goods and services that ecosystems provide to societies around the world.
Download or read book Spring Meeting written by American Geophysical Union. Meeting and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Patterns of CO2 and CH4 Fluxes in China s Croplands in Response to Multifactor Environmental Changes written by Wei Vivian Ren and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The spatial and temporal patterns of CO2 and CH4 fluxes in China's croplands were investigated and attributed to multifactor environmental changes using the agricultural module of the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM), a highly integrated process-based ecosystem model. During 1980-2005 modelled results indicated that China's croplands acted as a carbon sink with an average carbon sequestration rate of 33.4 TgC yr-1 (1 Tg = 1012 g). Both the highest net CO2 uptake rate and the largest CH4 emission rate were found in southeast region of China's croplands. Of primary influences were land-cover and land-use change, atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen deposition, which accounted for 76%, 42% and 17% of the total carbon sequestration in China's croplands during the study period, respectively. The total carbon losses due to elevated ozone and climate variability/change were equivalent to 27% and 9% of the total carbon sequestration, respectively. Our further analysis indicated that nitrogen fertilizer application accounted for 60% of total national carbon uptake in cropland, whereas changes in paddy field areas mainly determined the variability of CH4 emissions. Our results suggest that improving air quality by means such as reducing ozone concentration and optimizing agronomic practices can enhance carbon sequestration capacity of China's croplands.
Download or read book BOREAS TF 11 CO2 and CH4 Concentration Data from the SSA Fen written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book BOREAS TGB 3 CH4 and CO2 Chamber Flux Data Over NSA Upland Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
