Download or read book Use of targeted next generation sequencing to detect drug resistant tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2023-07-25 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Prevalence of Drug resistant Tuberculosis Assessed by Next generation Sequencing written by Salam El Achkar and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tuberculosis (TB) is the first killer infectious disease, with 10 million new cases estimated worldwide in 2017. TB drug resistance and its diagnosis are particularly problematic. Only 25% of the 450,000 incident multidrug resistant (MDR) TB patients estimated over the same year were diagnosed and treated as such.Although Lebanon is a low-TB burden country, significant challenges exist in terms of disease control. Lebanon is the country hosting the largest refugee population proportionally to its national population worldwide, with 1.5 million Syrian refugees as a consequence of the war in Syria, in addition to large populations of Palestinian refugees and migrant workers. Such populations are particularly vulnerable to risks of TB and emergence of drug resistance. The last national survey on the prevalence of drug resistant TB was done 15 years ago, well before the start of the Syrian crisis in 2011. Even most recent reported rates of MDR TB largely relied on estimates. Second-line drug susceptibility testing (DST) and individualized extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB treatments were not available in the country.In order to gain a more comprehensive view of the TB situation, we set up the first nationwide study combining phenotypic and extensive molecular testing to determine the prevalence and extent of TB drug resistance in the country. A total of 417 patients were included, corresponding to all confirmed TB cases reported to the national tuberculosis program between June, 2016 and November, 2017. Lowenstein-Jensen and/or MGIT culturing, and molecular testing using GeneXpert MTB/RIF and/or Anyplex MTB/NTM Real-time were used in Lebanon for diagnostic confirmation and DST. In Lille, we evaluated, for the first time on a nationally representative sample, a new deep sequencing assay called Deeplex-MycTB, for extensive drug resistance prediction and genotyping of patient isolates. MIRU-VNTR typing was used in combination for defining molecular clusters, potentially suggestive of endemically circulating or epidemically transmitted TB strains.For the first time in the country, out of the 354 culture positive TB cases with available DST, 3 XDR cases, resistant to at least rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), kanamycin (KAN)/amikacin (AMI) and levofloxacin (LFX) were detected, in addition to 5 MDR (resistant to at least RIF, INH) cases and one RIF mono-resistant case. Among the remaining cases, 3.4% (12/354) had resistance to INH and streptomycin (SM), 3.4% (12/354) mono-resistance to INH, 0.3% (1/354) mono-resistance to ethambutol (EMB), 8.5% (30/354) mono-resistance to streptomycin (SM), while 81.9% (290/354) were susceptible to all 4 first line drugs. While none of MDR and XDR TB cases were found in molecular clusters, a large cluster comprising 36 other patients was identified, suggestive of a highly endemic or actively transmitted drug susceptible strain.A total of 4184 out of 4407 (94.9%) possible phenotypes could be predicted by Deeplex-MycTB for 339/348 (97.4%) analyzable samples, of which 1282/1380 (92.9%) matched the available phenotypic results. Based on detectable resistance determinants, INH, RIF, EMB and SM resistance was concordantly predicted with 90.3%, 100%, 100%, 52.8% sensitivity, respectively, and susceptibility with 99.6%, 100%, 99.4%, 99.6% specificity, respectively. While predicted first and second-line drug resistance matched almost completely the available phenotypic profiles of the 8 MDR and XDR cases, mutations were additionally detected in all of these 8 cases in targets predicting supplementary pyrazinamide and/or ethionamide resistance, not phenotypically tested. Moreover, resistance to fluoroquinolones was also predicted in 34/339 (10%) non-MDR cases, not subjected to LFX DST. Finally, the use of advanced molecular testing allowed us to identify the first 12 (3.4%) zoonotic TB cases identified in the country [...].

Download or read book Use of Next generation Sequencing Technologies for the Detection of Mutations Associated with Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Technical Guide written by world health organization and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Xpert MTB RIF Implementation Manual written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December 2010, WHO first recommended the use of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. The WHO's policy statement was supported by a rapid implementation document, which provided the technical "how-to" and operational considerations for rolling out the use of the assay. An unprecedented uptake of this new technology followed the release of WHO's policy: by the end of March 2014, more than 2,300 GeneXpert instruments and more than 6 million Xpert MTB/RIF cartridges had been procured in the public sector in 104 countries eligible for concessional prices. An Expert Group was convened by WHO in May 2013 to review the current body of evidence on use of Xpert MTB/RIF. The resulting recommendations from the Expert Group are included in the WHO Policy update, which widens the recommended use of Xpert MTB/RIF, including for the diagnosis of paediatric TB and on selected specimens for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB, and includes an additional recommendation on the use of Xpert MTB/RIF as the initial diagnostic test in all individuals presumed to have pulmonary TB. The accompanying Xpert MTB/RIF implementation manual has been developed to replace the first edition and takes into consideration the current body of evidence and operational experiences available, in the context of the Policy update.

Download or read book WHO consolidated guidelines on drug resistant tuberculosis treatment written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2018-11-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tuberculosis (TB) strains with drug resistance (DR-TB) are more difficult to treat than drug-susceptible ones, and threaten global progress towards the targets set by the End TB Strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO). There is thus a critical need for evidence-based policy recommendations on the treatment and care of patients with DR-TB, based on the most recent and comprehensive evidence available. In this regard, the WHO consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment fulfil the mandate of WHO to inform health professionals in Member States on how to improve treatment and care for patients with DR-TB. Between 2011 and 2018, WHO has developed and issued evidence-based policy recommendations on the treatment and care of patients with DR-TB. These policy recommendations have been presented in several WHO documents and their associated annexes, including the WHO treatment guidelines for multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, 2018 update, issued by WHO in December 2018. The policy recommendations in each of these guidelines have been developed by WHO-convened Guideline Development Groups (GDGs), using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to summarize the evidence, and formulate policy recommendations and accompanying remarks. The present Consolidated guidelines include a comprehensive set of WHO recommendations for the treatment and care of DR-TB, derived from these WHO guidelines documents. The consolidated guidelines include policy recommendations on treatment regimens for isoniazid-resistant TB (Hr-TB) and MDR/RR-TB, including longer and shorter regimens, culture monitoring of patients on treatment, the timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in MDR/RR-TB patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), use of surgery for patients receiving MDR-TB treatment, and optimal models of patient support and care.

Download or read book Laboratory Methods for Clinical and Public Health written by George P. Kubica and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Use of Bedaquiline in the Treatment of Multidrug resistant Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WHO estimates that up to half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) occur worldwide, each year. Current treatment regimens for MDR-TB present many challenges: treatment lasts 20 months or more, requiring daily administration of drugs that are more toxic, less effective, and far more expensive than those used to treat drug-susceptible TB. Globally, less than half of all patients who start MDR-TB therapy are treated successfully. For the first time in over 40 years, a new TB drug with a novel mechanism of action - bedaquiline- is available, and was granted accelerated approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration in December 2012. There is considerable interest in the potential of this drug to treat MDR-TB. However, information about this new drug remains limited. It has only been through two Phase IIb trials for safety and efficacy. The World Health Organization (WHO) is therefore issuing "interim policy guidance". This interim guidance provides advice on the inclusion of bedaquiline in the combination therapy of MDR-TB in accordance with the existing WHO Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug-resistant TB (2011 Update).

Download or read book Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus written by William R. Jacobs, Jr. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 1379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can today's innovative practices and molecular tools tame this ancient disease? One third of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis (TB), with about 10 million new cases annually. To combat TB and its agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the World Health Organization launched The End TB Strategy, which aims to slash the suffering and cost of TB by 2035. This makes the second edition of Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus, edited by Jacobs, McShane, Mizrahi, and Orme, an extremely valuable resource for scientists and clinicians. The editors have gathered their colleagues from around the world to present the latest on the molecular biology of M. tuberculosis and related species, the host-pathogen interactions that enable invasion, and the host's immune response to M. tuberculosis infection. The basic, clinical, and translational research presented in this book supports the goals of WHO's End TB Strategy by driving toward the development of effective vaccines, rapid molecular diagnostics, and anti-TB drugs. Creating an effective tuberculosis vaccine. Understand the innate and adaptive immune response to M. tuberculosis infection, its study in established animal models, and how this information is being used to develop new vaccines against TB. Formulating new antituberculosis drugs. Learn the challenges and methods for evaluating new drugs in preclinical trials with a focus on drugs that work against "persisters" and those that act on the electron transport complex and ATP synthase of M. tuberculosis. Overcoming the challenges of diagnosing tuberculosis. Review new diagnostic tools that are simple, rapid, affordable, specific, sensitive, and safe, including molecular-based diagnostic methods such as GeneXpert MTB/RIF. Using molecular, genomic, and bioinformatics tools to understand the biology and evolution of Mycobacterium. Explore current research on the molecular mechanisms that M. tuberculosis uses to evade the immune system, enter a state of nonreplicating persistence, and become reactivated. The second edition of Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus presents the latest research on a microorganism that is exquisitely well adapted to its human host. This pathogen continues to confound scientists, clinicians, and public health specialists, who will all find much valuable information in this comprehensive set of reviews.

Download or read book Global Tuberculosis Report 2018 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2018-11-20 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WHO has published a global TB report every year since 1997. The main aim of the report is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic and of progress in prevention diagnosis and treatment of the disease at global regional and country levels. This is done in the context of recommended global TB strategies and targets endorsed by WHO?s Member States and broader development goals set by the United Nations (UN). The 2018 edition of the global TB report was released on 18 September in the lead up to the first-ever UN High Level Meeting on TB on 26 September 2018.

Download or read book Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2011 update of Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis is intended as a tool for use by public health professionals working in response to the Sixty-second World Health Assembly's resolution on prevention and control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Resolution WHA62.15, adopted in 2009, calls on Member States to develop a comprehensive framework for the management and care of patients with drug-resistant TB. The recommendations contained in these guidelines address the most topical questions concerning the programmatic management of drug-resistant TB: case-finding, multidrug resistance, treatment regimens, monitoring the response to treatment, and selecting models of care. The guidelines primarily target staff and medical practitioners working in TB treatment and control, and partners and organizations providing technical and financial support for care of drug-resistant TB in settings where resources are limited.

Download or read book Microbial Technology for the Welfare of Society written by Pankaj Kumar Arora and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-12 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes various aspects of modern microbiology including microbial enzymes, secondary metabolites, next-generation sequencing, microbial-based biopesticides, microbial-based cancer therapies, biodiesel, and microbial products from fermentation, biodegradation, bioremediation and wastewater treatment. Further, it explains how and why microbes play an important role in preserving the welfare of living beings and the environment. Many bacteria play a significant part in cleaning our environment by detoxifying various xenobiotic compounds, while several microbes produce secondary metabolites that are useful to human beings. The book is divided into 15 chapters that cover various aspects of microorganism-based biotechnology, including recent methodologies such as advanced molecular techniques, as well developments in classical microbiological techniques. The authors also explain how the latest and classical techniques are being used in modern-day microbial biotechnology. All chapters were written by experts from prominent universities, research laboratories, and institutes around the globe. Above all, they focus on recent advances in microbial technology that promote the welfare of living beings and the environment.

Download or read book Genotyping written by Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Global Tuberculosis Report 2016 written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This global tuberculosis report is the first to be produced in the era of the SDGs and the End TB Strategy. It provides an assessment of the TB epidemic and progress in TB diagnosis, treatment, and prevention efforts as well as an overview of TB-specific financing and research. It also discusses the broader agenda of universal health coverage, social protection, and other SDGs that have an impact on health. Data was available for 202 countries and territories that account for over 99% of the world's population and TB cases.

Download or read book WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis Module 4 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 2011 and 2019, WHO has developed and issued evidence-based policy recommendations on the treatment and care of patients with DR-TB. These policy recommendations have been presented in several WHO documents and their associated annexes, including the WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment, issued by WHO in March 2019. The policy recommendations in each of these guidelines have been developed by WHO-convened Guideline Development Groups, using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to summarize the evidence, and formulate policy recommendations and accompanying remarks. The present WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis, Module 4: Treatment - Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment includes a comprehensive set of WHO recommendations for the treatment and care of DR-TB. The document includes two new recommendations, one on the composition of shorter regimens and one on the use of the BPaL regimen (i.e. bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid). In addition, the consolidated guidelines include existing recommendations on treatment regimens for isoniazid-resistant TB and MDR/RR-TB, including longer regimens, culture monitoring of patients on treatment, the timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in MDR/RR-TB patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the use of surgery for patients receiving MDR-TB treatment, and optimal models of patient support and care. The guidelines are to be used primarily in national TB programmes, or their equivalents in Ministries of Health, and for other policy-makers and technical organizations working on TB and infectious diseases in public and private sectors and in the community.

Download or read book Integrated Omics Approaches to Infectious Diseases written by Saif Hameed and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines applications of multi-omics approaches for understanding disease etiology, pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions. It also analyzes the genetics, immunological and metabolic mechanisms underlying the infections. The book also explores genomics, transcriptomics, translational-omics, and metabolomics approaches to understand the pathogenesis and identify potential drug targets. It reviews the role of epigenetic reprogramming in shaping the host-pathogen interactions and presents bioinformatics application in the identification of drug targets. Further, it examines the potential applications of RNA sequencing and non-coding RNA profiling to identify the pathogenesis. Lastly, it offers the current challenges, technological advances, and prospects of using multi-omics technologies in infectious biology.

Download or read book Essential Tuberculosis written by Giovanni Battista Migliori and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-26 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook covers the full spectrum of tuberculosis-related topics in a comprehensive yet easy-to-follow, readily accessible format. Filling a significant gap in tuberculosis literature, it addresses tuberculosis sensu latu, mirroring the content of the London Queen Mary University tuberculosis Diploma. Covering all aspects related to this condition, from prevention, diagnosis and treatment to public and global health, the book provides a broad overview of tuberculosis management. Further, it includes a wealth of case studies and exercises, making it an essential guide for all staff involved in tuberculosis management. Written by an international and interdisciplinary panel of experts, the book appeals to a broad readership including students, postdoctoral fellows, clinicians, researchers, and nurses, as well as public health officers working in tuberculosis control programs.

Download or read book Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Protocols written by Tanya Parish and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-01 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to provide detailed protocols for studying the molecular biology of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its int- actions with host cells. As established mycobacterial laboratories move - wards exploiting the genome, and laboratories with expertise in other fields apply them to mycobacteria, both traditional and novel methodologies need to be reviewed. Thus the chapters in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protocols range from perspectives on storage of strains and safety issues to the application of the latest functional genomics technologies. The last few years have been remarkable ones for research into M. tuber- losis. The most important landmark by far has been the completion of the genome sequence of the widely studied H37Rv strain (1). We can now predict every protein and RNA molecule made by the pathogen. This information is or will soon be enriched by the addition of genome sequences of other strains from the M. tuberculosis complex: a second strain of M. tuberculosis, My- bacterium bovis, and the vaccine strain, M. bovis BCG. Valuable comparative data will also be provided by the genome sequences of Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium avium, and Streptomyces coelicolor. Another recent milestone for M. tuberculosis has been the development of efficient mutagenesis me- odologies, the lack of which has been a major handicap in functional studies.