Download or read book Use of 3 dimensional Dynamic Modeling of CO2 Injection for Comparison to Regional Static Capacity Assessments of Miocene Sandstone Reservoirs in the Texas State Waters Gulf of Mexico written by Kerstan Josef Wallace and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geologic sequestration has been suggested as a viable method for greenhouse gas emission reduction. Regional studies of CO2 storage capacity are used to estimate available storage, yet little work has been done to tie site specific results to regional estimates. In this study, a 9,258,880 acre (37469.4 km2) area of the coastal and offshore Texas Miocene interval is evaluated for CO2 storage capacity using a static volumetric approach, which is essentially a discounted a pore volume calculation. Capacity is calculated for the Miocene interval above overpressure depth and below depths where CO2 is not supercritical. The goal of this study is to determine the effectiveness of such a regional capacity assessment, by performing refinement techniques that include simple analytical and complex reservoir injection simulations. Initial refinement of regional estimates is performed through net sand picking which is used instead of the gross thickness assumed in the standard regional calculation. The efficiency factor is recalculated to exclude net-to-gross considerations, and a net storage capacity estimate is calculated. Initial reservoir-scale refinement is performed by simulating injection into a seismically mapped saline reservoir, near San Luis Pass. The refinement uses a simplified analytical solution that solves for pressure and fluid front evolution through time (Jain and Bryant, 2011). Porosity, permeability, and irreducible water saturation are varied to generate model runs for 6,206 samples populated using data from the Atlas of Northern Gulf of Mexico Gas and Oil Reservoirs (Seni, 2006). As a final refinement step, a 3D dynamic model mesh is generated. Nine model cases are generated for homogeneous, statistically heterogeneous, and seismic-based heterogeneous meshes to observe the effect of various geologic parameters on injection capacity. We observe downward revisions (decreases) in total capacity estimation with increasingly refined geologic data and scale. Results show that estimates of storage capacity can decrease significantly (by as much as 88%) for the single geologic setting investigated. Though this decrease depends on the criteria used for capacity comparison and varies within a given region, it serves to illustrate the potential overestimation of regional capacity assessments compared to estimates that include additional geologic complexity at the reservoir scale.

Download or read book Geologic Characterization and Modeling for Quantifying CO2 Storage Capacity of the High Island 10 L Field in Texas State Waters Offshore Gulf of Mexico written by Omar Ramirez Garcia and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a promising technology for mitigating climate change by reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and injecting captured industrial emissions into deep geologic formations. Deep subsurface storage in geologic formations is similar to trapping natural hydrocarbons and is one of the key components of CCS technology. The quantification of the available subsurface storage resource is the subject of this research project. This study focuses on site-specific geologic characterization, reservoir modeling, and CO2 storage resource assessment (capacity) of a depleted oil and gas field located on the inner continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, the High Island 10L field. lower Miocene sands in the Fleming Group beneath the regional transgressive Amphistegina B shale have extremely favorable geologic properties (porosity, thickness, extent) and are characterized in this study utilizing 3-D seismic and well logs. Key stratigraphic surfaces between maximum flooding surfaces (MFS-9 to MFS-10) demonstrate how marine regression and transgression impact the stacking pattern of the thick sands and overlying seals, influencing the overall potential for CO2 storage. One of the main uncertainties when assessing CO2 storage resources at different scales is to determine the fraction of the pore space within a formation that is practically accessible for storage. The goal of the modeling section of this project is to address the uncertainty related to the static parameters affecting calculations of available pore space by creating facies and porosity geostatistical models based on the spatial variation of the available data. P50 values for CO2 storage capacity range from 37.56 to 40.39 megatonnes (Mt), showing a narrow distribution of values for different realizations of the geostatistical models. An analysis of the pressure build-up effect on storage capacity was also performed, showing a reduction in capacity. This research further validates the impact of the current carbon tax credit program (45Q), applied directly to the storage resources results for the High Island field 10L using a simple NPV approach based on discounted cash flows. Several scenarios are assessed, where the main variables are the duration of the applicability of the tax credit, number of injection wells, and total storage capacity. Results are measured in terms of the cost of capture required for a project to be economic, given previous assumptions.

Download or read book Pre injection Reservoir Characterization for CO2 Storage in the Inner Continental Shelf of the Texas Gulf of Mexico written by Reinaldo Jose Sabbagh and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The injection of CO2 into the subsurface (carbon capture and storage; CCS) is the most viable approach to significantly reduce industrial emissions of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere. The inner continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico has incredible potential for CO2 storage. This study quantitatively evaluates the CO2 storage capacity of the Lower Miocene brine-filled sandstones in the inner continental shelf of the Texas Gulf of Mexico using 3D seismic and well log data. The first part of this work investigates the relationship between elastic properties and reservoir properties (e.g., porosity, mineralogy, and pore fluid) of the Lower Miocene section using rock physics modeling and simultaneous seismic inversion. The elastic properties are related to porosity, mineralogy and pore fluid using rock physics models. These rock physics transforms are then applied to the seismically derived elastic properties to estimate the porosity and lithology away from the wells. The porosity and lithology distribution derived using this quantitative method can be interpreted to predict the best areas for CO2 storage in the inner continental shelf of the Texas Gulf of Mexico. The second part of this work studies the effect that CO2 has on the elastic properties of the Lower Miocene rocks using fluid substitution, amplitude variation with angle (AVA), and statistical classification to determine the ability of the seismic method to successfully monitor CO2 injected into the subsurface. The velocities and density well logs were modeled with different fluid saturations. To characterize the seismic properties corresponding to these different fluid saturations, the AVA responses and probability density functions were calculated and used for statistical classification. The AVA modeling shows a high sensitivity to CO2 due to the soft clastic framework of the Lower Miocene sandstones. The statistical classification successfully discriminates between brine and CO2 saturation using Vp/Vs and P-impedance. These results shows that the Lower Miocene sandstones have the capacity to host CO2, and that the CO2 injected in these rocks is likely to be successfully monitored using seismic methods.

Download or read book Characterizing Reservoir Quality for Geologic Storage of CO2 written by Harry Lejeune Hull and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The geologic storage of anthropogenic CO2 through Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is necessary to reduce the emissions produced as a biproduct of fossil fuel combustion. This process of injecting CO2 into the subsurface is known as carbon sequestration and requires the assessment of geologic reservoirs. Depositional processes and the resulting facies and stratigraphic architectures have great influence over reservoir volumetrics and behavior. The objective of this study is to constrain the depositional controls on storage capacity. A subsurface Lower Miocene 2 strandplain/barrier bar complex of the Texas Gulf Coast at Matagorda bay is interpreted and modeled using well data and 3D seismic. These data reveal the presence of a major shore zone that experienced initial progradation through the late highstand and into the lowstand before later retrogradation. The LM2 is then capped by a thick regional shale. A stratigraphic framework is built that captures these changes in shoreline position at both the systems tract and parasequences level. Sediments were strike fed and wave-dominated processes are apparent. Petrophysical properties of this region including porosity are modeled from with machine learning from log data. Machine learning to predict porosity is carried out using a random forest regression in which porosity is a function of lithology and depth. Finally, a 3D reservoir model is built integrating the stratigraphic, facies, and petrophysical properties. Static storage capacity estimates and storage capacity maps are created from the 3D model. Storage capacity is observed to occur at a strike parallel geometry. This “axis” of highest storage capacity tracts with the position of the shore zone in vertical succession highlighting a dependence on the balance between the generation of accommodation and sediment supply. At a higher resolution storage capacity is observed highest within the foreshore where beach ridges are interpreted from seismic stratal slices. High wave energy processes at this position in the shoreline profile are known to create well sorted and therefore highly porous sandstones. Storage capacity is then a direct function of the high wave energy paleo-depositional processes occurring at the shoreline

Download or read book CO2 Storage in Deltaic Environments of Deposition written by Emily Christine Beckham and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon sequestration in geologic reservoirs is a proven method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Deltaic deposits are attractive candidates for CO2 storage projects due to their prominent role as hydrocarbon reservoirs. This research informs subsurface deltaic reservoir characterization and performance for carbon sequestration through integration of geocellular modeling, outcrop analyses, and seismic mapping of prospective offshore CO2 reservoirs. Results emphasize the importance of recognizing sequence stratigraphic architectures for predicting CO2 migration. Initially, a model of a deltaic system was generated from a prior laboratory flume deposit to better understand fundamental (but generalized) aspects of reservoir and seal performance. This model was scaled and assigned geologic properties, generating a novel and extremely high-resolution geologic model. Physical architectures represented in the geologic model are consistent with global examples of deltaic reservoirs as well as the facies, stratal stacking pattern, and grain size variability in outcrops studied in this research. Twenty CO2 injection simulations were run on the geologic model to understand the relationship between reservoir heterogeneity and fluid migration. Baffles affecting migration are identified as the shale layers between sand clinoforms and regressive surfaces in the highstand-lowstand systems tracts. Primary trapping surfaces influencing CO2 migration are the regressive surfaces in the transgressive systems tract (TST), where migration pathways converge along common surfaces. Thesesequence stratigraphic observations are then applied to reservoir characterization in 3D seismic data from offshore Gulf of Mexico. The regional, sequence stratigraphic surfaces are well represented in sub-surface data. Hydrocarbon production data indicate fluid accumulation in TST stratigraphy, similar to the geologic modeling results, suggesting some predictability of fluid flow in deltaic settings. The novel integration of datatypes produces enhanced understanding of subsurface fluid flow in deltaic environments.

Download or read book Understanding the Plume Dynamics and Risk Associated with CO2 Injection in Deep Saline Aquifers written by Abhishek Kumar Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geological sequestration of CO2 in deep saline reservoirs is one of the ways to reduce its continuous emission into the atmosphere to mitigate the greenhouse effect. The effectiveness of any CO2 sequestration operation depends on pore volume and the sequestration efficiency of the reservoir. Sequestration efficiency is defined here as the maximum storage with minimum risk of leakage to the overlying formations or to the surface. This can be characterized using three risk parameters i) the time the plume takes to reach the top seal; ii) maximum lateral extent of the plume and iii) the percentage of mobile CO2 present at any time. The selection among prospective saline reservoirs can be expedited by developing some semi-analytical correlations for these risk parameters which can be used in place of reservoir simulation study for each and every saline reservoir. Such correlations can reduce the cost and time for commissioning a geological site for CO2 sequestration. To develop such correlations, a database has been created from a large number of compositional reservoir simulations for different elementary reservoir parameters including porosity, permeability, permeability anisotropy, reservoir depth, thickness, dip, perforation interval and constant pressure far boundary condition. This database is used to formulate different correlations that relate the sequestration efficiency to reservoir properties and operating conditions. The various elementary reservoir parameters are grouped together to generate different variants of gravity number used in the correlations. We update a previously reported correlation for time to hit the top seal and develop new correlations for other two parameters using the newly created database. A correlation for percentage of trapped CO2 is also developed using a previously created similar database. We find that normalizing all risk parameters with their respective characteristic values yields reasonable correlations with different variants of gravity number. All correlations confirm the physics behind plume movement in a reservoir. The correlations reproduce almost all simulation results within a factor of two, and this is adequate for rapid ranking or screening of prospective storage reservoirs. CO2 injection in saline reservoirs on the scale of tens of millions of tonnes may result in fracturing, fault activation and leakage of brine along conductive pathways. Critical contour of overpressure (CoP) is a convenient proxy to determine the risk associated with pressure buildup at different location and time in the reservoir. The location of this contour varies depending on the target aquifer properties (porosity, permeability etc.) and the geology (presence and conductivity of faults). The CoP location also depends on relative permeability, and we extend the three-region injection model to derive analytical expressions for a specific CoP as a function of time. We consider two boundary conditions at the aquifer drainage radius, constant pressure or an infinite aquifer. The model provides a quick tool for estimating pressure profiles. Such tools are valuable for screening and ranking sequestration targets. Relative permeability curves measured on samples from seven potential storage formations are used to illustrate the effect on the CoPs. In the case of a constant pressure boundary and constant rate injection scenario, the CoP for small overpressures is time-invariant and independent of relative permeability. Depending on the relative values of overall mobilities of two-phase region and of brine region, the risk due to a critical CoP which lies in the two-phase region can either increase or decrease with time. In contrast, the risk due to a CoP in the drying region always decreases with time. The assumption of constant pressure boundaries is optimistic in the sense that CoPs extend the least distance from the injection well. We extend the analytical model to infinite-acting aquifers to get a more widely applicable estimate of risk. An analytical expression for pressure profile is developed by adapting water influx models from traditional reservoir engineering to the "three-region" saturation distribution. For infinite-acting boundary condition, the CoP trends depend on same factors as in the constant pressure case, and also depend upon the rate of change of aquifer boundary pressure with time. Commercial reservoir simulators are used to verify the analytical model for the constant pressure boundary condition. The CoP trends from the analytical solution and simulation results show a good match. To achieve safe and secure CO2 storage in underground reservoirs several state and national government agencies are working to develop regulatory frameworks to estimate various risks associated with CO2 injection in saline aquifers. Certification Framework (CF), developed by Oldenburg et al (2007) is a similar kind of regulatory approach to certify the safety and effectiveness of geologic carbon sequestration sites. CF is a simple risk assessment approach for evaluating CO2 and brine leakage risk associated only with subsurface processes and excludes compression, transportation, and injection-well leakage risk. Certification framework is applied to several reservoirs in different geologic settings. These include In Salah CO2 storage project Krechba, Algeria, Aquistore CO2 storage project Saskatchewan, Canada and WESTCARB CO2 storage project, Solano County, California. Compositional reservoir simulations in CMG-GEM are performed for CO2 injection in each storage reservoir to predict pressure build up risk and CO2 leakage risk. CO2 leakage risk is also estimated using the catalog of pre-computed reservoir simulation results. Post combustion CO2 capture is required to restrict the continuous increase of carbon content in the atmosphere. Coal fired electricity generating stations are the dominant players contributing to the continuous emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. U.S. government has planned to install post combustion CO2 capture facility in many coal fired power plants including W.A. Parish electricity generating station in south Texas. Installing a CO2 capture facility in a coal fired power plant increases the capital cost of installation and operating cost to regenerate the turbine solvent (steam or natural gas) to maintain the stripper power requirement. If a coal-fired power plant with CO2 capture is situated over a viable source for geothermal heat, it may be desirable to use this heat source in the stripper. Geothermal brine can be used to replace steam or natural gas which in turn reduces the operating cost of the CO2 capture facility. High temperature brine can be produced from the underground geothermal brine reservoir and can be injected back to the reservoir after the heat from the hot brine is extracted. This will maintain the reservoir pressure and provide a long-term supply of hot brine to the stripper. Simulations were performed to supply CO2 capture facility equivalent to 60 MWe electric unit to capture 90% of the incoming CO2 in WA Parish electricity generating station. A reservoir simulation study in CMG-GEM is performed to evaluate the feasibility to recycle the required geothermal brine for 30 years time. This pilot study is scaled up to 15 times of the original capacity to generate 900 MWe stripping system to capture CO2 at surface.

Download or read book Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide CO2 written by J Gluyas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-11-23 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geological storage and sequestration of carbon dioxide, in saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas fields or unminable coal seams, represents one of the most important processes for reducing humankind’s emissions of greenhouse gases. Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) reviews the techniques and wider implications of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). Part one provides an overview of the fundamentals of the geological storage of CO2. Chapters discuss anthropogenic climate change and the role of CCS, the modelling of storage capacity, injectivity, migration and trapping of CO2, the monitoring of geological storage of CO2, and the role of pressure in CCS. Chapters in part two move on to explore the environmental, social and regulatory aspects of CCS including CO2 leakage from geological storage facilities, risk assessment of CO2 storage complexes and public engagement in projects, and the legal framework for CCS. Finally, part three focuses on a variety of different projects and includes case studies of offshore CO2 storage at Sleipner natural gas field beneath the North Sea, the CO2CRC Otway Project in Australia, on-shore CO2 storage at the Ketzin pilot site in Germany, and the K12-B CO2 injection project in the Netherlands. Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a comprehensive resource for geoscientists and geotechnical engineers and academics and researches interested in the field. Reviews the techniques and wider implications of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) An overview of the fundamentals of the geological storage of CO2 discussing the modelling of storage capacity, injectivity, migration and trapping of CO2 among other subjects Explores the environmental, social and regulatory aspects of CCS including CO2 leakage from geological storage facilities, risk assessment of CO2 storage complexes and the legal framework for CCS

Download or read book Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Reservoir Characterization written by Larry Lake and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reservoir Characterization is a collection of papers presented at the Reservoir Characterization Technical Conference, held at the Westin Hotel-Galleria in Dallas on April 29-May 1, 1985. Conference held April 29-May 1, 1985, at the Westin Hotel—Galleria in Dallas. The conference was sponsored by the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Reservoir characterization is a process for quantitatively assigning reservoir properties, recognizing geologic information and uncertainties in spatial variability. This book contains 19 chapters, and begins with the geological characterization of sandstone reservoir, followed by the geological prediction of shale distribution within the Prudhoe Bay field. The subsequent chapters are devoted to determination of reservoir properties, such as porosity, mineral occurrence, and permeability variation estimation. The discussion then shifts to the utility of a Bayesian-type formalism to delineate qualitative ""soft"" information and expert interpretation of reservoir description data. This topic is followed by papers concerning reservoir simulation, parameter assignment, and method of calculation of wetting phase relative permeability. This text also deals with the role of discontinuous vertical flow barriers in reservoir engineering. The last chapters focus on the effect of reservoir heterogeneity on oil reservoir. Petroleum engineers, scientists, and researchers will find this book of great value.

Download or read book Reservoir Compartmentalization written by S. J. Jolley and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2010 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Reservoir compartmentalization - the segregation of a petroleum accumulation into a number of individual fluid/pressure compartments - controls the volume of moveable oil or gas that might be connected to any given well drilled in a field, and consequently impacts 'booking' of reserves and operational profitability. This is a general feature of modern exploration and production portfolios, and has driven major developments in geoscience, engineering and related technology. Given that compartmentalization is a consequence of many factors, an integrated subsurface approach is required to better understand and predict compartmentalization behaviour, and to minimize the risk of it occurring unexpectedly. This volume reviews our current understanding and ability to model compartmentalization. It highlights the necessity for effective specialist discipline integration, and the value of learning from operational experience in: detection and monitoring of compartmentalization; stratigraphic and mixed-mode compartmentalization; and fault-dominated compartmentalization"--Page 4 of cover.

Download or read book Intakes and Outfalls for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Facilities written by Thomas M. Missimer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-07 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book assembles the latest research on new design techniques in water supplies using desalinated seawater. The authors examine the diverse issues related to the intakes and outfalls of these facilities. They clarify how and why these key components of the facilities impact the cost of operation and subsequently the cost of water supplied to the consumers. The book consists of contributed articles from a number of experts in the field who presented their findings at the "Desalination Intakes and Outfalls" workshop held at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia in October, 2013. The book integrates coverage relevant to a wide variety of researchers and professionals in the general fields of environmental engineering and sustainable development.

Download or read book Understanding Oil and Gas Shows and Seals in the Search for Hydrocarbons written by John Dolson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-15 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains in detail how to use oil and gas show information to find hydrocarbons. It covers the basics of exploration methodologies, drilling and mud systems, cuttings and mud gas show evaluation, fundamental log analysis, the pitfalls of log-calculated water saturations, and a complete overview of the use of pressures to understand traps and migration, hydrodynamics, and seal and reservoir quantification using capillary pressure. Also included are techniques for quickly generating pseudo-capillary pressure curves from simple porosity/permeability data, with examples of how to build spreadsheets in Excel, and a complete treatment of fluid inclusion analysis and fluid inclusion stratigraphy to map migration pathways. In addition, petroleum systems modeling and fundamental source rock geochemistry are discussed in depth, particularly in the context of unconventional source rock evaluation and screening tools for entering new plays. The book is heavily illustrated with numerous examples and case histories from the author’s 37 years of exploration experience. The topics covered in this book will give any young geoscientist a quick start on a successful career and serve as a refresher for the more experienced explorer.

Download or read book Reservoir Formation Damage written by Faruk Civan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-08-30 with total page 1135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reservoir Formation Damage, Second edition is a comprehensive treatise of the theory and modeling of common formation damage problems and is an important guide for research and development, laboratory testing for diagnosis and effective treatment, and tailor-fit- design of optimal strategies for mitigation of reservoir formation damage. The new edition includes field case histories and simulated scenarios demonstrating the consequences of formation damage in petroleum reservoirsFaruk Civan, Ph.D., is an Alumni Chair Professor in the Mewbourne School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering at the University of Oklahoma in Norman. Dr. Civan has received numerous honors and awards, including five distinguished lectureship awards and the 2003 SPE Distinguished Achievement Award for Petroleum Engineering Faculty. Petroleum engineers and managers get critical material on evaluation, prevention, and remediation of formation damage which can save or cost millions in profits from a mechanistic point of view State-of-the-Art knowledge and valuable insights into the nature of processes and operational practices causing formation damage Provides new strategies designed to minimize the impact of and avoid formation damage in petroleum reservoirs with the newest drilling, monitoring, and detection techniques

Download or read book Groundwater around the World written by Jean Margat and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a unique and up-to-date summary of what is known about groundwater on our planet, from a global perspective and in terms of area-specific factual information. Unlike most textbooks on groundwater, it does not deal with theoretical principles, but rather with the overall picture that emerges as a result of countless observations,

Download or read book Seismic Attributes for Prospect Identification and Reservoir Characterization written by Satinder Chopra and published by SEG Books. This book was released on 2007 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introducing the physical basis, mathematical implementation, and geologic expression of modern volumetric attributes including coherence, dip/azimuth, curvature, amplitude gradients, seismic textures, and spectral decomposition, the authors demonstrate the importance of effective colour display and sensitivity to seismic acquisition and processing.

Download or read book Sand Control in Well Construction and Operation written by Davorin Matanovic and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-21 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Produced sand causes a lot of problems. From that reasons sand production must be monitored and kept within acceptable limits. Sand control problems in wells result from improper completion techniques or changes in reservoir properties. The idea is to provide support to the formation to prevent movement under stresses resulting from fluid flow from reservoir to well bore. That means that sand control often result with reduced well production. Control of sand production is achieved by: reducing drag forces (the cheapest and most effective method), mechanical sand bridging (screens, gravel packs) and increasing of formation strength (chemical consolidation). For open hole completions or with un-cemented slotted liners/screens sand failure will occur and must be predicted. Main problem is plugging. To combat well failures due to plugging and sand breakthrough Water-Packing or Shunt-Packing are used.

Download or read book An Independent Scientific Assessment of Well Stimulation in California written by Ccst and published by . This book was released on 2015-01-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: