Download or read book Us Intelligence Community Reform Studies Since 1947 written by Michael Warner and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-08-07 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication of The 9/11 Commission Report, the war in Iraq, and subsequent negotiation of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 have provoked the most intense debate over the future of American intelligence since the end of World War II. For observers of this national discussion—as well as of future debates that are all but inevitable—this paper offers a historical perspective on reform studies and proposals that have appeared over the course of the US Intelligence Community's evolution into its present form. We have examined the origins, context, and results of 14 significant official studies that have surveyed the American intelligence system since 1947. We explore the reasons these studies were launched, the recommendations they made, and the principal results that they achieved. It should surprise no one that many of the issues involved—such as the institutional relationships between military and civilian intelligence leaders—remain controversial to the present time. For this reason, we have tried both to clarify the perennial issues that arise in intelligence reform efforts and to determine those factors that favor or frustrate their resolution. Of the 14 reform surveys we examined, only the following achieved substantial success in promoting the changes they proposed: the Dulles Report (1949), the Schlesinger Report (1971), the Church Committee Report (1976), and the 9/11 Commission Report (2004). Having examined these and other surveys of the Intelligence Community, we recognize that much of the change since 1947 has been more ad hoc than systematically planned. Our investigation indicates that to bring about significant change, a study commission has had to get two things right: process and substance. Two studies that had large and comparatively rapid effects—the 1949 Dulles Report and the 1971 Schlesinger Report—were both sponsored by the National Security Council. The 9/11 Commission, with its public hearings in the midst of an election season, had even more impact, while the Church Committee's effects were indirect but eventually powerful. It's perhaps worth noting that a study commission whose chairman later became DCI, as in the case of Allen Dulles and James Schlesinger, is also likely to have a lasting influence. Finally, studies conducted on the eve of or during a war, or in a war's immediate aftermath, are more likely to lead to change. The 1947 National Security Act drew lessons from World War II, and it was the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 that brought about the intelligence reforms the Dulles Report had proposed over a year earlier. The 1971 Schlesinger Report responded to President Nixon's need to cut spending as he extracted the United States from the Vietnam War. The breakdown of the Cold War defense and foreign policy consensus during the Vietnam War set the scene for the Church Committee's investigations during 1975–76, but the fact that US troops were not in combat at the time certainly diminished the influence of its conclusions. In contrast, the 9/11 Commission Report was published at the height of a national debate over the War on Terror and the operations in Iraq, which magnified its salience. Finally, in the substance of these reports, one large trend is evident over the years. Studies whose recommendations have caused power in the Intelligence Community to gravitate toward either the Director of Central Intelligence or the Office of the Secretary of Defense—or both—have generally had the most influence. This pattern of increasing concentration of intelligence power in the DCI and Secretary of Defense endured from the 1940s through the 1990s, whether Democrats or Republicans controlled the White House or Congress. When a new pattern of influence and cooperation forms, we are confident that future reform surveys will not hesitate to propose ways to improve it.
Download or read book Intelligence Reform After Five Years written by Richard A. Best and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-11 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 was the most significant legislation affecting the U.S. intelligence community since 1947. Enacted in the wake of 9/11, the act attempted to ensure closer coordination among intelligence agencies esp. in regard to counterterrorism efforts. It established the position of Dir, of Nat. Intell. (DNI) with extensive authority to coordinate the nation¿s intelligence effort. The DNI speaks for U.S. intelligence, briefs the Pres., has authority to develop the budget for the nat. intelligence effort, and manage appropriations made by Congress. Contents of this report: Intro.; Background; The Intelligence Reform Act of 2004; Positive Assessment; Negative Views; An Alternative View; Future Direction.
Download or read book Why Efforts to Centralize the U S Intelligence Community Fail written by School of Advanced Air and Space Studies and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2014-10-09 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PRIOR TO WORLD WAR II, THE FORMAL COLLECTION AND EXPLOITATION OF FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE IN THE UNITED STATES FELL ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY IN THE DOMAIN OF THE MILITARY. THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR AND OTHER EVENTS DURING THAT WAR CREATED A GROWING CONSENSUS THAT THE NATION REQUIRED A CENTRAL AUTHORITY TO MANAGE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE PERTINENT TO MULTIPLE DEPARTMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT. IN RESPONSE, THE NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947 CREATED THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY AND THE POSITION OF DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE. OVER THE NEXT HALF-CENTURY, NUMEROUS COMMISSIONS AND PANELS FOUND NEITHER THE AGENCY NOR THE DIRECTOR EVER WIELDED EFFECTIVE CONTROL OVER THE DIVERSE AND GROWING INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY. IN RESPONSE TO SUCH FINDINGS, PRESIDENTS ISSUED NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL DIRECTIVES AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS AND CONGRESS SIGNED MULTIPLE BILLS TO REINFORCE THE CIA AND DCI'S AUTHORITY OVER THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY, BUT THE PROBLEMS OF DECENTRALIZATION PERSIST. THE TERRORIST ATTACK OF 9/11 PROVIDED SUFFICIENT IMPETUS TO MAKE THE FIRST SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURAL CHANGES TO THE FAILED US INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY SINCE 1947. TO EVALUATE THE PROSPECTS OF THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE REFORM ACT OF 2004 TO ESTABLISH EFFECTIVE CENTRAL CONTROL OVER THE COMMUNITY IT IS HELPFUL TO IDENTIFY THE FACTORS THAT FRUSTRATED PREVIOUS REFORM EFFORTS. FIVE SUCH FACTORS ARE IDENTIFIED HERE: THE MOTIVE AND ABILITY OF EXISTING INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATIONS TO RESIST CENTRALIZED CONTROL; THE ASSOCIATION OF CENTRAL DIRECTORS WITH COVERT OPERATIONS; THE TENDENCY TO TIE A CENTRAL DIRECTOR'S AUTHORITY TO HIS/HER ACCESS TO THE PRESIDENT; THE PROLIFERATION OF INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES AND ACTIVITIES; AND THE INCREASING CO-OPTION OF OTHER INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATION BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. WHILE THE 2004 ACT SOMEWHAT MITIGATES THE SECOND FACTOR'S CONFOUNDING INFLUENCE, THE OTHER FACTORS ARE LIKELY TO PLAGUE THE NEW NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE DIRECTOR'S EFFORTS TO EFFECTIVELY LEAD THE COMMUNITY. THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE'S PROCLIVITY TO RESIST CONTROL WHILE CO-OPTING NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONS IS ESPECIALLY LIKELY TO FRUSTRATE THE NEW AUTHORITY TO THE DETRIMENT OF OVERALL NATIONAL SECURITY.
Download or read book Transforming U S Intelligence written by Jennifer E. Sims and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2005-08-24 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intelligence failures exposed by the events of 9/11 and the missing weapons of mass destruction in Iraq have made one thing perfectly clear: change is needed in how the U.S. intelligence community operates. Transforming U.S. Intelligence argues that transforming intelligence requires as much a look to the future as to the past and a focus more on the art and practice of intelligence rather than on its bureaucratic arrangements. In fact, while the recent restructuring, including the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, may solve some problems, it has also created new ones. The authors of this volume agree that transforming policies and practices will be the most effective way to tackle future challenges facing the nation's security. This volume's contributors, who have served in intelligence agencies, the Departments of State or Defense, and the staffs of congressional oversight committees, bring their experience as insiders to bear in thoughtful and thought-provoking essays that address what such an overhaul of the system will require. In the first section, contributors discuss twenty-first-century security challenges and how the intelligence community can successfully defend U.S. national interests. The second section focuses on new technologies and modified policies that can increase the effectiveness of intelligence gathering and analysis. Finally, contributors consider management procedures that ensure the implementation of enhanced capabilities in practice. Transforming U.S. Intelligence supports the mandate of the new director of national intelligence by offering both careful analysis of existing strengths and weaknesses in U.S. intelligence and specific recommendations on how to fix its problems without harming its strengths. These recommendations, based on intimate knowledge of the way U.S. intelligence actually works, include suggestions for the creative mixing of technologies with new missions to bring about the transformation of U.S. intelligence without incurring unnecessary harm or expense. The goal is the creation of an intelligence community that can rapidly respond to developments in international politics, such as the emergence of nimble terrorist networks while reconciling national security requirements with the rights and liberties of American citizens.
Download or read book How has the US Intelligence Community evolved in the modern international security environment written by Francis Maiava and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2016-02-25 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2014 in the subject Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict, Security, grade: 84% (A), , course: Masters in International Security Studies with an Endorsement in Intelligence, language: English, abstract: Major historical developments continued to shape the way the United States Intelligence Community (IC) practices intelligence since its creation under the authority of the National Security Act 1947. This work seeks to explore historical significance of events and themes that influenced the way United States intelligence agencies exchanged information (or the lack of it) in a chronological and historical order to its present context. The study also examines the role of Congress in overseeing the IC and its activities and how this role has evolved over the years amid challenges such as its relationship with the Executive Branch of U.S. Government, budget oversight and the classified nature of highly sensitive information. The study closes by concluding that while much needed changes have been adopted by the IC to improve its activities and operations since 11 September 2001, time will tell whether such changes have improved the ability of intelligence to function as an effective and cohesive unit.
Download or read book The CIA and the Politics of US Intelligence Reform written by Brent Durbin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-09-11 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examining the political foundations of American intelligence policy, this book develops a new theory of intelligence adaptation to explain the success or failure of major reform efforts since World War II. Durbin draws on careful case histories of the early Cold War, the Nixon and Ford administrations, the first decade after the Cold War, and the post-9/11 period, looking closely at the interactions among Congress, executive branch leaders, and intelligence officials. These cases demonstrate the significance of two factors in the success or failure of reform efforts: the level of foreign policy consensus in the system, and the ability of reformers to overcome the information advantages held by intelligence agencies. As these factors ebb and flow, windows of opportunity for reform open and close, and different actors and interests come to influence reform outcomes. Durbin concludes that the politics of US intelligence frequently inhibit effective adaptation, undermining America's security and the civil liberties of its citizens.
Download or read book Why Efforts to Centralize the US Intelligence Community Fail written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prior to World War II, the formal collection and exploitation of foreign intelligence in the United States fell almost exclusively in the domain of the military. The attack on Pearl harbor and other events during that war created a growing consensus that the nation required a central authority to manage national intelligence pertinent to multiple departments of the government. In response, the National Security Act of 1947 created the Central Intelligence Agency and the position of Director of Central Intelligence. Over the next half-century, numerous commissions and panels found neither the agency nor the director wielded effective control of the diverse and growing intelligence community. In response to such findings, Presidents issued National Security Council directives and executive orders and Congress signed multiple bills to reinforce the CIA and DCI's authority over the intelligence community, but the problems of decentralization persist. The terrorist attack of 9/11 provided sufficient impetus to make the first significant structural changes to the failed US intelligence community since 1947.
Download or read book Studies in Intelligence written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Intelligence at the Crossroads written by Roy Godson and published by Potomac Books. This book was released on 1995 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "U.S. Intelligence at the Crossroads presents fresh, divergent perspectives on topics ranging from the very purpose of intelligence to pressing policy concerns about weapons proliferation, economic espionage, and threats posed by nonstate actors such as criminal and terrorist organizations. Contributors include high-ranking officials from the CIA, FBI, and the departments of State and Defense, as well as leading academic specialists such as Joseph Nye, Abram Shulsky, and James Q. Wilson."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Download or read book Intelligence Community Reform written by United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Intelligence and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Intelligence Issues and Developments written by Terrance M. Paulson and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Intelligence Community continues to adjust to the 21st Century environment. In the post-Cold War world, terrorism, narcotics trafficking and related money laundering is perceived both as criminal matters and as threats to the nation's security. Priority continues to be placed on intelligence support to military operations and on involvement in efforts to combat transnational threats, especially international terrorism. Growing concerns about transnational threats are leading to increasingly close co-operation between intelligence and law enforcement agencies. This book presents new in-depth analyses of developments in the field.
Download or read book Intelligence Community Legal Reference Book written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 944 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Best Truth written by Bruce D. Berkowitz and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2000-01-01 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Confronted by the new challenges of the information age and the post-Soviet world, the US intelligence community must adapt and change, say the authors of this provocative text. They examine recent intelligence failures, show why traditional approaches now fall short, and call for fundamental reform in the organization and approach of America's intelligence agencies.
Download or read book U S Intelligence Reform written by Bonnie M. Schickler and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigates the current bureaucratic struggles that exist within the U.S. intelligence community as a result of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004. The first part of this research examines the history of intelligence reform in the United States beginning with the National Security Act of 1947. The second part provides an in-depth discussion of the 2004 legislation as well as an examination of the main bureaucratic conflicts that have arisen between the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the rest of the U.S. intelligence community. This study used the bureaucratic politics model to explain the development of the current disagreements, the reasons behind the DNI's struggle for power, and the intelligence community's inability to adapt to the reform. This research determined that the current conflicts have occurred as a result of the unclear authorities issued to the DNI by IRTPA and have been further exacerbated by interest-driven intelligence agencies and a well-developed culture that has proven difficult to abandon. This research also provides insight into several alternative approaches that can be used to explain the current U.S. intelligence reform process. Additionally, recommendations were made for reducing the bureaucratic friction that currently exists within the intelligence community and to strengthen the overall authority of the Director of National Intelligence.
Download or read book Reform of the United States Intelligence Community written by United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Intelligence and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Central Intelligence Agency The Work of a Nation The Center of Intelligence written by Central Intelligence Agency and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-03-12 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: President Truman recognized the need for a centralized intelligence system. Taking into account the views of the military services, the State Department, and the FBI, he established the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) in January 1946. The CIG had two missions: providing strategic warning and conducting clandestine activities. Unlike the OSS, it had access to all-source intelligence. The CIG functioned under the direction of a National Intelligence Authority composed of a Presidential representative and the Secretaries of State, War and Navy. Rear Admiral Sidney W. Souers, USNR, who was the Deputy Chief of Naval Intelligence, was appointed the first Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). Twenty months later, the National Intelligence Authority and the CIG were disestablished. Under the provisions of the National Security Act of 1947 (which became effective on 18 December 1947), the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were created. The 1947 Act charged the CIA with coordinating the nation's intelligence activities and correlating, evaluating, and disseminating intelligence that affects national security. In addition, the Agency was to perform other duties and functions related to intelligence as the NSC might direct. The Act defined the DCI's authority as head of the Intelligence Community, head of the CIA, and principal intelligence adviser to the President, and made him responsible for protecting intelligence sources and methods. The act also prohibited the CIA from en¬gaging in law enforcement activity and restricted its internal security functions. The CIA carried out its responsibilities subject to various directives and controls by the President and the NSC. In 1949, the Central Intelligence Agency Act was passed and supplemented the 1947 Act. The addendum permitted the Agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures and exempted CIA from many of the usual limitations on the expenditure of federal funds. It provided that CIA funds could be included in the budgets of other departments and then transferred to the Agency without regard to the restrictions placed on the initial appropriation. This Act is the statutory authority that allows for the secrecy of the Agency's budget. In 1953, Congress amended the National Security Act to provide for the appointment of the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI) by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. This amendment also provided that commissioned officers of the armed forces, whether active or retired, could not occupy both DCI and DDCI positions at the same time. The DDCI assisted the Director by performing such functions as the DCI assigned or delegated. The DDCI acted and exercised the powers of the Director during his absence or disability, or in the event of a vacancy in the position of the Director. On December 17, 2004, President George W. Bush signed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act which restructured the Intelligence Community by abolishing the position of Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI) and creating the position of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA). The Act also created the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI), which oversees the Intelligence Community.
Download or read book Uncertain Shield written by Richard A. Posner and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2006 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new book from Richard Posner brings the story up to date. He argues that the emerging structure of that reformed intelligence system-heavily influenced by the report of another commission on the intelligence failure related to Saddam Hussein's abandonment of weapons of mass destruction-is excessively centralized and will not be effective. Posner brings light to the issues at hand and offers solutions.
