Download or read book Urban Unemployment Agglomeration and Transportation Policies written by Yves Zenou and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Urban Transit Policy written by David W. Jones and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1985 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Transit Walkability and Economic Development in the 21st Century written by Ahoura Zandiatashbar and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The economy in the 21st century has expanded the depth of creativity, speed, and flexibility in production, high-tech industry, and innovation. Hence, the new economic norm and high dependency on innovation and creativity require educated, talented, and specialized human capital, as well as proximity to research centers and universities. Furthermore, this new knowledge economy has also favored urban spaces that support spontaneous face-to-face encounters and knowledge exchange while appealing to the talented human capital. Besides these specific urban spaces, the transportation infrastructures could have a principle role in the new economy whether through fostering local, regional, or global accessibility to the talent, labor and customer markets, or for logistics purposes. While these economic impacts of transportation infrastructures and urban space are principal in the policy developments, they are less explored via quantitative analyses.Historically, the economic outcomes of transportation systems gained attention in location theories, which provide the foundational framework for thinking about locational behavior of businesses with respect to their accessibility demands. While ample empirical studies addressed classical location theories and the traditional economy, there is a lack of empirical studies, with respect to the knowledge economy. Particularly, with respect to transit and walking amenities, the existing empirical literature lacks enough attempts that look beyond real estate premiums and focus on other economic outcomes, such as employment, innovation productivity, or business performance, particularly in a knowledge and creative economy. Despite this gap in the empirical literature, theoretical attempts confer the dynamics through which such impacts can be unleashed. For instance, knowledge-based, creative, or high-tech businesses are theorized to concentrate at the top of the urban hierarchy being the most accessible neighborhoods and cities. Therefore, location decisions of such businesses would depend on proximity to major transportation hubs, such as regional airports, railways, or transit stations. While roadway networks could provide regional accessibility to employment sub-centers and long-distance freight mobility for high-volume manufacturing productions, transit and walking amenities could better benefit knowledge-based and creative industries. Additionally, Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs)---as compact neighborhoods centered on transit stations with an efficient level of land use diversity, density, street connectivity, and walkability--likely play a key role in agglomeration dynamics and, hence, can lead to an increase in economic productivity. These built attributes can spur many agglomeration externalities-such as knowledge exchange, access to thick and specialized labor pools, and suppliers-there exists uncertainty between policy makers, business owners, investors, and developers about the positive impact of transit and walking amenities. Despite existing theoretical studies, there still exist multiple gaps in the literature. First, it is still unclear whether the above-mentioned dynamics have the same impact for knowledge-based firms, particularly with respect to tech sectoral differences. Second, there remains less than conclusive evidence tying place-based characteristics of TODs with creative and knowledge-based firm productivity. The investors, business owners, and policy makers are cautious to invest in TODs due to extensive existing literature that shows that increased property values in tandem with institutional and financial barriers impede TOD developments. Hence, a major contribution to the literature, decisions and policies about infrastructures is to provide further empirical insights about the location behaviors of knowledge and creative economy businesses; however, these categories include a broader list of industrial sectors with potential differences. Therefore, another gap in the literature has to do with the role of high-tech sectoral differences on transportation infrastructure needs. Studies on the accessibility needs of high-tech firms tends to draw on assumptions emerging out of agglomeration and placemaking frameworks and emphasize the expansion of transit services and enhancing walkability. However, industries impacted by the new logistic revolution, land values, easy access to the global e-economy, and the rise of online workers could prefer stronger highway systems. To address this gap, there is a need for more in-depth analyses of firm location behavior in different industrial sub-categories of knowledge economy. In this dissertation, I address these gaps in three essays. In the first essay, the analysis uncovers the mechanism and the extent to which transit and walkability play role in a knowledge economy. The results from the second essay demonstrate whether the knowledge-based and creative firms in TODs have higher productivity. Lastly, the third essay identifies the location of specialized high-tech zones in the U.S., their sectoral typologies and examining the location behavior of different high-tech specializations with respect to transit and walkability in these zones. By including more than five different analyses and the indicators for four modes of transportation, this dissertation aims to cover a diverse range of critical questions about the knowledge-based economic implications of transportation infrastructures. Additionally, using the address-level datasets on the location of knowledge-based and creative businesses, as well as innovations in the U.S., contributes to the validity of my results by increasing the sample size. Drawing upon disaggregated national datasets, this dissertation stands among the first attempts to provide empirical insights at the national level. The results of this dissertation will benefit a diverse audience, including members of academia and the policy development arena, as well as developers, business owners, and stakeholders. My results uncover diverse impacts of transit and walking amenities in the new economy. First, I found that transit service quality and walkability contribute to a robust local knowledge economy through knowledge-based firms and the creative class, but they have an adverse relationship to the innovation production of STEM small firms. Additionally, I found that the knowledge and creative economy firms located in dense, mixed use, and walkable TODs with higher levels of activity experience 2.5 times increased sales on average. Lastly, when it comes to break down of high-tech industries to its subcategories, my results partially support the dominant narrative regarding the preference of knowledge-based industries for dense, walkable, mixed use, transit accessible areas. For instance, I found large numbers of high-tech firms in the IT and aerospace industries still attracted to peripheral, auto-centric spaces, which are at odds with sustainable transportation policies. While in general I found that transit and walking amenities have a critical role in the new economy, policy developments they need to take consideration of the findings from this dissertation. For instance, I found that walkability and transit access could increase property values, and these features might make locations unaffordable for small innovative firms. Hence, findings on the impacts of walkability and transit access on innovation productivity in vulnerable small firms call for attention to equity aspects of innovation-supportive urban developments. Nevertheless, considering the findings on the increased productivity of the knowledge and creative economy firms in TODs, in the knowledge-based urban development policies TOD and knowledge-based economic development strategies should be planned in tandem in order to maximize outcomes. While seeking growth through attracting high-tech firms has emerged as a common trend among local policy leaders, they may want to revisit their growth strategies with respect to my finding about the different accessibility needs of high-tech industries to not only succeed in growing their knowledge economy, but also to secure sustainability goals.

Download or read book Agglomeration Economics written by Edward L. Glaeser and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2010-04-15 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When firms and people are located near each other in cities and in industrial clusters, they benefit in various ways, including by reducing the costs of exchanging goods and ideas. One might assume that these benefits would become less important as transportation and communication costs fall. Paradoxically, however, cities have become increasingly important, and even within cities industrial clusters remain vital. Agglomeration Economics brings together a group of essays that examine the reasons why economic activity continues to cluster together despite the falling costs of moving goods and transmitting information. The studies cover a wide range of topics and approach the economics of agglomeration from different angles. Together they advance our understanding of agglomeration and its implications for a globalized world.

Download or read book Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics written by V. Henderson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-07-21 with total page 1081 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics: Cities and Geography reviews, synthesizes and extends the key developments in urban and regional economics and their strong connection to other recent developments in modern economics. Of particular interest is the development of the new economic geography and its incorporation along with innovations in industrial organization, endogenous growth, network theory and applied econometrics into urban and regional economics. The chapters cover theoretical developments concerning the forces of agglomeration, the nature of neighborhoods and human capital externalities, the foundations of systems of cities, the development of local political institutions, regional agglomerations and regional growth. Such massive progress in understanding the theory behind urban and regional phenomenon is consistent with on-going progress in the field since the late 1960’s. What is unprecedented are the developments on the empirical side: the development of a wide body of knowledge concerning the nature of urban externalities, city size distributions, urban sprawl, urban and regional trade, and regional convergence, as well as a body of knowledge on specific regions of the world—Europe, Asia and North America, both current and historical. The Handbook is a key reference piece for anyone wishing to understand the developments in the field.

Download or read book International Productivity Monitor written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2017-07-17 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 32nd issue of the International Productivity Monitor is a special issue produced in collaboration with the OECD. All articles published in this issue were selected from papers presented at the First Annual Conference of the OECD Global Forum on Productivity held in Lisbon, Portugal, July ...

Download or read book Cities on the Move written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing countries are urbanising rapidly, and it is estimated that within a generation more than 50 per cent of the developing world's population will live in cities. Public transport policy can contribute to reducing urban poverty both directly, by providing access and mobility for the poor, as well as by facilitating economic growth. This publication examines the nature and magnitude of urban transport problems in developing and transition economies, particularly with respect to the needs of the poor. It also suggests way the World Bank and other development agencies can best support the development of sustainable urban transport policies.

Download or read book Economics of Cities written by Jean-Marie Huriot and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-02-13 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This integrated collection of essays exploring the economic theory of cities assembles work by a number of the world's leading exponents.

Download or read book Quality and Inequality in Regional and Urban Systems written by Karima Kourtit and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-11-25 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the aftermath of both ongoing globalisation (with both widening and deepening effects on countries, regions and cities) and structural changes resulting from the 2008 economic recession, regions and cities in our world are confronted with a different arena of players, performances and institutions. The challenges are formidable and numerous. Many regions and cities seem to resort to their indigenous strength, without much regard to other players in the field. This has enormous consequences for the competitive behaviour and profile of regional and urban actors but has at the same time deep impacts on the distribution of wealth, income and employment over and within countries, regions and cities. There is indeed much evidence that disparities among regions and in cities are increasing in this new force field. This special issue of REGION makes a solid scientific attempt (i) to map out the spatial consequences of recent transitions in growth trajectories of countries or regions, and (ii) to trace policy strategies and design effective policy information, to cope adequately with these new challenges. The present special issue does so by highlighting the new force field of regional and urban dynamics from three angles in the context of spatial quality and inequality. These will be briefly sketched below.

Download or read book The Economics of Urban Transportation written by Kenneth A. Small and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-06-10 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of the seminal textbook The Economics of Urban Transportation incorporates the latest research affecting the design, implementation, pricing, and control of transport systems in towns and cities. The book offers an economic framework for understanding the societal impacts and policy implications of many factors including congestion, traffic safety, climate change, air quality, COVID-19, and newly important developments such as ride-hailing services, electric vehicles, and autonomous vehicles. Rigorous in approach and making use of real-world data and econometric techniques, the third edition features a new chapter on the special challenges of managing the energy that powers transportation systems. It provides fully updated coverage of well-known topics and a rigorous treatment of new ones. All of the basic topics needed to apply economics to urban transportation are included: Forecasting demand for transportation services under various conditions Measuring costs, including those incurred by users and incorporating two new tools to describe congestion in dense urban areas Setting prices under practical constraints Evaluating infrastructure investments Understanding how private and public sectors interact to provide services Written by three of the field’s leading researchers, The Economics of Urban Transportation is essential reading for students, researchers, and practicing professionals in transportation economics, planning, engineering, or related disciplines. With a focus on workable models that can be adapted to future needs, it provides tools for a rapidly changing world.

Download or read book Economic Analysis and Infrastructure Investment written by Edward L. Glaeser and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2021-11-11 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Policy-makers often call for expanding public spending on infrastructure, which includes a broad range of investments from roads and bridges to digital networks that will expand access to high-speed broadband. Some point to near-term macro-economic benefits and job creation, others focus on long-term effects on productivity and economic growth. This volume explores the links between infrastructure spending and economic outcomes, as well as key economic issues in the funding and management of infrastructure projects. It draws together research studies that describe the short-run stimulus effects of infrastructure spending, develop new estimates of the stock of U.S. infrastructure capital, and explore the incentive aspects of public-private partnerships (PPPs). A salient issue is the treatment of risk in evaluating publicly-funded infrastructure projects and in connection with PPPs. The goal of the volume is to provide a reference for researchers seeking to expand research on infrastructure issues, and for policy-makers tasked with determining the appropriate level of infrastructure spending"--

Download or read book Measuring Inequality written by Frank Alan Cowell and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text examines the underlying principles of inequality measurement and its relation to welfare economics, distributional analysis, and information theory. The book covers modern theoretical developments in inequality analysis, as well as showing how the way we think about inequality today has been shaped by classic contributions in economics and related disciplines.

Download or read book Transport and Urban Development written by David Banister and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-12-16 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes an international perspective on the links between land use, development and transport and present the latest thinking, the theory and practice of these links.

Download or read book World Development Report 2009 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008-11-04 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rising densities of human settlements, migration and transport to reduce distances to market, and specialization and trade facilitated by fewer international divisions are central to economic development. The transformations along these three dimensions density, distance, and division are most noticeable in North America, Western Europe, and Japan, but countries in Asia and Eastern Europe are changing in ways similar in scope and speed. 'World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography' concludes that these spatial transformations are essential, and should be encouraged. The conclusion is not without controversy. Slum-dwellers now number a billion, but the rush to cities continues. Globalization is believed to benefit many, but not the billion people living in lagging areas of developing nations. High poverty and mortality persist among the world's 'bottom billion', while others grow wealthier and live longer lives. Concern for these three billion often comes with the prescription that growth must be made spatially balanced. The WDR has a different message: economic growth is seldom balanced, and efforts to spread it out prematurely will jeopardize progress. The Report: documents how production becomes more concentrated spatially as economies grow. proposes economic integration as the principle for promoting successful spatial transformations. revisits the debates on urbanization, territorial development, and regional integration and shows how today's developers can reshape economic geography.

Download or read book Which Way to Livable and Productive Cities written by Kirsten Hommann and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-04-18 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For African cities to grow economically as they have grown in size, they must create productive environments to attract investments, increase economic efficiency, and create livable environments that prevent urban costs from rising with increased population densification. What are the central obstacles that prevent African cities and towns from becoming sustainable engines of economic growth and prosperity? Among the most critical factors that limit the growth and livability of urban areas are land markets, investments in public infrastructure and assets, and the institutions to enable both. To unleash the potential of African cities and towns for delivering services and employment in a livable and environmentally friendly environment, a sequenced approach is needed to reform institutions and policies and to target infrastructure investments. This book lays out three foundations that need fixing to guide cities and towns throughout Sub-Saharan Africa on their way to productivity and livability.

Download or read book Innovation and Public Policy written by Austan Goolsbee and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2022-03-25 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A calculation of the social returns to innovation /Benjamin F. Jones and Lawrence H. Summers --Innovation and human capital policy /John Van Reenen --Immigration policy levers for US innovation and start-ups /Sari Pekkala Kerr and William R. Kerr --Scientific grant funding /Pierre Azoulay and Danielle Li --Tax policy for innovation /Bronwyn H. Hall --Taxation and innovation: what do we know? /Ufuk Akcigit and Stefanie Stantcheva --Government incentives for entrepreneurship /Josh Lerner.

Download or read book Informal Transport in the Developing World written by Robert Cervero and published by UN-HABITAT. This book was released on 2000 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: