Download or read book Confronting Poverty in Iraq written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2011-01-10 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides the most comprehensive and rigorous analysis of Iraqi income and expenditure in several decades. The report makes extensive use of the Iraq Household Socio-Economic Survey, the first nationwide income and expenditure survey since 1988. IHSES data is complemented income and expenditure data from a wide range of other measures of living standards, allowing us to analyze living standards in a holistic way. The analysis presented here was performed with two main goals first, to inform the Government s Poverty Reduction Strategy; and second, to serve as a baseline for future assessments of changes in living standards and the identification of critical issues for deeper examination. Iraqi living standards have two unusual characteristics. First, they have fallen over the past generation. Second, they feature surprisingly little inequality. These characteristics are both rooted in Iraq s recent history of authoritarian government, war, military occupation, insurgency, and civil strife leading to infrastructure destruction and population displacement. There have been few opportunities for individuals to prosper from professional or entrepreneurial activities. Decades of neglected investment have resulted in deterioration of social services and economic infrastructure. Consequently, individuals have lacked capabilities to prosper and an investment climate conducive to prosperity. School enrollment and life expectancy have declined. Extremely low returns to education reflect the combination of poor educational quality and lack of employment opportunities. In terms of economic infrastructure, access to reliable electricity and water, and even access to paved roads are low, are further reflections of decades of neglect. While the upper end of the distribution has been pulled down by a lack of opportunities, the lower end has been supported by direct government provision of food. The Public Distribution System (PDS) provides 85 percent of food needs. While PDS has been useful as a safety net for the poor and the vulnerable, the system is expensive, inefficient, and fiscally risky. Indeed, PDS food rations account for a far greater share of public spending than does education or health. Going forward, Iraq faces two main challenges. First, although Iraq does not have to develop from scratch, it faces a formidable challenge in re-development. Second, a shift by the Government is required from direct provision of basic subsistence toward investment in human capacities. The Government can provide an enabling environment through investments in economic infrastructure and services to business and citizens, thus allowing the population to make productive use of education and their own labor. Both challenges are now being taken up by the Poverty Reduction Strategy, which articulates a detailed set of required actions and outlines priorities for government spending.

Download or read book Conceptual Modeling for Traditional and Spatio Temporal Applications written by Christine Parent and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-09-02 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From environmental management to land planning and geo-marketing, the number of application domains that may greatly benefit from using data enriched with spatio-temporal features is expanding very rapidly. This book shows that a conceptual design approach for spatio-temporal databases is both feasible and easy to apprehend. While providing a firm basis through extensive discussion of traditional data modeling concepts, the major focus of the book is on modeling spatial and temporal information.

Download or read book Universit de Paris Facult de droit Le Mandat A et l organisation du mandat fran ais en Syrie Th se pour le doctorat sciences politiques et conomiques par Jean Luquet written by Jean Luquet and published by . This book was released on 1923 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Universit de Paris Facult de droit Th se pour le doctorat sciences politiques et conomiques par Hippolyte Blanc written by Hippolyte Blanc and published by . This book was released on 1907 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Facult de droit de l Universit de Paris La Question des oiseaux de proie envisag e au point de vue juridique th se pour le doctorat par Maurice de La Fuye written by Maurice de La Fuye and published by . This book was released on 1908 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Facult de droit de l Universit de Paris La Traite des n gres et le droit de visite au cours du XIXe si cle dans les rapports de la France et de l Angleterre th se pour le doctorat par Michel Louis Ferdinand Sarrien written by Michel-Louis-Ferdinand Sarrien and published by . This book was released on 1910 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: