Download or read book Unexpected Costs of Performance Incentives with Production Uncertainty written by Aaron Phipps and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policy advocates often push for market-like performance incentives for publicly provided services such as in education or healthcare (as with Medicare in the U.S.). The evidence supporting output-based, performance incentives for such jobs is mixed at best. One possible explanation is that the production process for these jobs is characterized by production uncertainty, mathematically represented as uncertainty in the marginal product of inputs. In a stylized principal-agent model, I show how production uncertainty can make output-based incentives ineffective or even detrimental to employee productivity. If high-impact inputs also have highly variable marginal productivity, employees will favor ineffective inputs as piece-rate bonuses grow. In such cases, input-based incentives may prove more effective. This paper provides preliminary evidence from a real-effort laboratory experiment that workers do indeed shift away from high-variance inputs even at the expense of their average pay. Participants are paid based on the number of easy or hard math questions they successfully answer. During treatment, the marginal payoff for each question type is randomized. I show participants shift away from their efficient question type as production uncertainty grows for that type.
Download or read book Performance Incentives and Planning Under Uncertainty written by Gregory G. Hildebrandt and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report discusses the use of the performance incentive function (PIF) by planning organizations when there is subjective or objective uncertainty. It is proved that a PIF can be constructed which achieves both allocational and distributional optimality, when there is subjective uncertainty about the conditions of production and both the center and the producer are risk averse. When there is objective uncertainty, however, it is shown that it is not, in general, possible for the center to achieve these two objectives simultaneously.
Download or read book Incentive Contracting Guide written by United States. Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Administration s Fiscal Year 1983 Economic Program written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Comprehensive Assessment of the Role of Risk in U S Agriculture written by Richard E. Just and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After all the research on agricultural risk to date, the treatment of risk in agricultural research is far from harmonious. Many competing risk models have been proposed. Some new methodologies are largely untested. Some of the leading empirical methodologies in agricultural economic research are poorly suited for problems with aggregate data where risk averse behavior is less likely to be important. This book is intended to (i) define the current state of the literature on agricultural risk research, (ii) provide a critical evaluation of economic risk research on agriculture to date and (iii) set a research agenda that will meet future needs and prospects. This type of research promises to become of increasing importance because agricultural policy in the United States and elsewhere has decidedly shifted from explicit income support objectives to risk-related motivations of helping farmers deal with risk. Beginning with the 1996 Farm Bill, the primary set of policy instruments from U.S. agriculture has shifted from target prices and set aside acreage to agricultural crop insurance. Because this book is intended to have specific implications for U.S. agricultural policy, it has a decidedly domestic scope, but clearly many of the issues have application abroad. For each of the papers and topics included in this volume, individuals have been selected to give the strongest and broadest possible treatment of each facet of the problem. The result is this comprehensive reference book on the economics of agricultural risk.
Download or read book Defence Procurement And Industry Policy written by Stefan Markowski and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2010 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Defence procurement remains a relatively under-researched area, mostly focusing on the USA. This revealing book looks at defence procurement from the point of view of smaller countries such as Israel, Australia, Poland and Spain.
Download or read book Sourcing Strategy written by Sudhi Seshadri and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-04-07 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sourcing Strategy is about sourcing as a long term strategic activity. Myopic purchasing management stops short with describing functional procedures and procedural innovations such as online order processing. The goal of this book is not merely to document sourcing strategy, but to provide the tools to determine it. Therefore, rather than merely describe common sourcing processes, the book takes a normative approach to sourcing strategy. It argues for a rational, complete and integrated process view. It supports its recommendations with logical arguments from an interdisciplinary and analytical approach grounded in microeconomics, law and business strategy. Part 1 of the book explains the economic and business principles that underlie sourcing strategies. It derives policies that guide viable strategies to meet sourcing goals. Part 2 applies these to creative designs for standard sourcing scenarios.
Download or read book Handbook of Procurement written by Nicola Dimitri and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-09-28 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can organizations ensure that they can get best value for money in their procurement decisions? How can they stimulate innovations from their dedicated suppliers? With contributions from leading academics and professionals, this 2006 handbook offers expert guidance on the fundamental aspects of successful procurement design and management in firms, public administrations, and international institutions. The issues addressed include the management of dynamic procurement; the handling of procurement risk; the architecture of purchasing systems; the structure of incentives in procurement contracts; methods to increase suppliers' participation in procurement contests and e-procurement platforms; how to minimize the risk of collusion and of corruption; pricing and reputation mechanisms in e-procurement platforms; and how procurement can enhance innovation. Inspired by frontier research, it provides practical recommendations to managers, engineers and lawyers engaged in private and public procurement design.
Download or read book Handbook of Public Finance written by Fred Thompson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-02-04 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting emphases on and approaches to issues such as government spending, reporting, pricing and fiscal federalism, the Handbook of Public Finance demonstrates the utility of integrating public finance theory with actual public policy practices. It discusses applications in major subfields of public finance, including public education, environmental regulation, energy policy, social welfare programs, and local and state politics. Other topics of discussion include the theory and practice of tax incidence analysis; the marginal costs of taxation and regulation, the economics of expenditure incidence, discounting and the social discount rate; passive use benefits, and public sector pricing.
Download or read book The Value of Signals in Hidden Action Models written by Wendelin Schnedler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the fundamental work of Walras (1874), markets have received particular attention by economists because they lead to an efficient allocation of goods and services. However, the proper functioning of markets rests on certain assumptions. For instance, the good or ser vice which is to be traded must be clearly defined. This elementary requirement is often violated in reality, in particular when services are concerned. Consider the example of railway workers who are hired to lay tracks. A labour contract which stipulates a fixed wage and defines the workers' task as "laying tracks" is rather unspecific. Workers may profit from this vagueness by reducing effort to a comfortable amount -as long as tracks are laid, they do not violate contract conditions. Thus, an im precise definition of the service can result in inefficiently low efforts. An obvious solution to this problem is a clearer definition of the ser vice, but often this way is barred: To specify, for instance, all actions which are involved in laying tracks and which may vary with weather, surface and other conditions is far too complicated and too costly. In deed, labour contracts seldom give a detailed account of the task of a worker. Alternatively to a more precise task description, the wage of the worker could be conditioned on information about the worker's performance. For example, the railway workers might be paid by the length of tracks laid so that they are motivated to exert more effort.
Download or read book Hidden Costs of Energy written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-05-26 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the many benefits of energy, most of which are reflected in energy market prices, the production, distribution, and use of energy causes negative effects. Many of these negative effects are not reflected in energy market prices. When market failures like this occur, there may be a case for government interventions in the form of regulations, taxes, fees, tradable permits, or other instruments that will motivate recognition of these external or hidden costs. The Hidden Costs of Energy defines and evaluates key external costs and benefits that are associated with the production, distribution, and use of energy, but are not reflected in market prices. The damage estimates presented are substantial and reflect damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation, motor vehicle transportation, and heat generation. The book also considers other effects not quantified in dollar amounts, such as damages from climate change, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security. While not a comprehensive guide to policy, this analysis indicates that major initiatives to further reduce other emissions, improve energy efficiency, or shift to a cleaner electricity generating mix could substantially reduce the damages of external effects. A first step in minimizing the adverse consequences of new energy technologies is to better understand these external effects and damages. The Hidden Costs of Energy will therefore be a vital informational tool for government policy makers, scientists, and economists in even the earliest stages of research and development on energy technologies.
Download or read book Industry 4 0 Managing The Digital Transformation written by Alp Ustundag and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-14 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive guide to Industry 4.0 applications, not only introducing implementation aspects but also proposing a conceptual framework with respect to the design principles. In addition, it discusses the effects of Industry 4.0, which are reflected in new business models and workforce transformation. The book then examines the key technological advances that form the pillars of Industry 4.0 and explores their potential technical and economic benefits using examples of real-world applications. The changing dynamics of global production, such as more complex and automated processes, high-level competitiveness and emerging technologies, have paved the way for a new generation of goods, products and services. Moreover, manufacturers are increasingly realizing the value of the data that their processes and products generate. Such trends are transforming manufacturing industry to the next generation, namely Industry 4.0, which is based on the integration of information and communication technologies and industrial technology.The book provides a conceptual framework and roadmap for decision-makers for this transformation
Download or read book Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal written by James T. Bartis and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2008-12-04 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large U.S. coal reserves and viable technology make promising a domestic industry producing liquid fuels from coal. Weighing benefits, costs, and environmental issues, a productive and robust U.S. strategy is to promote a limited amount of early commercial experience in coal-to-liquids production and to prepare the foundation for managing associated greenhouse-gas emissions, both in a way that reduces uncertainties and builds future capabilities.
Download or read book The Handbook of Organizational Economics written by Robert Gibbons and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 1248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (E-book available via MyiLibrary) In even the most market-oriented economies, most economic transactions occur not in markets but inside managed organizations, particularly business firms. Organizational economics seeks to understand the nature and workings of such organizations and their impact on economic performance. The Handbook of Organizational Economics surveys the major theories, evidence, and methods used in the field. It displays the breadth of topics in organizational economics, including the roles of individuals and groups in organizations, organizational structures and processes, the boundaries of the firm, contracts between and within firms, and more.
Download or read book Strategic Foresight written by A. Marcus and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-30 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides students and line managers in organizations with the means to create better scenarios and to use them to create winning business strategies. The book covers scenarios such as: economic outlooks; political environments; acquisitions; downsizing, and more.
Download or read book Optimizing Supply Chain Performance written by Michael Roe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-08 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimizing Supply Chain Performance takes industrial case studies from SMEs in China to examine the importance of information sharing and coordinated management as essential mechanisms to improve supply chain performance.
Download or read book Management Science written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues for Feb. 1965-Aug. 1967 include Bulletin of the Institute of Management Sciences.
