Download or read book Understanding the Tracking Errors of Commodity Leveraged ETFs written by Kevin Guo and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commodity exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are a significant part of the rapidly growing ETF market. They have become popular in recent years as they provide investors access to a great variety of commodities, ranging from precious metals to building materials, and from oil and gas to agricultural products. In this article, we analyze the tracking performance of commodity leveraged ETFs and discuss the associated trading strategies. It is known that leveraged ETF returns typically deviate from their tracking target over longer holding horizons due to the so-called volatility drag. This motivates us to construct a benchmark process that accounts for the volatility drag, and use it to examine the tracking performance of commodity leveraged ETFs. From empirical data, we find that many commodity leveraged ETFs underperform significantly against the benchmark, and we quantify such a discrepancy via the novel idea of realized effective fee. Finally, we consider a number of trading strategies and examine their performance by backtesting with historical price data.
Download or read book The Influences of the Market Sentiment on Tracking Performance of the Leveraged and Inverse ETF written by Chen-fu Lee and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study takes Taiwan's leveraged ETF and inverse ETF as object of study to track the difference of performance under different market sentiment compared with traditional ETF. In order to objectively define the state of market sentiment, the two-section threshold autoregressive (TAR) method is used to estimate panic index, and market sentiment is divided into two states, pessimistic and optimistic, to observe the difference in tracking performance under different market sentiment. In addition, considering the occurrence of Sino-US trade war and the structural changes and impacts of the global economy, the threshold values of the two periods before and after the trade war are estimated to capture the threshold effects that vary from time to time based on the starting date of the Sino-US trade war. In view of the structural changes and impacts of the Sino-US trade war on the global economy, this paper also tests the referential value of VIX as an indicator of market sentiment response and price discovery. Secondly, different from traditional ETF which directly holds the target commodities to copy profits and losses, leverage ETF and inverse ETF build leverage by investing in derivative commodities such as futures to track holdings in the spot market and futures market. The trading system, liquidity and investors' operational needs are different, which will affect the tracking ability of ETF. Therefore, this paper uses DCC-GARCH model to detect whether there is asymmetric relationship between various ETF and the tracking target market, and incorporates the mentioned threshold differences into the model, hoping to understand the changes in tracking performance by capturing the changes in dynamic correlation coefficients. In addition, this paper also discusses the differences of correlation coefficient and tracking error between ETF and its tracking target in different major economic events, which can be used as a reference for investors to avoid risks when they expect the market to fall. The empirical results show that the poor tracking performance of leveraged ETF and inverse ETF results in an asymmetric inverse relationship between trading volume and return, and the tracking error is taken as the reference basis for investors to buy and hold ETF, which may lead to investment decision errors. After the Sino-US trade war, due to changes in economic structure, the market volatility and expectation panic has increased, worsening the tracking performance of traditional ETF and leveraged ETF. The panic index has no threshold effect after the Sino-US trade war and cannot effectively reflect the emotional state of the market. Moreover, it has no price discovery ability under high fluctuation. After taking into consideration the event factors, this paper finds that the tracking performance of traditional ETF shows significant differences and the impact of financial events on tracking errors is significantly greater than monetary policy, economic structural changes and non-financial events.
Download or read book Commodities Energy and Environmental Finance written by René Aïd and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-30 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a collection of chapters covering the latest developments in applications of financial mathematics and statistics to topics in energy, commodity financial markets and environmental economics. The research presented is based on the presentations and discussions that took place during the Fields Institute Focus Program on Commodities, Energy and Environmental Finance in August 2013. The authors include applied mathematicians, economists and industry practitioners, providing for a multi-disciplinary spectrum of perspectives on the subject. The volume consists of four sections: Electricity Markets; Real Options; Trading in Commodity Markets; and Oligopolistic Models for Energy Production. Taken together, the chapters give a comprehensive summary of the current state of the art in quantitative analysis of commodities and energy finance. The topics covered include structural models of electricity markets, financialization of commodities, valuation of commodity real options, game-theory analysis of exhaustible resource management and analysis of commodity ETFs. The volume also includes two survey articles that provide a source for new researchers interested in getting into these topics.
Download or read book Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds written by Tim Leung and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-24 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an analysis, under both discrete-time and continuous-time frameworks, on the price dynamics of leveraged exchange-traded funds (LETFs), with emphasis on the roles of leverage ratio, realized volatility, investment horizon, and tracking errors. This study provides new insights on the risks associated with LETFs. It also leads to the discussion of new risk management concepts, such as admissible leverage ratios and admissible risk horizon, as well as the mathematical and empirical analyses of several trading strategies, including static portfolios, pairs trading, and stop-loss strategies involving ETFs and LETFs. The final part of the book addresses the pricing of options written on LETFs. Since different LETFs are designed to track the same reference index, these funds and their associated options share very similar sources of randomness. The authors provide a no-arbitrage pricing approach that consistently value options on LETFs with different leverage ratios with stochastic volatility and jumps in the reference index. Their results are useful for market making of these options, and for identifying price discrepancies across the LETF options markets. As the market of leveraged exchange-traded products become a sizeable connected part of the financial market, it is crucial to better understand its feedback effect and broader market impact. This is important not only for individual and institutional investors, but also for regulators.
Download or read book Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds written by Peter Miu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds (LETFs) are publicly-traded funds that promise to provide daily returns that are in a multiple (positive or negative) of the returns on an index. To meet that promise, the funds use leverage, which is typically obtained through derivatives such as futures contracts, forward contracts, and total-return swaps. As of the end of 2012, there were over 250 LETFs in North America with total assets of approximately $32.24 billion. While the amount of assets held by these funds is still small, their popularity continues to grow as their trading volume is significantly larger and much more dynamic than traditional, non-leveraged ETFs. This comprehensive guide to LETFs provides high-level practitioners and researchers with a detailed reference tool for navigating the market and making informed investment decisions. Written from a measured analytical perspective, Miu and Charupat use clear and concise explanations of all important aspects of LETFs, focusing on such key elements as structure, pricing, performance, regulations, taxation, and trading strategies. The first two chapters set the stage for the book by identifying exactly what LETFs are and how they are regulated. The following chapters then look to bridge theory with practice to dive deep into the mechanics, portfolio rebalancing techniques, and daily compounding effects that make investing in these funds so lucrative.
Download or read book Tracking Error of Leveraged and Inverse ETFs written by John A. Romano and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tracking ability of leveraged and inverse exchange traded funds can be very important to investors looking for a dependable return. If the investor wants to put their money on a certain index they feel strongly about, they expect their investment vehicle to track that return appropriately. Over the years, we have seen tremendous growth in the exchange traded fund industry. In 2006, leveraged and inverse funds were introduced to the market, allowing investors to take leveraged and directional trades on indices. These investment vehicles can be traded as easily as any stock, and therefore need some attention. Since any novice investor can access and trade these funds, they need to be aware of the risks they are taking.
Download or read book Alternative Investments written by CAIA Association and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-09-22 with total page 1107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In-depth Level II exam preparation direct from the CAIA Association CAIA Level II is the official study guide for the Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst professional examination, and an authoritative guide to working in the alternative investment sphere. Written by the makers of the exam, this book provides in-depth guidance through the entire exam agenda; the Level II strategies are the same as Level I, but this time you'll review them through the lens of risk management and portfolio optimisation. Topics include asset allocation and portfolio oversight, style analysis, risk management, alternative asset securitisation, secondary market creation, performance and style attribution and indexing and benchmarking, with clear organisation and a logical progression that allows you to customise your preparation focus. This new third edition has been updated to align with the latest exam, and to reflect the current practices in the field. The CAIA designation was developed to provide a standardized knowledge base in the midst of explosive capital inflow into alternative investments. This book provides a single-source repository of that essential information, tailored to those preparing for the Level II exam. Measure, monitor and manage funds from a risk management perspective Delve into advanced portfolio structures and optimisation strategies Master the nuances of private equity, real assets, commodities and hedge funds Gain expert insight into preparing thoroughly for the CAIA Level II exam The CAIA Charter programme is rigorous and comprehensive, and the designation is globally recognised as the highest standard in alternative investment education. Candidates seeking thorough preparation and detailed explanations of all aspects of alternative investment need look no further than CAIA Level II.
Download or read book Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds written by Tim Leung and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an analysis, under both discrete-time and continuous-time frameworks, on the price dynamics of leveraged exchange-traded funds (LETFs), with emphasis on the roles of leverage ratio, realized volatility, investment horizon, and tracking errors. This study provides new insights on the risks associated with LETFs. It also leads to the discussion of new risk management concepts, such as admissible leverage ratios and admissible risk horizon, as well as the mathematical and empirical analyses of several trading strategies, including static portfolios, pairs trading, and stop-loss strategies involving ETFs and LETFs. The final part of the book addresses the pricing of options written on LETFs. Since different LETFs are designed to track the same reference index, these funds and their associated options share very similar sources of randomness. The authors provide a no-arbitrage pricing approach that consistently value options on LETFs with different leverage ratios with stochastic volatility and jumps in the reference index. Their results are useful for market making of these options, and for identifying price discrepancies across the LETF options markets. As the market of leveraged exchange-traded products become a sizeable connected part of the financial market, it is crucial to better understand its feedback effect and broader market impact. This is important not only for individual and institutional investors, but also for regulators.
Download or read book Anomalies in Taylor Series and Tracking Errors and Homomorphisms in the Returns of Leveraged Inverse ETFs and Synthetic ETFs Funds written by Michael C. I. Nwogugu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While Leveraged/Inverse ETFs, synthetic funds and synthetic ETFs have grown in popularity during the last fifteen years, there are many structural problems inherent in the legal/economic structure of these ETFs. These problems raise actionable issues of “Suitability” and “fraud” under US securities laws, because the advertised terms of most Leveraged/Inverse ETFs, synthetic funds and synthetic ETFs are mis-leading, and they have substantial tracking errors and can increase market volatility. This article contributes to the existing literature by: i) critiquing the structure of Leveraged/Inverse ETFs, synthetic funds and synthetic ETFs and the inherent decision-making processes (ie. creation and use of the ETFs; re-balancing; biases), ii) showing how Put Call Parity Theorem affects the accuracy of Leveraged/Inverse ETFs and synthetic ETFs; iii) analyzing and showing how Leveraged/Inverse ETFs increase market volatility; iv) explaining the biases and effects inherent in Leveraged/Inverse ETFs and synthetic funds/ETFs such as new types of tracking errors and the downward drift in returns which are Homomorphisms - and which were omitted in Reigneron, Allez & Bouchaud (2011); Avellaneda & Zhang (2010); Bouchaud & Potters (2001); Kenett, et.al. (2012); Tang & Xu (2013); Charupat & Miu (2011); Hongfei & Xu (2013); and Dobi & Avellaneda (2012); and v) explaining an anomaly in the Taylor Series. Hence, these issues have implications for analysis of nonlinearity and chaos in markets.
Download or read book Tracking Errors and Their Determinants written by Patrick Kuok-Kun Chu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper extends the author's previous study on the magnitude of tracking error, which used panel data to find the determinants of tracking errors in exchange traded funds (ETFs) in the Hong Kong stock market. In general, the results of this study suggest that tracking errors are comparatively greater in Hong Kong ETFs than in ETFs in the U.S. and Australia. A comparison of tracking errors between physical and synthetic ETFs also indicates that the synthetic ETFs have higher tracking errors. The magnitude of tracking errors is found to be negatively related to size but positively related to dividend yield, trading volumes of funds, and market risk. This finding is consistent with those of previous studies. However, this study also finds that expense ratio has a negative impact on tracking error, which is not consistent with previous studies, and which this paper addresses.
Download or read book Cross Market Investor Sentiment in Commodity Exchange Traded Funds written by Hsiu-Lang Chen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study shows how the investor sentiment in the stock market affects prices of commodity exchange-traded funds (ETFs). The study provides quantitative evidence that the tracking errors of commodity ETFs differ in the bullish versus the bearish stock market, and the aggregate tracking error of commodity ETFs is sensitive to the well-known sentiment measures. The study exploits a profitable trading strategy based on investor sentiment in the stock market and commodity market. The sentiment-driven demand for commodity ETFs could exist even after consideration of trading costs, and it is a short-term phenomenon. This unique evidence indicates investor sentiment affects asset valuation across markets.
Download or read book Commodities written by H. Kent Baker and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-03-06 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commodities: Markets, Performance, and Strategies provides a comprehensive view of commodity markets by describing and analyzing historical commodity performance, vehicles for investing in commodities, portfolio strategies, and current topics. It begins with the basics of commodity markets and various investment vehicles. The book then highlights the unique risk and return profiles of commodity investments, along with the dangers from mismanaged risk practices. The book also provides important insights into recent developments, including high frequency trading, financialization, and the emergence of virtual currencies as commodities. Readers of Commodities: Markets, Performance, and Strategies can gain an in-depth understanding about the multiple dimensions of commodity investing from experts from around the world. Commodity markets can be accessed with products that create unique risk and return dynamics for investors worldwide. The authors provide insights in a range of areas, from the economics of supply and demand for individual physical commodities through the financial products used to gain exposure to commodities. The book balances useful practical advice on commodity exposure while exposing the reader to various pitfalls inherent in these markets. Readers interested in a basic understanding will benefit as will those looking for more in-depth presentations of specific areas within commodity markets. Overall, Commodities: Markets, Performance, and Strategies provides a fresh look at the myriad dimensions of investing in these globally important markets.
Download or read book A Comprehensive Guide to Exchange Traded Funds ETFs written by Joanne M. Hill and published by CFA Institute Research Foundation. This book was released on 2015-05 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have become in their 25-year history one of the fastest growing segments of the investment management business. These funds provide liquid access to virtually every financial market and allow large and small investors to build institutional-caliber portfolios. Yet, their management fees are significantly lower than those typical of mutual funds. High levels of transparency in ETFs for holdings and investment strategy help investors evaluate an ETF’s potential returns and risks. This book covers the evolution of ETFs as products and in their uses in investment strategies. It details how ETFs work, their unique investment and trading features, their regulatory structure, how they are used in tactical and strategic portfolio management in a broad range of asset classes, and how to evaluate them individually.
Download or read book Interdisciplinary Research in Technology and Management written by Satyajit Chakrabarti and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conference on ‘Interdisciplinary Research in Technology and Management” was a bold experiment in deviating from the traditional approach of conferences which focus on a specific topic or theme. By attempting to bring diverse inter-related topics on a common platform, the conference has sought to answer a long felt need and give a fillip to interdisciplinary research not only within the technology domain but across domains in the management field as well. The spectrum of topics covered in the research papers is too wide to be singled out for specific mention but it is noteworthy that these papers addressed many important and relevant concerns of the day.
Download or read book Portfolio Management in Practice Volume 2 written by CFA Institute and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-12-10 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the latest essential resource on asset allocation for students and investment professionals. Part of the CFA Institute’s three-volume Portfolio Management in Practice series, Asset Allocation offers a deep, comprehensive treatment of the asset allocation process and the underlying theories and markets that support it. As the second volume in the series, Asset Allocation meets the needs of both graduate-level students focused on finance and industry professionals looking to become more dynamic investors. Filled with the insights and industry knowledge of the CFA Institute’s subject matter experts, Asset Allocation effectively blends theory and practice while helping the reader expand their skillsets in key areas of interest. This volume provides complete coverage on the following topics: Setting capital market expectations to support the asset allocation process Principles and processes in the asset allocation process, including handling ESG-integration and client-specific constraints Allocation beyond the traditional asset classes to include allocation to alternative investments The role of exchange-traded funds can play in implementing investment strategies An integrative case study in portfolio management involving a university endowment To further enhance your understanding of tools and techniques explored in Asset Allocation, don’t forget to pick up the Portfolio Management in Practice, Volume 2: Asset Allocation Workbook. The workbook is the perfect companion resource containing learning outcomes, summary overview sections, and challenging practice questions that align chapter-by-chapter with the main text.
Download or read book Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds written by Peter Miu and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds (LETFs) are publicly-traded funds that promise to provide daily returns that are in a multiple (positive or negative) of the returns on an index. To meet that promise, the funds use leverage, which is typically obtained through derivatives such as futures contracts, forward contracts, and total-return swaps. As of the end of 2012, there were over 250 LETFs in North America with total assets of approximately $32.24 billion. While the amount of assets held by these funds is still small, their popularity continues to grow as their trading volume is significantly larger and much more dynamic than traditional, non-leveraged ETFs. This comprehensive guide to LETFs provides high-level practitioners and researchers with a detailed reference tool for navigating the market and making informed investment decisions. Written from a measured analytical perspective, Miu and Charupat use clear and concise explanations of all important aspects of LETFs, focusing on such key elements as structure, pricing, performance, regulations, taxation, and trading strategies. The first two chapters set the stage for the book by identifying exactly what LETFs are and how they are regulated. The following chapters then look to bridge theory with practice to dive deep into the mechanics, portfolio rebalancing techniques, and daily compounding effects that make investing in these funds so lucrative.
Download or read book Super Sectors written by John Nyaradi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-09-02 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smart financial strategies that can secure your financial future There are more than 600 exchange traded funds on the market today, and new ones are opening every day. Total worldwide invested assets in ETFs now tops $500 billion. Written in a straightforward and accessible style, Super Sectors outlines a specialized trading system that utilizes standard and leveraged exchange traded funds in an easy-to-follow plan, so that you can identify and invest in the hottest sectors in the world. In this book, author John Nyaradi skillfully shows you how to use ETFs to take advantage of businesses and sectors that are profiting, while also minimizing risk by getting out of the same areas before they start to decline. Along the way, Nyaradi reveals how to best analyze different sectors, such as technology, utilities, industrial, energy, services, and finance, and then discusses which ETFs can help you profit from the opportunities these sectors present. The book: • Outlines an active investment management strategy that will allow you to generate steady success in any market • Details how different types of businesses profit and suffer during different business cycles • Explores how sectors rotation strategies and exchange traded funds can put you in a better position to excel financially • Includes interviews with key experts The “buy-and-hold” strategy of yesterday won’t work in today’s investment environment. Nyaradi identifies the strongest potential sectors in the future. Find out what will work with Super Sectors as your guide.
