Download or read book Understanding the Impacts of Anthropogenic Stressors on Species Ecosystems and Fishing Communities written by Emma E. Hodgson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anthropogenic modifications of marine environments result from a variety of activities and have effects across social and ecological dimensions. Humans inhabit linked systems, where our actions such as resource extraction, pollution and development influence species in both direct and indirect ways and feedback to influence the human communities dependent on living marine resources. In order to understand the consequences of our actions and develop strategies to plan for future environmental change, we need a diverse set of tools able to incorporate various levels of complexity. This necessitates the improvement and modification of existing tools, development of novel approaches and unique applications of methods from across fields. In this dissertation I address the ways in which we can use and improve existing tools in ecology to advance our understanding and management of marine resources. In the first Chapter I introduce a method to incorporate life stage specific responses to a stressor, ocean acidification, to gain a broader understanding of population level vulnerability. In the second Chapter I extend this work to address ecosystem level change from ocean acidification in the California Current, using an ecosystem model to determine changes in biomass and fisheries catch. In the third chapter, I work to improve our understanding of how multiple stressors acting across life history can be magnified or mitigated, based solely on biological characteristics of populations. Finally, in the fourth Chapter I introduce ecologists and natural scientists to a broader understanding of research on risk in order to improve our methods for approaching ecosystem based fisheries management. My work spans ecological scales from populations to ecosystems and links between social and ecological systems.

Download or read book Successes Limitations and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science written by Michael L. Pace and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecosystem research has emerged in recent decades as a vital, successful, and sometimes controversial approach to environmental science. This book emphasizes the idea that much of the progress in ecosystem research has been driven by the emergence of new environmental problems that could not be addressed by existing approaches. By focusing on successes and limitations of ecosystems studies, the book explores avenues for future ecosystem-level research.

Download or read book Advancements in the Understanding of Anthropogenic Impacts on the Microbial Ecology and Function of Aquatic Environments written by Rodrigo Gouvea Taketani and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-24 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Understanding the Effect of Climate Change on Fisheries and Fishing Communities written by Samar Deen and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation examines specific commercial fisheries in different geographic locations. The over-arching theme is to examine natural and/or anthropogenic perturbations in species dynamics. This dissertation also extends the association of species dynamics in perturbed systems to fisher based economies and human-health. Given the spatial and temporal nature of biological systems, spatial models and spatial-temporal models are applied to understand system dynamics with environmental stochasticity as a key determinant. An integrated nested laplace approximation spatial-temporal model explains fisheries abundance, (2) spatial bionomic models identify optimal management strategies in a changing fishery, (3) conditional auto-regressive models explain spatial differences in fisher well-being. This thesis will test whether distribution of the summer flounder can be explained by regional climate driven increase in ocean temperature in the Mid-Altantic Bight, USA; develops three models calibrated to the Maine, USA green sea urchin fishery since 1995, that is used to test whether periodic closures are optimal to permit stock regeneration, or whether the creation of a marine reserve is optimal; provide empirical evidence to demonstrate a relationship between malnutrition in artisanal fisher communities an degradation in coral reef ecosystems in Indonesia. The results suggest that all management decisions take into consideration a precautionary approach that account for stochastic environmental events. Local sources of anthropogenic stressors should be mitigated, given that regional policies have a higher chance of ameliorating and off-setting global climate change stressors.

Download or read book Stressors in the Marine Environment written by Martin Solan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-10 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multitude of direct and indirect human influences have significantly altered the environmental conditions, composition, and diversity of marine communities. However, understanding and predicting the combined impacts of single and multiple stressors is particularly challenging because observed ecological feedbacks are underpinned by a number of physiological and behavioural responses that reflect stressor type, severity, and timing. Furthermore, integration between the traditional domains of physiology and ecology tends to be fragmented and focused towards the effects of a specific stressor or set of circumstances. This novel volume summarises the latest research in the physiological and ecological responses of marine species to a comprehensive range of marine stressors, including chemical and noise pollution, ocean acidification, hypoxia, UV radiation, thermal and salinity stress before providing a perspective on future outcomes for some of the most pressing environmental issues facing society today. Stressors in the Marine Environment synthesises the combined expertise of a range of international researchers, providing a truly interdisciplinary and accessible summary of the field. It is essential reading for graduate students as well as professional researchers in environmental physiology, ecology, marine biology, conservation biology, and marine resource management. It will also be of particular relevance and use to the regulatory agencies and authorities tasked with managing the marine environment, including social scientists and environmental economists.

Download or read book YOUMARES 9 the Oceans Our Research Our Future written by Simon Jungblut and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book summarizes peer-reviewed articles and the abstracts of oral and poster presentations given during the YOUMARES 9 conference which took place in Oldenburg, Germany, in September 2018. The aims of this book are to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge in marine sciences and to inspire scientists of all career stages in the development of further research. These conferences are organized by and for young marine researchers. Qualified early-career researchers, who moderated topical sessions during the conference, contributed literature reviews on specific topics within their research field. .

Download or read book Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-05-04 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine mammals face a large array of stressors, including loss of habitat, chemical and noise pollution, and bycatch in fishing, which alone kills hundreds of thousands of marine mammals per year globally. To discern the factors contributing to population trends, scientists must consider the full complement of threats faced by marine mammals. Once populations or ecosystems are found to be at risk of adverse impacts, it is critical to decide which combination of stressors to reduce to bring the population or ecosystem into a more favorable state. Assessing all stressors facing a marine mammal population also provides the environmental context for evaluating whether an additional activity could threaten it. Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals builds upon previous reports to assess current methodologies used for evaluating cumulative effects and identify new approaches that could improve these assessments. This review focuses on ways to quantify exposure-related changes in the behavior, health, or body condition of individual marine mammals and makes recommendations for future research initiatives.

Download or read book Ocean Acidification written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ocean has absorbed a significant portion of all human-made carbon dioxide emissions. This benefits human society by moderating the rate of climate change, but also causes unprecedented changes to ocean chemistry. Carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean decreases the pH of the water and leads to a suite of chemical changes collectively known as ocean acidification. The long term consequences of ocean acidification are not known, but are expected to result in changes to many ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean reviews the current state of knowledge, explores gaps in understanding, and identifies several key findings. Like climate change, ocean acidification is a growing global problem that will intensify with continued CO2 emissions and has the potential to change marine ecosystems and affect benefits to society. The federal government has taken positive initial steps by developing a national ocean acidification program, but more information is needed to fully understand and address the threat that ocean acidification may pose to marine ecosystems and the services they provide. In addition, a global observation network of chemical and biological sensors is needed to monitor changes in ocean conditions attributable to acidification.

Download or read book Ecosystems of the Deep Oceans written by P.A. Tyler and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-03-27 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the deep sea ecosystem from a variety of perspectives. The initial chapters examine the deep-sea floor, the deep pelagic environment and the more specialised chemosynthetic environments of hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. These environments are examined from the perspective of the relationship of deep-sea animals to their physico-chemical environment. Later chapters examine the biogeography of the main deep oceans (Atlantic, Pacific and Indian) with particular attention to the downward flux of surface-derived organic matter and how this drives the processes within the deep-sea ecosystem. The peripheral deep seas including the polar seas and the marginal deep seas (inter alia the Mediterranean, Red, Caribbean and Okhotsk seas) are explored in the same context. The final chapters examine the processes occurring in the deep sea and include an analysis of why the deep sea has high species diversity, how the fauna respond to organic input and how species have adapted reproductive activity in the deep sea. The volume concludes with an analysis of the anthropogenic impact on the deep sea.

Download or read book Cumulative Impacts of Multiple Stressors on Aquatic Communities written by Megan M. MacLennan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Novel anthropogenic perturbations (i.e. stressors) often mediate the effects of each other, generating "ecological surprises". While the cumulative impact of certain stressors on individual organisms and populations is becoming better understood, little is known about how their net effects transfer to higher levels of biological organization. To address this knowledge gap, I investigated the influence of species co-tolerance (i.e. the correlation between species tolerances to two stressors) and meta-community dynamics on the net effects of two common stressors of planktonic food webs in naturally fishless lakes, namely introduced trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salvelinus fontinalis and Oncorhynchus clarkii) and higher temperatures. To help formulate my hypotheses, I analyzed trends in observational data using 1) a survey of naturally fishless and stocked lakes positioned along an elevational (and thus climatic) gradient and, 2) monitoring records of an alpine lake when stocked trout were absent and present across a 24-year period of climatic variation. My main hypotheses were that 1) non-native trout synergistically increases the effect of higher temperatures on planktonic communities of montane lakes, 2) positively correlated species tolerances to non-native trout and warming, driven by selection for the same trait by both stressors (i.e. smaller body-size), can help explain the influence of exposure sequence on their cumulative effects on species composition and functional structure, and 3) regional zooplankton imported from a diverse array of lakes can functionally compensate for local alpine species suppressed by non-native trout and warming. I experimentally tested these hypotheses using controlled manipulations of fish and temperature on planktonic food webs from naturally fishless mountain lakes. Empirical evidence from the spatial survey and outdoor mesocosm experiment following a two-factor, fully crossed design [(fish absent vs. present) × (ambient temperature vs. warmed)] with randomized blocking supported my first hypothesis by showing that the positive effect of higher temperatures on community biomass occurred only in the presence of non-native trout. The synergistic interaction between the stressors likely occurred because warming stimulated reproduction of smaller herbivores that were released from competition and predation in fishstocked communities. Further, introduced trout stimulated primary production, likely by suppressing large efficient herbivores (Daphnia spp.), but also potentially by increasing nutrient recycling. As hypothesized, both non-native trout and warming selected for small body-size and planktonic communities of naturally fishless montane lakes showed positive co-tolerance to the stressors. Using a novel approach integrating species traits and co-tolerances and a one-factor experiment consisting of three stressor treatments (Unstressed, Warming then fish, and Fish then warming) with randomized blocking, I discovered that positive co-tolerance to trout and warming helped explain their net effect on the functional structure of communities. Together, the stressors extirpated larger species occupying higher trophic levels, which lacked tolerance to either stressor, while stimulating smaller co-tolerant species, regardless of exposure sequence. In the temporal survey and growth-chamber experiment following a three-factor, fullycrossed design [(size-selective predation absent vs. present) × (ambient temperature vs. warmed) × (local vs. local + regional species pools)] with randomized blocking, predation by non-native trout and higher temperatures each decreased community biomass in naturally fishless alpine lakes by suppressing large zooplankton. The experiment also revealed that declines of alpine species increased the establishment of regional zooplankton, including a diversity of montane species under warmed conditions. Yet, contrary to my hypothesis, the introduction of regional species did not alleviate the negative effect of fish predation and warming on alpine communities, suggesting that upward dispersal of montane species is unlikely to provide functional compensation to stressed alpine communities. My finding that non-native trout and warming had opposite effects on lower montane versus alpine lake communities highlights the challenging context dependency of their cumulative ecological impacts. Nevertheless, my integration of species co-tolerances with related key traits provides a promising tool to help predict the net effects of these and other stressors across ecological communities and habitats. A better understanding of the relationship between species tolerances to co-occurring stressors may also help prioritize management actions. For example, my discovery that non-native trout and higher temperatures similarly affect zooplankton communities suggests that fish removals may be best targeted in lakes that will experience less warming, such as those containing natural climate refugia (e.g. stable coldwater hypolimnia). Otherwise, climate warming may prevent planktonic food webs from recovering following the removal of introduced sportfish.

Download or read book The State of World Highly Migratory Straddling and Other High Seas Fishery Resources and Associated Species written by Jean-Jacques Maguire and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2006 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fisheries for highly migratory species are important in all oceans and semi-enclosed seas, except for polar regions. Fisheries for straddling fish stocks are much more localised, primarily occurring in a few regions where continental shelves extend beyond the 200 miles Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), while most fisheries for other high seas fishery resources are deep-water fisheries. This publication examines issues relating to the stocks of these resources, including information on their state of exploitation. Findings include that about 30 percent of the stocks of highly migratory tuna and tuna-like species, more than half of highly migratory oceanic sharks and nearly two-thirds of the straddling stocks and the stocks of other high seas fishery resources are overexploited or depleted. Although the stocks concerned represent only a small fraction of the world fishery resources, they are key indicators of the state of an overwhelming part of the ocean ecosystem which appears to be more overexploited than EEZs.

Download or read book Multiple Stressors A Challenge for the Future written by Carmel Mothersill and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-20 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecotoxiclogical risk from multiple stressors covers any situation where org- isms are exposed to a combination of environmental stressors. These include physical and chemical pollutants as well as other stressors such as parasites and environmental impact (e. g. , climate change or habitat loss). The combi- tion of stressors can result in increased risk to organisms (either additive or synergistic effects) or decreased effects (protective or antagonistic effects). The multiple stressor challenge is an international, multi-disciplinary problem requiring an international, multi-disciplinary approach. The c- rent approach to multiple stressors is to examine one stressor at a time and assume additivity. Little work has been done on combinations of stressors such that potential interactions can be determined. The problem is very complex. Multiple stressors pose a whole spectrum of challenges that range from basic science to regulation, policy and gove- ance. The challenges raise fundamental questions about our understanding of the basic biological response to stressors, as well as the implications of those uncertainties in environmental risk assessment and management. In addition to the great breadth, there is also great depth in the research ch- lenges, largely due to the complexity of the issues. From a basic science point of view, many of the mechanisms and processes under investigation are at the cutting edge of science — involving new paradigms such as genomic ins- bility and bystander effects.

Download or read book Coasts and Estuaries written by Eric Wolanski and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-01-24 with total page 726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coasts and Estuaries: The Future provides valuable information on how we can protect and maintain natural ecological structures while also allowing estuaries to deliver services that produce societal goods and benefits. These issues are addressed through chapters detailing case studies from estuaries and coastal waters worldwide, presenting a full range of natural variability and human pressures. Following this, a series of chapters written by scientific leaders worldwide synthesizes the problems and offers solutions for specific issues graded within the framework of the socio-economic-environmental mosaic. These include fisheries, climate change, coastal megacities, evolving human-nature interactions, remediation measures, and integrated coastal management. The problems faced by half of the world living near coasts are truly a worldwide challenge as well as an opportunity for scientists to study commonalities and differences and provide solutions. This book is centered around the proposed DAPSI(W)R(M) framework, where drivers of basic human needs requires activities that each produce pressures. The pressures are mechanisms of state change on the natural system and Impacts on societal welfare (including well-being). These problems then require responses, which are the solutions relating to governance, socio-economic and cultural measures (Scharin et al 2016). Covers estuaries and coastal seas worldwide, integrating their commonality, differences and solutions for sustainability Includes global case studies from leading worldwide contributors, with accompanying boxes highlighting a synopsis about a particular estuary and coastal sea, making all information easy to find Presents full color images to aid the reader in a better understanding of details of each case study Provides a multi-disciplinary approach, linking biology, physics, climate and social sciences

Download or read book Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-01-06 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report indicates that climate change will significantly affect the availability and trade of fish products, especially for those countries most dependent on the sector, and calls for effective adaptation and mitigation actions encompassing food production.

Download or read book Understanding Marine Biodiversity written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-02-24 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diversity of marine life is being affected dramatically by fishery operations, chemical pollution and eutrophication, alteration of physical habitat, exotic species invasion, and effects of other human activities. Effective solutions will require an expanded understanding of the patterns and processes that control the diversity of life in the sea. Understanding Marine Biodiversity outlines the current state of our knowledge, and propose research agenda on marine biological diversity. This agenda represents a fundamental change in studying the oceanâ€"emphasizing regional research across a range of space and time scales, enhancing the interface between taxonomy and ecology, and linking oceanographic and ecological approaches. Highlighted with examples and brief case studies, this volume illustrates the depth and breadth of undescribed marine biodiversity, explores critical environmental issues, advocates the use of regionally defined model systems, and identifies a series of key biodiversity research questions. The authors examine the utility of various research approachesâ€"theory and modeling, retrospective analysis, integration of biotic and oceanographic surveysâ€"and review recent advances in molecular genetics, instrumentation, and sampling techniques applicable to the research agenda. Throughout the book the critical role of taxonomy is emphasized. Informative to the scientist and accessible to the policymaker, Understanding Marine Biodiversity will be of specific interest to marine biologists, ecologists, oceanographers, and research administrators, and to government agencies responsible for utilizing, managing, and protecting the oceans.

Download or read book Sustaining Marine Fisheries written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-03-19 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluctuations and declines in marine fish populations have caused growing concern among marine scientists, fisheries managers, commercial and recreational fishers, and the public. Sustaining Marine Fisheries explores the nature of marine ecosystems and the complex interacting factors that shape their productivity. The book documents the condition of marine fisheries today, highlighting species and geographic areas that are under particular stress. Challenges to achieving sustainability are discussed, and shortcomings of existing fisheries management and regulation are examined. The volume calls for fisheries management to adopt a broader ecosystem perspective that encompasses all relevant environmental and human influences. Sustaining Marine Fisheries offers new approaches to building workable fisheries management institutions, improving scientific data, and developing management tools. The book recommends ways to change current practices that encourage overexploitation of fish resources. It will be of special interest to marine policymakers and ecologists, fisheries regulators and managers, fisheries scientists and marine ecologists, fishers, and concerned individuals.

Download or read book Coastal lagoons written by Pierre Lasserre and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: