Download or read book Understanding how Femtosecond Laser Waveguide Fabrication in Glasses Works written by Wilbur Jordan Reichman and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Femtosecond Laser Waveguide Writing in Ternary Zinc Magnesium Phosphate Glasses written by Nikolay Skovorodnikov and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Femtosecond (fs) pulsed laser inscription was used to fabricate optical waveguides in ternary zinc magnesium phosphate glasses with different compositions. The main goal of this work was to find a reliable dielectric material for fs-laser waveguide writing, which has particular physical properties. The material is to be mechanically robust and chemically durable and is to exhibit positive refractive index change under fs-laser irradiation. Besides, such phosphate glass structures possess an advantageous high solubility of rare-earth ions, which can be potentially exploited for the fabrication of active photonic devices. In order to produce optical changes a fs-laser beam was focused inside the material so a sufficient intensity was reached and permanent structural modification could be induced at the focal volume. The glass samples were translated along the laser beam direction; therefore elongated optical modifications were formed. Whether the written lines were able to guide light was verified by measuring the near-field profile of the output mode of the waveguide at 660 nm. This way, optical guiding was demonstrated for the sample 25MgO 25ZnO 50P2O5 (mole %). Either tracks of damage or negative refractive index changes did not allow demonstrating guiding for other compositions. The laser-induced structural changes within the glass network were studied by means of spatially resolved micro Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. While slight or no peak shifts, of relevant Raman bands, were found, a strong fluorescence signal was measured and associated with POHC electronic defect formation. These results and corresponding changes of optical properties are discussed in relation with the O/P atomic ratios favorable for waveguide fabrication.

Download or read book Waveguide Fabrication in Nonlinear Glass Using a Femtosecond Laser Oscillator written by Jennifer Alexandra Gray and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Femtosecond Laser Micromachining written by Roberto Osellame and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-05 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Femtosecond laser micromachining of transparent material is a powerful and versatile technology. In fact, it can be applied to several materials. It is a maskless technology that allows rapid device prototyping, has intrinsic three-dimensional capabilities and can produce both photonic and microfluidic devices. For these reasons it is ideally suited for the fabrication of complex microsystems with unprecedented functionalities. The book is mainly focused on micromachining of transparent materials which, due to the nonlinear absorption mechanism of ultrashort pulses, allows unique three-dimensional capabilities and can be exploited for the fabrication of complex microsystems with unprecedented functionalities.This book presents an overview of the state of the art of this rapidly emerging topic with contributions from leading experts in the field, ranging from principles of nonlinear material modification to fabrication techniques and applications to photonics and optofluidics.

Download or read book Contrasts in Thermal Dffusion and Heat Accumulation Effects in the Fabrication of Waveguides in Glasses Using Variable Repetition Rate Femtosecond Laser written by Shane Eaton and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three dimensional Fabrication of Functional Single Crystal Waveguides Inside Glass by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation written by Adam Stone and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrafast femtosecond (fs) pulsed lasers are capable of inducing a wide range of local structural modifications inside transparent materials, enabling direct three dimensional (3D) patterning of features inside monolithic samples. As such, direct laser-writing of waveguides, gratings, and other optical components has attracted considerable interest for the purpose of 3D optical integration. Much progress has been made in writing index-gradient waveguides in glass, but such amorphous waveguides are inherently passive structures. For the important class of active optics applications that require a second-order nonlinear optical response, glasses are fundamentally unsuitable due to their isotropically disordered structure. Bulk single crystals of non-centrosymmetric phases are typically used when such functionality is needed, but by choosing specific glass compositions which crystallize into these phases, nonlinear optical properties may be introduced locally into a glass through laser-induced crystallization. In this dissertation, major issues of practical and theoretical importance for fs laser crystallization are examined in the model LaBGeO5 glass system--including focal depth effects, nucleation mechanisms, growth dynamics, and obtained morphologies--in order to develop a model framework that guides the optimization of process parameters for obtaining high quality single crystal waveguides with functional capability. Initiation of new crystals from bulk glass in this strongly glass-forming system involves a complex multi-step process with a strong sensitivity to focal depth. The key mechanism is identified as a reliance on heterogeneous nucleation to increase the nucleation rate to practical laboratory timescales, which is facilitated by the formation of free surface in the form of bubbles and the local composition modification induced by the laser heating. The role of focal depth is to modulate the heat source geometry through optical aberration and thereby influence the geometry of the melt, the bubble distribution, and the element redistribution. The convergence of local composition and local temperature at the bubble surface ultimately determines the nucleation rate, so focal depth may be used as a process parameter to accelerate crystallization. If consistent heating conditions are desired at different focal depths, which would generally be the case for 3D fabrication, aberration effects are detrimental. A novel method is described for correcting aberration effects when irradiating through multiple refracting layers in order to produce consistent focal conditions at arbitrary focal depths inside externally heated samples inside a closed furnace. This enables simultaneous aberration correction and in-situ annealing, which is essential for the suppression of cracks. Patterning of continuous crystal features like waveguides requires scanning the focus through the glass. Counterintuitively, a preferential and seemingly consistent lattice orientation with respect to the scan direction is found to be associated with polycrystallinity rather than single-crystallinity, as has generally been thought. Rather, the retention of preferential orientation even across changes in scan direction arises from directional filtering and competitive maximization of growth rate between grains of multiple orientations, of which new instances are frequently attempted at the growth front. Crystal lines exhibiting preferential orientation may thus contain many similarly-oriented but distinct grains separated by low-angle grain boundaries, and these would generally be overlooked by low angular resolution optical methods of assessment. Nevertheless, irradiation conditions which are capable of suppressing this polycrystallinity are identified and explained in terms of the collective interactions between the laser-induced temperature gradient, the focal scan rate, the intrinsic temperature and orientation dependences of crystal growth rate, and the tendency of the growth front to initiate competing grains. Single crystallinity of lines written under these conditions is confirmed by high resolution electron backscatter diffraction, and a model of the dynamics of fs laser-induced single-crystal growth is presented. Finally, the waveguiding capability of fs laser-written single crystal lines inside a glass is demonstrated and quantified for the first time. A substantial power transmission is obtained in the case of the waveguide with the most consistent long-range uniformity. This confirms the potential applicability of the technique for writing nonlinear optical crystal waveguides, which until now has been largely hypothetical. This work thus provides the proof-of-concept for three dimensional fabrication of functional single-crystal waveguides inside glass.

Download or read book Contrasts in Thermal Diffusion and Heat Accumulation Effects in the Fabrication of Waveguides in Glasses Using Variable Repetition Rate Femtosecond Laser written by Shane Michael Eaton and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A variable (0.2 to 5 MHz) repetition rate femtosecond laser was applied to delineate the role of thermal diffusion and heat accumulation effects in forming low-loss optical waveguides in borosilicate glass across a broad range of laser exposure conditions. For the first time, a transition from thermal diffusion-dominated transport at 200-kHz repetition rate to strong heat accumulation at 0.5 to 2 MHz was observed to drive significant variations in waveguide morphology, with rapidly increasing waveguide diameter that accurately followed a simple thermal diffusion model over all exposure variables tested. Amongst these strong thermal trends, a common exposure window of 200-mW average power and ∼15-mm/s scan speed was discovered across the range of 200-kHz to 2-MHz repetition rates for minimizing insertion loss despite a 10-fold drop in laser pulse energy. Waveguide morphology and thermal modeling indicate that strong thermal diffusion effects at 200 kHz give way to a weak heat accumulation effect at ∼1-muJ pulse energy for generating low loss waveguides, while stronger heat accumulation effects above 1-MHz repetition rate offered overall superior guiding. The waveguides were shown to be thermally stable up to 800°C, showing promise for high temperature applications. Using a low numerical aperture (0.4) lens, the effect of spherical aberration was reduced, enabling similar low-loss waveguides over an unprecedented 520-mum depth range, opening the door for multi-level, three-dimensional, optical integrated circuits. In contrast to borosilicate glass, waveguides written in pure fused silica under similar conditions showed only little evidence of heat accumulation, yielding morphology similar to waveguides fabricated with low repetition rate (1 kHz) Ti-Sapphire lasers. Despite the absence of heat accumulation in fused silica owing to its large bandgap and high melting point, optimization of the laser wavelength, power, repetition rate, polarization, pulse duration and writing speed resulted in uniform, high-index contrast waveguide structures with low insertion loss. Optimum laser exposure recipes for waveguide formation in borosilicate and fused silica glass were applied to fabricate optical devices such as wavelength-sensitive and insensitive directional couplers for passive optical networks, buried and surface microfluidic and waveguide networks for lab-on-a-chip functionality, and narrowband grating waveguides for sensing.

Download or read book Sol Gel Optics written by Lisa C. Klein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 589 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sol--Gel--Optics encompasses numerous schemes for fabricating optical materials from gels -- materials such as bulk optics, optical waveguides, doped oxides for laser and nonlinear optics, gradient refractive index (GRIN) optics, chemical sensors, environmental sensors, and `smart' windows. Sol--Gel--Optics: Processing and Applications provides in-depth coverage of the synthesis and fabrication of these materials and discusses the optics related to microporous, amorphous, crystalline and composite materials. The reader will also find in this book detailed descriptions of new developments in silica optics, bulk optics, waveguides and thin films. Various applications to sensor and device technology are highlighted. For researchers and students looking for novel optical materials, processing methods or device ideas, Sol--Gel--Optics: Processing and Applications surveys a wide array of promising new avenues for further investigation and for innovative applications. (This book is the first in a new subseries entitled `Electronic Materials: Science and Technology).

Download or read book Aetistas italianos de hoje written by and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fabrication of Optical Waveguide Devices in Bulk Materials Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses written by Martin Ams and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Femtosecond Laser Writing of Waveguide Structures in Sodium Calcium Silicate Glasses written by C. A. Click and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waveguides were written in soda lime silicate glasses with a composition of xNa{sub 2}O xCaO (1-2x)SiO{sub 2}, where x = 15 and 20, using an amplified femtosecond laser. The waveguides formed around, not inside the exposed regions. This is similar to the waveguide behavior our group first observed in a phosphate glass, Schott IOG-1, and is distinctly different from fused silica in which the waveguides are inside the exposed regions. This data supports the rapid quenching theory, i.e. that the exposed regions cool rapidly, locking in a glass structure with a high fictive temperature, with the dependence of the refractive index on the glass cooling rate determining the qualitative behavior of the waveguides.

Download or read book Glasses for Photonics written by Masayuki Yamane and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-05-11 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an introduction to recent progress in the development and application of glass with special photonics properties. Glass has a number of structural and practical advantages over crystalline materials, including excellent homogeneity, variety of form and size, and the potential for doping with a variety of dopant materials. Glasses with photonic properties have great potential and are expected to play a significant role in the next generation of multimedia systems. Fundamentals of glass materials are explained in the first chapter, and the book then proceeds to a discussion of gradient index glass, laser glasses, nonlinear optical glasses and magneto-optical glasses. Beginning with the basic theory, the book discusses actual problems, performance and applications of glasses. The book will be of value to graduate students, researchers and professional engineers working in materials science, chemistry and physics with an interest in photonics and glass with special properties.

Download or read book Laser Micro Nano Manufacturing and 3D Microprinting written by Anming Hu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-28 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in laser techniques for micro-nano-manufacturing and an in-depth analysis of applications, such as 3D printing and nanojoining. Lasers have gained increasing significance as a precise tool for advanced manufacturing. Written by world leading scientists, the first part of the book presents the fundamentals of laser interaction with materials at the micro- and nanoscale, including multiphoton excitation and nonthermal melting, and allows readers to better understand advanced processing. In the second part, the authors focus on various advanced fabrications, such as laser peening, surface nanoengineering, and plasmonic heating. Finally, case studies are devoted to special applications, such as 3D printing, microfluidics devices, energy devices, and plasmonic and photonic waveguides. This book integrates both theoretical and experimental analysis. The combination of tutorial chapters and concentrated case studies will be critically attractive to undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and engineers in the relevant fields. Readers will grasp the full picture of the application of laser for micro-nanomanufacturing and 3D printing.

Download or read book Diffusion Processes for Integrated Waveguide Fabrication in Glasses A Solid state Electrochemical Approach written by Dixit Kapila and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Creation and Orientation of Nano crystals by Femtosecond Laser Light for Controlling Optical Non linear Response in Silica based Glasses written by Jing Cao and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to random disorder, a glass exhibits inversion symmetry such that second harmonic generation (SHG) is forbidden. However, by irradiation with a tightly focused femtosecond (fs) laser, it is possible to induce nonlinear optical crystal precipitation, in order to break the inversion symmetry and thus to induce SHG. Moreover, this can be achieved locally in three dimensions. For demonstration, we applied the procedure described below in the glass system Li2O-Nb2O5-SiO2 that allows the formation of LiNbO3 crystal, a highly non linear optical one. The procedure is thus the following: 1) adjustment of the glass chemical composition for obtaining a glass sensitive enough to fs laser. 2) control of the laser parameters (pulse duration, pulse repetition rate, speed of beam scanning, pulse energy...) for obtaining nanocrystals with correct space distribution and size. In addition, the size of the affected zone has to be limited. 3) control of the orientation of the nanocrystals. We show that it is possible to fulfill this condition by controlling the laser polarization orientation. This has been achieved by electron backscatter diffraction method (EBSD). In other words, this process can be controlled with light directly. In addition, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy coupled to scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM/EDS) and transmission electron microscopy revealed an orientable microstructure similar to the one called nanogratings form in silica. The originality here is a textured nonlinear optical nanocrystals embedded in a network of “walls” made of vitreous phase, aligned perpendicular to the laser polarization direction. It results that birefringence and nonlinear optical property can be mastered in the same time. This is a highly valuable aspect of the work. These findings highlight spectacular modifications of glass by fs laser radiation. With further improvements in the fabrication techniques, the application of this work is to achieve SHG waveguide and birefringence-based devices.

Download or read book Femtosecond Optical Frequency Comb Principle Operation and Applications written by Jun Ye and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-06-15 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last few years, there has been a convergence between the fields of ultrafast science, nonlinear optics, optical frequency metrology, and precision laser spectroscopy. These fields have been developing largely independently since the birth of the laser, reaching remarkable levels of performance. On the ultrafast frontier, pulses of only a few cycles long have been produced, while in optical spectroscopy, the precision and resolution have reached one part in Although these two achievements appear to be completely disconnected, advances in nonlinear optics provided the essential link between them. The resulting convergence has enabled unprecedented advances in the control of the electric field of the pulses produced by femtosecond mode-locked lasers. The corresponding spectrum consists of a comb of sharp spectral lines with well-defined frequencies. These new techniques and capabilities are generally known as “femtosecond comb technology. ” They have had dramatic impact on the diverse fields of precision measurement and extreme nonlinear optical physics. The historical background for these developments is provided in the Foreword by two of the pioneers of laser spectroscopy, John Hall and Theodor Hänsch. Indeed the developments described in this book were foreshadowed by Hänsch’s early work in the 1970s when he used picosecond pulses to demonstrate the connection between the time and frequency domains in laser spectroscopy. This work complemented the advances in precision laser stabilization developed by Hall.

Download or read book Laser Growth and Processing of Photonic Devices written by Nikolaos A Vainos and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-07-10 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of lasers in the processing of electronic and photonic material is becoming increasingly widespread, with technological advances reducing costs and increasing both the quality and range of novel devices which can be produced. Laser growth and processing of photonic devices is the first book to review this increasingly important field.Part one investigates laser-induced growth of materials and surface structures, with pulsed laser deposition techniques, the formation of nanocones and the fabrication of periodic photonic microstructures explored in detail. Laser-induced three-dimensional micro- and nano-structuring are the focus of part two. Exploration of multiphoton lithography, processing and fabrication is followed by consideration of laser-based micro- and nano-fabrication, laser-induced soft matter organization and microstructuring, and laser-assisted polymer joining methods. The book concludes in part three with an investigation into laser fabrication and manipulation of photonic structures and devices. Laser seeding and thermal processing of glass with nanoscale resolution, laser-induced refractive index manipulation, and the thermal writing of photonic devices in glass and polymers are all considered.With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Laser growth and processing of photonic devices is an essential tool for all materials scientists, engineers and researchers in the microelectronics industry. - The first book to review the increasingly important field of laser growth and processing of photonic devices - Investigates laser-induced growth of materials and surface structures, pulsed laser deposition techniques, the formation of nanocones and the fabrication of periodic photonic microstructures - Examines laser-induced three-dimensional micro- and nano-structuring and concludes with an investigation into laser fabrication and manipulation of photonic structures and devices