Download or read book Understanding Dollarization written by Emre Ozsoz and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-05-24 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A very commonly observed phenomenon in developing and emerging market economies is the use of another country’s currency (whether the US dollar or another currency) in lieu or in addition to the local currency. The most common type of this financial phenomenon is partial (de facto) dollarization where foreign currencies are used side by side with local currency for saving and borrowing purposes in addition to serving as medium of exchange. Governments in these countries have been encouraging dollarization for years by allowing their citizens to save and borrow from local banks in foreign currency. Yet the existence of multiple currencies on banks' balance sheets on both the asset and liability side poses risks to the health and stability of the banking system. This book evaluates the practical aspects of partial dollarization in countries such as Turkey, South Korea, Peru, and Cambodia among others. Starting with the origins of the phenomenon, the impact on banking systems and financial depth of the credit markets are discussed along with risks to the banking systems. Challenges faced by Central Banks and banking regulators are evaluated using recent country studies.

Download or read book Dollarization and Foreign Countries That Have Dollarized To the U S Dollar written by Ed Malo and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 90, , course: International Trade Seminar, language: English, abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore dollarization, specifically the type that involves the adoption of the U.S. Dollar as official currency by foreign nations. An overview of the definition of dollarization will be given along with an analysis of the motivation to dollarize and one economist’s process of dollarization. Cases of countries that have officially dollarized to the U.S. Dollar will be identified and explored in detail. The pros and cons to these foreign countries will also be summarized and directions for future research will be given. Dollarization is not a recent occurrence in the international community, but with the official adoption of the U.S. Dollar by several countries over the last decade, it has gained significant attention. Governments, international organizations such as the U.N., the World Bank, The International Monetary Fund, as well as economists and other scientists have all over the past ten years been paying far more attention than previously to dollarization. First, a complete definition and brief history of dollarization will be presented followed by the motivating factors behind a nation’s decision to dollarize. One economist’s process for dollarization is also presented. Next, some Pros and Cons are summarized followed by an overview of the example nations that have dollarized will be given followed by the beginning of my focus on Latin America as a region apparently prone to dollarization and why. The balance of the paper will be devoted to two case studies presenting in depth information about two Latin American countries that have officially adopted the U.S. Dollar, El Salvador, and Ecuador. Finally, directions for future research are presented.

Download or read book Dollarization written by Eduardo Levy Yeyati and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theoretical and empirical analysis of de jure dollarization. With the persistent instability of international financial markets, emerging economies are exploring new ways to reduce exposure to capital flow volatility. Some analysts argue that financially open economies are best served by more flexible regimes, while others argue in favor of extreme exchange rate regimes that have a strong commitment to a fixed parity or dispense with an independent currency. The successful launch of the euro has made more realistic the prospect of replacing a national currency with a strong foreign one. Recent examples include the adoption of the US dollar by Ecuador and El Salvador. The introduction of a foreign currency as sole legal tender, termed full (de jure) dollarization, has been the center of much political and academic debate. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the issues from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The topics discussed include the role of balance sheet effects, the linkage between currency risk and country risk, the impact of dollarization on trade, financial integration and credibility, the implications of dollarization for the lender of last resort, and the institutional and political economy aspects of dollarization.

Download or read book Revisiting the Concept of Dollarization written by MissNkunde Mwase and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-01-22 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The economic literature has examined deposit dollarization in nominal terms, typically focusing on the ratio of foreign currency deposits to broad money. However, while private agent demand for foreign currency may remain unchanged in foreign currency terms, there could be large fluctuations in the dollarization ratio simply due to exchange rate movements. This paper proposes a new approach to measuring dollarization that removes these exchange rate effects, and demonstrates that beyond the variance of inflation and depreciation, the level of inflation and size of depreciation also matter for dollarization. While dollarization in nominal terms surged during the recent global financial crisis, there was a downward trend in real terms. Employing a set of econometric estimators, this paper investigates whether “real” dollarization during 2006–09 was associated with the crisis, and the role of initial macroeconomic conditions, quality of institutions, risk aversion, and prudential measures. We find that exchange rate appreciation and reductions in sovereign risk do moderate dollarization; but the results for global volatility have low statistical significance, perhaps because global shocks tend to preserve, to a large extent, relative attractiveness of foreign assets. Nonetheless, estimated impulse-response functions point to a large but short-lived positive impact of global volatility on dollarization, which could reflect economic agents heightened concerns about spillover effects of global uncertainty on the domestic economy.

Download or read book The Dollarization Discipline written by Jeffrey J. Fox and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-09-24 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How companies turn value-added into real profits The Dollarization Discipline shows organizations and marketers how to effectively communicate the economic value created by their products and services. Too often, when companies compete using conventional sales and marketing approaches, they force customers to make financial decisions (how much to spend), based on non-financial arguments (product features and benefits). On this playing field, the company that can show true financial advantage in real dollars and cents wins every time. This book offers a step-by-step strategy for doing just that. Every day, good companies suffer because they create value for customers but aren't able to keep their fair share. This is because most marketers can't fully explain the value customers get from their products, and the argument falls to the lowest common denominator-price. The solution is an approach to sales and marketing that goes beyond articulating features and benefits, but calculates the monetary value a customer receives from a product or service. This enables the seller to price the product as a true reflection of its value-and also let's the seller prove it to the customer! With real case studies and detailed, step-by-step guidance on effective dollarization, The Dollarization Discipline finally offers a practical, straightforward way for marketers and business leaders to prove the value of their "value-added." Jeffrey J. Fox (Gilford, New Hampshire) is the founder and President of Fox & Company, Inc., a marketing consulting firm. Fox is also the author of the bestsellers How to Become a CEO, How to Become a Rainmaker, and How to Become a Great Boss. Richard C. Gregory (Farmington, Connecticut) is a Senior Consultant with Fox & Company.

Download or read book Financial Dollarization of Households and Firms Does It Differ written by Mr.Juan S Corrales and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-01-22 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using a newly complied and extended database from International Financial Statistics, and applying different panel-regression techniques, this paper documents the evolution of households’ and firms’ dollarization over the past decade. We assess the macroeconomic determinants of dollarization for households and firms and explore differences between high and low-income countries. We find that households’ and firms’ dollarization in loans and deposits are weakly explained by the currency substitution model, except in low income countries, where inflation plays a significant role. Instead, market development variables such as financial deepening, access to external debt and FX finance as well as other market considerations are key to explain the dynamics of deposits and loans dollarization, regardless of the level of income.These factors can account for a significant fraction of the dollarization, but using a variance decomposition model, there is evidence that a non-negligible portion has yet to be explained. This suggests that there are key determinants for household and firm dollarization that are not fully captured by traditional macroeconomic explanatory variables.

Download or read book The Dollarization Debate written by Dominick Salvatore and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2003 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes a global approach to one of today's most controversial topics in business: Dollarization. With the collapse of the former Soviet Union, and the formation of the Euro in Europe, many countries are debating whether or not a common currency is in their best interest. This intriguing volume brings together the leading participants in the current dollarization debates.

Download or read book Dollarization of the Banking System written by Patrick Honohan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2003 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: De Nicolo, Honohan, and Ize assess the benefits and risks associated with dollarization of the banking system. The authors provide novel empirical evidence on the determinants of dollarization, its role in promoting financial development, and on whether dollarization is associated with financial instability. They find that: The credibility of macroeconomic policy and the quality of institutions are both key determinants of cross-country variations in dollarization. Dollarization is likely to promote financial deepening only in a high inflation environment. Financial instability is likely higher in dollarized economies. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for financial sector and monetary policies.

Download or read book Playing Monopoly with the Devil written by Manuel Hinds and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this elegantly written book, Jerome Kagan melds the history of the field of psychology during the past 50 years with the story of his own research efforts of the same period and an analysis of what he terms 'the currently rocky romance between psychology and biology'. As Kagan unwinds his own history, he reveals the seminal events that have shaped his career and discusses how his assumptions have changed. With full appreciation for the contributions to psychology of history, philosophy, literature and neuroscience, he approaches a wide range of fascinating topics, including: the abandonment of orthodox forms of behaviourism and psychoanalysis; the forces that inspired later-twentieth-century curiosity about young children; why B. F. Skinner chose to study psychology; why the study of science less often ignites imaginations today; our society's obsession with erotic love; and, the resurgence of religious fanaticism and the religious Right. Embedded in Kagan's discussions is a rejection of the current notion that a mature neuroscience will eventually replace psychology. He argues that a complete understanding of brain is not synonymous with a full explanation of mind, and he concludes with a brief prediction of the next five decades in the field of psychology.

Download or read book Full Dollarization written by Mr.Eduardo Borensztein and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2000-12-20 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzes the costs and benefits of full dollarization, or the adoption by one country of another country’s currency. Potential advantages include lower borrowing costs and deeper integration into world markets. But countries lose the ability to devalue, and become dependent on the U.S. Compares with currency board option.

Download or read book Dollarization of the Banking System written by Mr.Gianni De Nicolo and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2003-07-01 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper assesses the benefits and risks associated with dollarization of the banking system. We provide novel empirical evidence on the determinants of dollarization, its role in promoting financial development, and on whether dollarization is associated with financial instability. We find that: (a) the credibility of macroeconomic policy and the quality of institutions are both key determinants of cross-country variations in dollarization; (b) dollarization is likely to promote financial deepening only in a high inflation environment; and (c) financial instability is likely higher in dollarized economies. The implications of these findings for financial sector and monetary policies are discussed.

Download or read book Dollarization written by Louis-Phillipe Rochon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-05-22 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The international array of contributors have managed quite a feat - an interesting book that expertly draws comparisons between dollarization and Euroland. This study is a must for anyone interesting in the world of international finance.

Download or read book Financial Dollarization written by A. Armas and published by Springer. This book was released on 2006-07-14 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a rigorous and balanced perspective on the causes and implications of dollarization, and the basic policies and options to deal with it: the adaptation of the monetary and prudential frameworks, the development of local-currency substitutes, and the scope for limiting dollarization through administrative restrictions.

Download or read book Monetary Integration and Dollarization written by Matias Vernengo and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together an impressive and diverse group of authors to discuss its central theme: whether or not the dollarized international monetary system is sustainable in the context of the global economy it helped create. In addition to its uniquely well-rounded and comprehensive coverage of the issues, this lively and highly readable volume provides an accurate assessment of the lack of consensus in the current debate. A must read for anyone interested in currency crises and the increasing vulnerability of the dollar. Jane D Arista, Director of Progams, Financial Markets Center, US This book deals with the economic consequences of monetary integration, which has long been dominated by the Optimal Currency Area (OCA) paradigm. In this model, money is perceived as having developed from a private sector cost minimization process to facilitate transactions. Not surprisingly, the book argues, the main advantage of monetary integration in the OCA context is the reduction of transaction costs, yet the validity of OCA to analyze processes of monetary integration seems to be limited at best. The contributors in this volume try to go beyond the OCA model and understand the political economy of monetary integration by comparing the European Monetary Union with the dollarization (formal and informal) process in Latin America. The contributors, many of whom are leading lights, reflect the disagreements and the changing views on the proper monetary arrangements in a globalized world and suggest that monetary integration and dollarization are not the solution for the great majority of countries around the world. Monetary Integration and Dollarization brings together mainstream and heterodox views of monetary integration and uses the European and North American experiences as a guide for the discussion of dollarization in developing countries. It will appeal to scholars, researchers and policy makers in the fields of financial and international economics.

Download or read book Dollarization in Transition Economies written by Ms.Ratna Sahay and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1995-09-01 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After most restrictions on foreign currency holdings were relaxed in the early 1990s, foreign currency deposits in transition economies have been increasing rapidly. This paper takes a first look at the evidence on dollarization for 15 transition economies, and then discusses some key conceptual and policy implications. Depending on the institutional constraints, foreign currency deposits as a proportion of broad money reached a peak of between 30 and 60 percent in 1992-93. Unlike what has been observed in Latin America, however, dollarization has fallen substantially in the aftermath of successful stabilization plans in Estonia, Lithuania, Mongolia, and Poland. Since foreign currency deposits reflect mainly a portfolio choice, the fall in dollarization can be primarily attributed to higher real returns on domestic-currency assets, as a result of lower inflation and more market-determined interest rates.

Download or read book Causes and Problems of Dollarization written by Fabio Botta and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2020 in the subject Economics - Foreign Trade Theory, Trade Policy, grade: 1,3, University of Leipzig (Institute for Economic Policy), course: Financial Development and Innovation in Developing Countries and Emerging Markets, language: English, abstract: This paper discusses the causes and problems associated with dollarization. Based on the results, it addresses the questions of how high dollarization rates can be evaluated and, in particular, whether it is advisable to opt for full dollarization (FD) or to what extent policymakers should rather aim for de-dollarization. As an introduction to the discussion, Chapter 2 will give a short illustration of the theoretical concepts of dollarization. Chapter 3 will then explain the causes of dollarization. The subsequent description of the advantages of FD in Chapter 4, which can also be cited as a reason for high rates of dollarization,3 leads directly to the problems associated with dollarization in Chapter 5. These problems arise – unless otherwise stated – both from high dollarization rates and from FD. The research up to Chapter 5 concentrates on a more theoretical level. The discussion on how to evaluate the causes and problems in Chapter 6 tries to link theoretical concepts with more general empirical analyses. Chapter 7 provides a brief conclusion of the most important findings and concludes with recommendations for future research. “Dollarization has evolved as one of the noteworthy features of globalization during the last two decades.” Although Mr. Yilmaz, the then Governor of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, said this sentence at a conference on dollarization in December 2006, it remains more relevant than ever. Due to the increasing integration of the international financial system, the lifting of restrictions on capital mobility and the growing volume of trade, the debate on dollarization met with a growing interest in the 1990s. Nonetheless, today's economic journals are still filled with new publications on dollarization.

Download or read book Dollarization and Financial Development written by Mr.Geoffrey J Bannister and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-09-11 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite significant strides in financial development over the past decades, financial dollarization, as reflected in elevated shares of foreign currency deposits and credit in the banking system, remains common in developing economies. We study the impact of financial dollarization, differentiating across foreign currency deposits and credit on financial depth, access and efficiency for a large sample of emerging market and developing countries over the past two decades. Panel regressions estimated using system GMM show that deposit dollarization has a negative impact on financial deepening on average. This negative impact is dampened in cases with past periods of high inflation. There is also some evidence that dollarization hampers financial efficiency. The results suggest that policy efforts to reduce dollarization can spur faster and safer financial development.