Download or read book The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book United States Nuclear Tests written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document lists chronologically and alphabetically by name all nuclear tests and simultaneous detonations conducted by the United States from July 1945 through September 1992. Two nuclear weapons that the United States exploded over Japan ending World War II are not listed. These detonations were not "tests" in the sense that they were conducted to prove that the weapon would work as designed (as was the first test near Alamogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945), or to advance nuclear weapon design, or to determine weapons effects, or to verify weapon safety as were the more than one thousand tests that have taken place since June 30,1946. The nuclear weapon (nicknamed "Little Boy") dropped August 6,1945 from a United States Army Air Force B-29 bomber (the Enola Gay) and detonated over Hiroshima, Japan had an energy yield equivalent to that of 15,000 tons of TNT. The nuclear weapon (virtually identical to "Fat Man") exploded in a similar fashion August 9, 1945 over Nagaski, Japan had a yield of 21,000 tons of TNT. Both detonations were intended to end World War II as quickly as possible. Data on United States tests were obtained from, and verified by, the U.S. Department of Energy's three weapons laboratories -- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Additionally, data were obtained from public announcements issued by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and its successors, the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, and the U.S. Department of Energy, respectively.

Download or read book Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions written by Ola Dahlman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions focuses on the checking of underground nuclear explosions, including the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTB), seismological stations, earthquake-source models, and seismicity. The publication first elaborates on test-ban negotiations, nuclear explosions, seismological background, and explosions and earthquakes as seismic sources. Concerns cover comparison between explosion-source and earthquake-source models, theoretical calculation of seismic waves, earth structure, seismicity, nuclear test activities, bomb designs, and disarmament treaties. The manuscript then tackles seismological stations, detection, event definition and location, depth estimation, and identification. Topics include multistation discriminants, statistical aspects, long-period and short-period signals, near distances, location by a network of stations, international data exchange, station detection capabilities, and station networks. The book examines the monitoring of a comprehensive test-ban treaty, nonseismological identification, evasion, peaceful nuclear explosions, and yield estimation. The text is a dependable reference for researchers interested in the monitoring of underground nuclear explosions.

Download or read book RMS Lg Studies of Underground Nuclear Explosions in the U S S R and the U S written by P. G. Richards and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Technical Discussions of Offsite Safety Programs for Underground Nuclear Detonations written by Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co. Administrative Publications Section and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions written by and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book 100 Suns written by Michael Light and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2013-04-03 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between July 1945 and November 1962 the United States is known to have conducted 216 atmospheric and underwater nuclear tests. After the Limited Test Ban Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1963, nuclear testing went underground. It became literally invisible—but more frequent: the United States conducted a further 723 underground tests, the last in 1992. 100 Suns documents the era of visible nuclear testing, the atmospheric era, with one hundred photographs drawn by Michael Light from the archives at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the U.S. National Archives in Maryland. It includes previously classified material from the clandestine Lookout Mountain Air Force Station based in Hollywood, whose film directors, cameramen and still photographers were sworn to secrecy. The title, 100 Suns, refers to the response by J.Robert Oppenheimer to the world’s first nuclear explosion in New Mexico when he quoted a passage from the Bhagavad Gita, the classic Vedic text: “If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst forth at once in the sky, that would be like the splendor of the Mighty One . . . I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.” This was Oppenheimer’s attempt to describe the otherwise indescribable. 100 Suns likewise confronts the indescribable by presenting without embellishment the stark evidence of the tests at the moment of detonation. Since the tests were conducted either in Nevada or the Pacific the book is simply divided between the desert and the ocean. Each photograph is presented with the name of the test, its explosive yield in kilotons or megatons, the date and the location. The enormity of the events recorded is contrasted with the understated neutrality of bare data. Interspersed within the sequence of explosions are pictures of the awestruck witnesses. The evidence of these photographs is terrifying in its implication while at same time profoundly disconcerting as a spectacle. The visual grandeur of such imagery is balanced by the chilling facts provided at the end of the book in the detailed captions, a chronology of the development of nuclear weaponry and an extensive bibliography. A dramatic sequel to Michael Light’s Full Moon, 100 Suns forms an unprecedented historical document.

Download or read book Control and Reduction of Armaments written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on Disarmament and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Silencing the Bomb written by Lynn R. Sykes and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-12 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December 2016, the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists moved their iconic “Doomsday Clock” thirty seconds forward to two and a half minutes to midnight, the latest it has been set since 1952, the year of the first United States hydrogen bomb test. But a group of scientists—geologists, engineers, and physicists—has been fighting to turn back the clock. Since the dawn of the Cold War, they have advocated a halt to nuclear testing, their work culminating in the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which still awaits ratification from China, Iran, North Korea—and the United States. The backbone of the treaty is every nation’s ability to independently monitor the nuclear activity of the others. The noted seismologist Lynn R. Sykes, one of the central figures in the development of the science and technology used in monitoring, has dedicated his career to halting nuclear testing. In Silencing the Bomb, he tells the inside story behind scientists’ quest for disarmament. Called upon time and again to testify before Congress and to inform the public, Sykes and his colleagues were, for much of the Cold War, among the only people on earth able to say with certainty when and where a bomb was tested and how large it was. Methods of measuring earthquakes, researchers realized, could also detect underground nuclear explosions. When politicians on both sides of the Iron Curtain attempted to sidestep disarmament or test ban treaties, Sykes was able to deploy the nascent science of plate tectonics to reveal the truth. Seismologists’ discoveries helped bring about treaties limiting nuclear testing, but it was their activism that played a key role in the effort for peace. Full of intrigue, international politics, and hard science used for the global good, Silencing the Bomb is a timely and necessary chronicle of one scientist’s efforts to keep the clock from striking midnight.

Download or read book Some seismic results of 12 underground nuclear explosions at the Nevada Test Site USA written by P.G. Gibbs and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nuclear Weapons written by Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) and published by . This book was released on 2017-11-16 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three authoritative reports provide unique information about nuclear weapons testing and the verification of nuclear nonproliferation treaties: (1) The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions, (2) Seismic Verification of Nuclear Testing Treaties, (3) Environmental Monitoring for Nuclear Safeguards. The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions - At a time of continued underground nuclear bomb tests, an assessment of the safety of the process led to this report. This special report reviews the safety of the nuclear testing program and assesses the technical procedures used to test nuclear weapons and ensure that radioactive material produced by test explosions remains contained underground. An overall evaluation considers the acceptability of the remaining risk and discusses reasons for the lack of public confidence. Seismic Verification of Nuclear Testing Treaties - Like an earthquake, the force of an underground nuclear explosion creates seismic waves that travel through the Earth. A satisfactory seismic network to monitor such tests must be able to both detect and identify seismic signals in the presence of "noise," for example, from natural earthquakes. In the case of monitoring a treaty that limits testing below a certain size explosion, the seismic network must also be able to estimate the size with acceptable accuracy. All of this must be done with an assured capability to defeat adequately any credible attempt to evade or spoof the monitoring network. This report addresses the issues of detection, identification, yield estimation, and evasion to arrive at answers to the two critical questions: Down to what size explosion can underground testing be seismically monitored with high confidence? How accurately can the yields of underground explosions be measured? Environmental Monitoring for Nuclear Safeguards - To assure that states are not violating their Non-Proliferation Treaty commitments, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) must also verify that states do not possess covert nuclear facilities-a mission that prior to the 1991 Gulf War, it had neither the political backing nor the resources to conduct. In the report, OTA concluded that providing the IAEA with the resources, the information, and the political support it needs to look for such sites may turn out to be the most important aspect of a reinvigorated safeguards regime. The IAEA recognizes the importance of this new mission and is in the process of assuming it. One of the tools it is exploring to provide some indication of the presence of secret, or undeclared, nuclear activities and facilities is environmental monitoring. Modern sampling and analysis technologies provide powerful tools to detect the presence of characteristic substances that are likely to be emitted by such illicit activities. This background paper examines the prospects for such technologies to improve nuclear safeguards. It concludes that environmental monitoring can greatly increase the ability to detect undeclared activity at declared, or known, sites, and it can significantly increase the chances of detecting and locating undeclared sites.

Download or read book Identification of Possible Underground Nuclear Explosions by On site Inspection written by Richard Martin Foose and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Safety of Underground Nuclear Testing written by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Nevada Operations Office and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Strain Measurement Results from Four Underground Nuclear Explosions in Yucca and Frenchman Flats Nevada written by D. D. Dickey and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nuclear Explosion Services for Industrial Applications written by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considers H.R. 477 and identical H.R. 10288 and companion S. 1885, to amend the Atomic Energy Act to authorize AEC to provide peaceful nuclear explosives to commercial domestic and foreign concerns under an expanded Plowshare Program. Includes report "Nuclear Construction Engineering Technology" by Lt. Col. Bernard C. Hughes, Sept. 1968 (p. 447-629).

Download or read book Treaties on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests and on Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Technical Issues Related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty written by National Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-08-01 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing upon the considerable existing body of technical material related to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the National Academy of Sciences reviewed and assessed the key technical issues that arose during the Senate debate over treaty ratification. In particular, these include: (1) the capacity of the United States to maintain confidence in the safety and reliability of its nuclear stockpile in the absence of nuclear testing; (2) the nuclear-test detection capabilities of the international monitoring system (with and without augmentation by national systems and instrumentation in use for scientific purposes, and taking into account the possibilities for decoupling nuclear explosions from surrounding geologic media); and (3) the additions to their nuclear-weapons capabilities that other countries could achieve through nuclear testing at yield levels that might escape detection, and the effect of such additions on the security of the United States.